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Urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa : A Study of Contemporary Urban Population Growth in a Less Developed RegionNordhag, Maria January 2012 (has links)
This study investigates the contemporary urbanization process of sub-Saharan Africa. The region is predicted to experience a surge in urban population growth the forthcoming decades, yet why and how this is happening is not very clear. Theory often considers urbanization to be a part of a modernization process where people migrate from rural areas to urban. But depictions of reality suggest that rural-to-urban migration might be less significant than previously thought, and neither is it given that urbanization causes prosperity in sub-Saharan Africa. This thesis tries to complement the gap of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa. Statistical data is organized and assembled by using the structured, focused comparison method and then analyzed in order to create an understanding of urbanization and urban population growth in this particular region. The result of this study suggests that the mechanisms for urban population growth change over time. Urban population growth is often thought to be driven by rural-to-urban migration. However, nowadays there is a correlation between urban population growth and population increase, which did not exist a couple of decades ago. It is clear that urbanized countries are, typically, more advanced regarding economic growth, but it is unsure whether this factor affects socio-economic development. The findings underscore the vast complexity of urbanization and urban population growth, as well as the heterogeneity of sub-Saharan Africa. Yet there is potential for a new theoretical framework that can provide explanations to the processes sub-Saharan Africa is expected to undergo.
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According to need? : predicting use of formal and informal care in a Swedish urban elderly population /Larsson, Kristina, January 2004 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsater.
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Suicide mortality in the South African context : exploring the role of social status and environmental circumstances /Burrows, Stephanie, January 2005 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Hipertensão arterial sistêmica na população urbana e rural de Sacramento/MG: prevalência e não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso / Systemic arterial hypertension in urban and rural population of Sacramento/MG: prevalence and non-adherence to medication treatmentMagnabosco, Patricia 26 March 2015 (has links)
A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é um problema de saúde pública devido aos altos índices de prevalência da doença, baixa adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e controle insatisfatório da Pressão Arterial (PA) na população hipertensa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência da HAS e identificar os índices e fatores relacionados à não adesão e abandono ao tratamento medicamentoso e não controle da PA nas áreas rural e urbana do município de Sacramento/MG. Trata-se de um inquérito epidemiológico de amostragem aleatória que envolveu 1.528 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 20 anos. Foram coletados dados relacionados a variáveis socioeconômicas, características clínicas e informações relativas a terapêutica medicamentosa e acesso ao serviço de saúde. A prevalência da HAS foi calculada a partir do relato do participante, uso declarado de anti- hipertensivos e constatação diagnóstica entre aqueles que desconheciam sua condição. A não adesão foi medida com o \"Questionário de Adesão a Medicamentos - Qualiaids\" (QAM-Q), validado no Brasil. Foi considerado abandono do tratamento a situação em que o participante informou estar há pelo menos uma semana sem tomar nenhum anti-hipertensivo; a avaliação do não controle considerou os hipertensos em tratamento que apresentaram a PA elevada no momento da entrevista. Na análise univariada utilizou-se o Odds ratio como medida de efeito. Para o ajuste das variáveis de confusão foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística com nível de significância de p<0,05. Foram entrevistados 153 sujeitos residentes da área rural e 1375 da área urbana. A prevalência de HAS foi de 38,6%, sendo 38,6% na área urbana e 38,5% na rural. Entre os hipertensos (n=590), 8,5% desconheciam esta condição. Dentre os que conheciam sua condição de hipertenso (n=540), 90,6% estavam em tratamento, 58,9% não aderiam ao tratamento, 9,4% abandonaram a terapia medicamentosa e 47,4 % apresentaram a PA não controlada. As variáveis que apresentaram associação com a HAS foram: idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, obesidade, baixa escolaridade, falta de trabalho e histórico familiar de HAS. O desconhecimento da condição de hipertenso foi associado à baixa escolaridade. As variáveis associadas a não adesão foram: sedentarismo, uso do saleiro, consumo de alimentos industrializados, exercício do trabalho e não comparecimento às consultas médicas. O abandono do tratamento medicamentoso foi associado a: sexo masculino, idade jovem, baixa renda, tabagismo, consumo de alimentos industrializados, estresse, não comparecimento periódico a consultas médicas, medida esporádica da PA e viver sem companheiro (a). As variáveis associadas ao não controle da PA foram: renda per capita maior que um salário mínimo, etilismo, diagnóstico de HAS há mais de cinco anos, não comparecimento à consulta médica e não seguimento da prescrição medicamentosa. A identificação da prevalência e variáveis associadas à HAS e não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso colabora para a elaboração de políticas públicas de saúde que visam reduzir complicações da doença e melhorar a qualidade de vida da população hipertensa / The Systemic Hypertension (SH) is a public health problem due to high rates of disease prevalence, low adherence to drug therapy and unsatisfactory control of Blood Pressure (BP) in the hypertensive population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of SH and identify the indices and factors related to non- adherence and discontinuation of drug treatment, and lack of BP control, in rural and urban areas of Sacramento Municipality, Minas Gerais. This is an epidemiological survey of random sampling, involving 1,528 individuals aged 20 years or above. Data were collected based on socioeconomic variables, clinical characteristics and information related to drug therapy and access to health services. The prevalence estimate of SH was calculated based on: participant\'s information, declared use of antihypertensive drugs, and diagnostic confirmed among those who were unaware of their condition. Non-adherence was measured with the \"Questionnaire Adherence to Medications - Qualiaids\". (QAM-Q), validated in Brazil. It was considered abandoning treatment when the individual reported at least one week without taking any antihypertensive. The assessment of lack of hypertension control, took in account those who showed elevated BP when interviewed. The Odds Ratio was used, in the univariate analysis, as a causative factor. To adjust the confounding variables was used a logistics regression model with a significance level of p <0.05. 153 subjects residents in rural areas were interviewed and 1375 in urban areas. The prevalence of hypertension was 38.6%; 38.6% in urban areas and 38,5% in rural areas. Among hypertensive (n = 590), 8.5% were unaware of this condition. Among those who knew their hypertensive condition (n = 540): 90.6% were in treatment, 58.9% did not adhered to treatment, 9.4% discontinued treatment with drugs, and 47.4% had uncontrolled BP. The variables that showed association with SH were: age equal to or greater than 40 years, obesity, low education, unemployment, and family history of hypertension. The ignorance of hypertension condition was associated with low education. The variables associated with non-adherence were: sedentariness, salt intake, consumption of processed foods, currently working, and not attending medical appointments. The abandonment of drug treatment was associated with: male gender, young age, low income, tobacco use, consumption of processed foods, stress, failure to appear periodically to medical appointments, sporadic BP measurement, and living without a partner. The variables associated with no BP control were: income per capita greater than a minimum wage, alcoholism, last testing for high hypertension done more than 5 years ago, not to attend to medical consultations, and not taking their medications as prescribed. Identifying the prevalence and variables associated with hypertension and non-adherence to medication, collaborated to develop public health policies that aim to reduce disease complications and to improve the quality of life in the hypertensive population
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Hipertensão arterial sistêmica na população urbana e rural de Sacramento/MG: prevalência e não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso / Systemic arterial hypertension in urban and rural population of Sacramento/MG: prevalence and non-adherence to medication treatmentPatricia Magnabosco 26 March 2015 (has links)
A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é um problema de saúde pública devido aos altos índices de prevalência da doença, baixa adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e controle insatisfatório da Pressão Arterial (PA) na população hipertensa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência da HAS e identificar os índices e fatores relacionados à não adesão e abandono ao tratamento medicamentoso e não controle da PA nas áreas rural e urbana do município de Sacramento/MG. Trata-se de um inquérito epidemiológico de amostragem aleatória que envolveu 1.528 indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 20 anos. Foram coletados dados relacionados a variáveis socioeconômicas, características clínicas e informações relativas a terapêutica medicamentosa e acesso ao serviço de saúde. A prevalência da HAS foi calculada a partir do relato do participante, uso declarado de anti- hipertensivos e constatação diagnóstica entre aqueles que desconheciam sua condição. A não adesão foi medida com o \"Questionário de Adesão a Medicamentos - Qualiaids\" (QAM-Q), validado no Brasil. Foi considerado abandono do tratamento a situação em que o participante informou estar há pelo menos uma semana sem tomar nenhum anti-hipertensivo; a avaliação do não controle considerou os hipertensos em tratamento que apresentaram a PA elevada no momento da entrevista. Na análise univariada utilizou-se o Odds ratio como medida de efeito. Para o ajuste das variáveis de confusão foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística com nível de significância de p<0,05. Foram entrevistados 153 sujeitos residentes da área rural e 1375 da área urbana. A prevalência de HAS foi de 38,6%, sendo 38,6% na área urbana e 38,5% na rural. Entre os hipertensos (n=590), 8,5% desconheciam esta condição. Dentre os que conheciam sua condição de hipertenso (n=540), 90,6% estavam em tratamento, 58,9% não aderiam ao tratamento, 9,4% abandonaram a terapia medicamentosa e 47,4 % apresentaram a PA não controlada. As variáveis que apresentaram associação com a HAS foram: idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, obesidade, baixa escolaridade, falta de trabalho e histórico familiar de HAS. O desconhecimento da condição de hipertenso foi associado à baixa escolaridade. As variáveis associadas a não adesão foram: sedentarismo, uso do saleiro, consumo de alimentos industrializados, exercício do trabalho e não comparecimento às consultas médicas. O abandono do tratamento medicamentoso foi associado a: sexo masculino, idade jovem, baixa renda, tabagismo, consumo de alimentos industrializados, estresse, não comparecimento periódico a consultas médicas, medida esporádica da PA e viver sem companheiro (a). As variáveis associadas ao não controle da PA foram: renda per capita maior que um salário mínimo, etilismo, diagnóstico de HAS há mais de cinco anos, não comparecimento à consulta médica e não seguimento da prescrição medicamentosa. A identificação da prevalência e variáveis associadas à HAS e não adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso colabora para a elaboração de políticas públicas de saúde que visam reduzir complicações da doença e melhorar a qualidade de vida da população hipertensa / The Systemic Hypertension (SH) is a public health problem due to high rates of disease prevalence, low adherence to drug therapy and unsatisfactory control of Blood Pressure (BP) in the hypertensive population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of SH and identify the indices and factors related to non- adherence and discontinuation of drug treatment, and lack of BP control, in rural and urban areas of Sacramento Municipality, Minas Gerais. This is an epidemiological survey of random sampling, involving 1,528 individuals aged 20 years or above. Data were collected based on socioeconomic variables, clinical characteristics and information related to drug therapy and access to health services. The prevalence estimate of SH was calculated based on: participant\'s information, declared use of antihypertensive drugs, and diagnostic confirmed among those who were unaware of their condition. Non-adherence was measured with the \"Questionnaire Adherence to Medications - Qualiaids\". (QAM-Q), validated in Brazil. It was considered abandoning treatment when the individual reported at least one week without taking any antihypertensive. The assessment of lack of hypertension control, took in account those who showed elevated BP when interviewed. The Odds Ratio was used, in the univariate analysis, as a causative factor. To adjust the confounding variables was used a logistics regression model with a significance level of p <0.05. 153 subjects residents in rural areas were interviewed and 1375 in urban areas. The prevalence of hypertension was 38.6%; 38.6% in urban areas and 38,5% in rural areas. Among hypertensive (n = 590), 8.5% were unaware of this condition. Among those who knew their hypertensive condition (n = 540): 90.6% were in treatment, 58.9% did not adhered to treatment, 9.4% discontinued treatment with drugs, and 47.4% had uncontrolled BP. The variables that showed association with SH were: age equal to or greater than 40 years, obesity, low education, unemployment, and family history of hypertension. The ignorance of hypertension condition was associated with low education. The variables associated with non-adherence were: sedentariness, salt intake, consumption of processed foods, currently working, and not attending medical appointments. The abandonment of drug treatment was associated with: male gender, young age, low income, tobacco use, consumption of processed foods, stress, failure to appear periodically to medical appointments, sporadic BP measurement, and living without a partner. The variables associated with no BP control were: income per capita greater than a minimum wage, alcoholism, last testing for high hypertension done more than 5 years ago, not to attend to medical consultations, and not taking their medications as prescribed. Identifying the prevalence and variables associated with hypertension and non-adherence to medication, collaborated to develop public health policies that aim to reduce disease complications and to improve the quality of life in the hypertensive population
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Prevalence and Predictors of Chronic Liver Disease in an Urban HIV PopulationPejavar, Sunanda 15 November 2006 (has links)
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence and etiologies of CLD in an urban HIV-infected population and to identify CLD risk factors. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 799 HIV-infected patients seen at four New Haven health centers from 2002 to 2003. We applied the New Haven County Liver Study definition to identify patients with CLD. 65% were male, 44% were African American, and 23% were of Hispanic ethnicity. The mean age was 45 years. 30% had a history of alcohol abuse. 35% reported injection drug use as their HIV risk factor. Heterosexual contact and men having sex with men (MSM) were reported in 31% and 16% of cases. 50% of patients had a diagnosis of AIDS. 60% percent of patients had CLD. Over 50% of cases of CLD were attributed to chronic hepatitis C (HCV), either alone or with coexisting alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholic liver disease alone, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HAART-induced liver disease, and non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) accounted for smaller percentages. 84% of patients were on HAART, but only 3.6% of patients with positive HCV or HBV serologies were on treatment for CLD. 75% of patients received pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, but only half of eligible patients received hepatitis A and B vaccines. In multivariate analysis, alcohol abuse and positive HCV status were associated with CLD. CLD is prevalent in our population. Preventive care and treatment for CLD are being overlooked in many. Vaccines, treatment for viral hepatitis, and strategies for reducing drug and alcohol abuse are priorities.
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Cost-effectiveness of a multi-stage school-based asthma case detection program in an urban school systemGerald, Joe K. January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 4, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-135).
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The miswak (chewing stick) and oral health : studies on oral hygiene practices of urban Saudi Arabians /Al-Otaibi, Meshari, January 2004 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Associations among health literacy levels and health outcomes in pregnant women with pregestational and gestational diabetes in an urban settingMcLaughlin, Rosemary A., January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2009. / Title from title page screen (viewed on September 10, 2009). Research advisor: Ann Cashion, PhD. Document formatted into pages (xi, 118 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-104).
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Incontinência urinária de esforço: estudo comparativo entre população urbana e ribeirinha da região Amazônica / Urinary incontinence stress: comparative study urban population and riverside population of the Amazon regionAljerry Dias do Rêgo 17 April 2018 (has links)
Incontinência Urinária de Esforço (IUE) é a queixa de perda involuntária de urina durante esforços ou exercício físico ou espirro ou tosse. A prevalência mundial varia de 8,5 a 68,8%. Tem como principais fatores de risco a paridade, menopausa, obesidade, cirurgias vaginais e Diabetes Mellitus, e causa impacto negativo na qualidade de vida das mulheres podendo levar a depressão, problemas sexuais e pessoais. Existem poucos trabalhos epidemiológicos no Brasil e não existem informações sobre a prevalência de IUE em mulheres ribeirinhas (origem indígena) da Amazônia ou sobre avaliação de fatores de risco e influência do parto domiciliar nesta população. O Objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar prevalência e fatores de risco para IUE em mulheres ribeirinhas da Amazônia e comparar com mulheres que moram em um centro urbano da mesma região. Após cálculo amostral foram entrevistadas 120 mulheres ribeirinhas e 260 mulheres da região urbana, sendo pesquisados a prevalência e os fatores de risco para IUE e, realizado exame físico para avaliar prolapso genital e avaliação funcional do assoalho pélvico em cada população. No grupo de mulheres com queixa de IUE, foi aplicado questionário de qualidade de vida (Kings Health Questionnaire) e realizado estudo urodinâmico. No grupo de mulheres ribeirinhas a prevalência de IUE foi de 25.8% e no grupo urbano de 20% (p > 0.05). Na avaliação dos fatores de risco, paridade, número de partos normais e partos domiciliares foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo ribeirinha. Em relação a qualidade de vida, foi encontrada diferença significativa em alguns domínios (impacto da incontinência, limitação de atividades diárias e físicas, relações pessoais e emoção) sendo pior na população urbana / Stress Urinary Incontinency (SUI) is the complaint of an involuntary loss of urine during efforts or physical exercises, sneezing or coughing. The worldwide prevalence ranges from 8,5 to 68,8%. The main risk factors are: parity, menopause, obesity, vaginal surgeries and Diabetes Mellitus and it causes a negative impact in women\'s quality of life that may lead to depression, sexual and personal problems. There are few epidemiological works in Brazil and there is no information about the prevalence of SUI in riverside community women (indigenous origin) from the Amazon or about the evaluation of the risk factors and influence of home births in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors for SUI in riverside women from the Amazon and to compare them to women that live in urban areas at the same region. After sample calculation, 120 riverside women were interviewed, as well as 260 women from urban areas, when the prevalence and the risk factors were studied. In addition, physical examination was carried out in order to verify genital prolapse and functional evaluation of the pelvic floor in each population. In the group of women with complaints of SUI a questionnaire on quality of life was applied (Kings Health Questionnaire) and also the conduction of an urodynamic study. In the group of riverside women the prevalence of SUI corresponded to 25,8% and in the urban group it was 20.0% (p > 0.05). In the evaluation of risk factors, parity, number of normal deliveries and home births were statistically higher in the riverside women group. In relation to the quality of life, significant difference in some domains was found (incontinency impact, limitation of the daily and physical activities, personal relations and emotion) and it was worse in the urban population
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