In cities around the world, public water systems have increasingly come to be operated by private companies. Along with an internationally funded investment program to refurbish the dilapidated water infrastructure, private operations were tested also in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Only about a third of the households, however, are reached by the piped water system there; most households purchase water from those with pipe-connections or private boreholes. Thus, water distribution was informally privatized by way of water vending long before formal private sector participation began. This thesis explores individual and collective endeavors in water development, distribution, and access, along with the global and local influences that shaped the privatization exercise. With regard to the lease of Dar es Salaam’s water system, the institutional set-up has been found to mix the British and French models, having influenced the local situation through development assistance and conditionalities tied to loans. The institutional contradictions may have contributed to the conflictive cancellation of the lease arrangement. Due to the public utility company’s lack of operating capital and investment planning, infrastructure development has responded mainly to immediate individual demands, resulting in a spaghetti-like network and structural leakage. The long-standing under-performance and low coverage of the piped water system have forced many people to devise their own ways to access water. This thesis argues that the individually-devised artisan ways of water provisioning constitute the life-line of Dar es Salaam’s water system. Yet, they also undermine and divert resources away from the collectively-devised industrial form of piped water provision.

In this study, four real-life problem situations were used to explore the challenges of developing and implementing decision support tools for planning and management within an urban water utility. The study sought to explore how the degree of adoption of formal decision support tools in practice, generally perceived to be low, could be improved. In the study, an Action Research (AR) approach was used. AR is an inquiry process that involves partnership between researchers and practitioners for the purpose of addressing a real-life problem issue, while simultaneously generating scientific knowledge. Unlike other research methods where the researcher seeks to study organizational phenomena but not to change them, the action researcher attempts to create organizational change and simultaneously to study the process. During the study, a number of prototype data management tools were developed. GIS-based spatial analysis and visualisation tools were extensively used to inform and enhance the processes of participatory problem identification and structuring, while a number of modelling tools were applied in the generation and evaluation of alternative solutions. As an outcome of the study, a prototype framework for the application of decision support tools within an urban water supply planning and management context was proposed. The study highlighted the challenges of embedding formal decision support processes within existing work systems in organizations, and recommendations were made on how best to achieve this. The AR approach was found to be useful in bridging the gap between academic research and technological practice, supporting the development of computerised planning and decision support tools of practical benefit to organizations. / QC 20100723

This thesis analyses the development of urban water supply and sanitation services in Ghana from 1909 to 2005.  Special focus is put on institutional arrangements with regard to networked, large scale and centrally managed water and sewerage services. The national and international historical context is highlighted as a way to understand policy redirections in the sector. Further on, the concept of frames is used as an analytical tool in order to put light on the assumptions, arguments and reasons behind institutional reforms. The thesis finds that it was not until the water and sanitation challenge was framed from a productivity perspective, as opposed to a pure humanitarian “health frame”, that funds were released for investments in WSS infrastructure. To begin with, development strategies were largely focussed on “filling the gaps” in terms of manpower, technical and financial resources. As the water challenge was increasingly framed as a matter of managing scarcity, a new thinking gradually emerged which emphasized entrepreneurship, business mindedness and management skills as a way to achieve more efficiency within the sector. This development was also paralleled by a shift in the favoured organisational structure from an extremely centralised state utility model to a gradual focus on decentralisation and unbundling of the sector. Here a strong focus was put on private sector participation in urban water supply whereas the non-commercially viable task of sewerage development was decentralised to local authorities. The study finds that formal institutional change in the sector has been largely donor driven. However, the privatisation element of the recent urban water sector reform did not go unquestioned and a strong opposition movement concerned with the possible negative effects of privatisation was formed. Eventually the initial lease arrangement was transformed into a management contract where its signing was brought to closure in 2005. Besides changing frames strong elements of continuity in the urban water supply and sanitation sector development in Ghana are identified. Historical evidence demonstrate that urban water delivery was a highly political issue in Ghana already during colonial times which, just as today, was closely connected to the framing of water as independence and national integrity. The issue of finance and pricing has remained a constant concern and so the debate cannot be categorized as a novel issue that solely emanates from neo-liberal political trends during the 1980’s and 1990’s. The thesis argues that a legacy of a colonial frame tends to continue normalising inequalities in access and consumption.  Continuity can also be found in a neglect of the issue of sanitation which persistently lags behind the development of water distribution. The dissertation concludes that the perceived space for policy alternatives in Ghanaian WSS sector development has been largely constrained by the historical context and contemporary development theories. Therefore, to constantly strive towards a frame reflective policy dialogue is strongly encouraged as a way for policy planners and decision makers to make well informed decisions for the future.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the extent of Water Sensitive Urban Design activities in the George municipality in the Western Cape Province, in South Africa. Water resource management in urban areas worldwide had become unsustainable with the widespread implementation of outsized infrastructure, environmental degradation and overuse of natural resources. The result was a concept called Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). IUWM encapsulates the entire water cycle from rainwater to surface water, groundwater and wastewater, as part of urban water management, and not as separate entities. There was worldwide response to IUWM, with the USA formulating Low-Impact Development (LID), the UK designing their Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS), and New Zealand articulating Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD), all to improve urban water resource management. Australia responded with Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). WSUD explores the design and planning of water infrastructural development in an urban setting, vital in Australian cities which experience continuous severe water shortage conditions. The WSUD approach aims to influence design and planning from the moment rainwater is captured in dams, treated, and reticulated to consumers, to the point of wastewater re-use, as well as stormwater use. Various techniques are specified as part of the WSUD approach namely: the installation of greenroofs, demand reduction techniques, stormwater management and the re-use of treated wastewater for irrigation and fire-fighting. These WSUD activities can be implemented from large-scale efforts with whole suburbs working together to manage stormwater by construction of wetlands, as well as small-scale change in design and planning, e.g., with household rainwater tank installation for irrigation and toilet flushing. With South Africa’s progressive legislation at a national, provincial and local municipal level, various WSUD activities can be implemented to aid and guide municipalities. The study aimed to investigate what type of WSUD activities the George municipality has implemented, and to what extent the activities had an impact on water consumption, since the drought in 2009. The reasons behind any lack of implementation were also explored. Proof of only eight WSUD activities implementation could be found. Water debtors’ data and bulk water data was sourced in order to determine the effect of the eight WSUD activities on water consumption. Bulk meter data could however not be used to correlate with the debtors’ data since readings from many bulk meters had not been recorded. Debtors’ data did prove however that the WSUD activities had a short-term impact on water consumption in the suburbs where it was implemented. The reasons given for non-implementation were not satisfactory. Recommendations are that the municipality should focus on better planning and implementation of diverse activities and that keeping records and data should be made a priority to determine any progress made. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die omvang van die Water Sensitiewe Stedelike Ontwerp (WSUD) aktiwiteite in die George munisipaliteit in die Wes-Kaap, in Suid-Afrika. Waterhulpbronbestuur in stedelike gebiede in die wêreld het nie-volhoubaar geword met die grootskaalse implementering van buitenmaatse infrastruktuur, agteruitgang van die omgewing en die oorbenutting van natuurlike waterhulpbronne. Die gevolg was 'n konsep wat Geïntegreerde Stedelike Water Bestuur (IUWM) genoem is. IUWM omvat die hele watersiklus vanaf reënval, tot oppervlakwater, grondwater en afvalwater, as deel van die stedelike waterbestuur, en nie as aparte entiteite nie. Daar was 'n wêreldwye reaksie te IUWM, met die VSA se Lae-impak-Ontwikkeling (LID), die Verenigde Koninkryk se ontwerp van hul volhoubare stedelike dreineringstelsel (SUDS), en Nieu-Seeland se formulering van Lae-impak Stedelike Ontwerp en Ontwikkeling (LIUDD), om stedelike water hulpbronne beter te bestuur. Australië het reageer met Water Sensitiewe Stedelike Ontwerp (WSUD). WSUD verken die ontwerp en beplanning van waterbestuur infrastruktuur ontwikkeling, in 'n stedelike omgewing, waar dit noodsaaklik was in die Australiese stede wat deurlopende tekort aan water ervaar. Die WSUD benadering het ten doel om die ontwerp en beplanning te beïnvloed vanaf die oomblik reënwater in damme opgevang is, behandel, en aan verbruikers versprei word, tot by die punt van afvalwater hergebruik, sowel as stormwater gebruik. Verskeie tegnieke word verskaf as deel van die WSUD benadering, naamlik: die installering van “greenroofs”, wateraanvraagbestuur tegnieke, en stormwater gebruik en hergebruik van behandelde afvalwater vir besproeiing en brandbestryding. Hierdie WSUD aktiwiteite kan implementeer word vanaf grootskaalse pogings met die samewerking van hele voorstede met stormwater bestuur deur die konstruksie van die vleilande, sowel as kleinskaalse verandering in die ontwerp en beplanning by huishoudings, byvoorbeeld met reënwatertenk installasie vir besproeiing en toilet spoel. Met Suid-Afrika se progressiewe wetgewing op 'n nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike munisipale vlak wat munisipaliteite steun en lei, kan die verskeie WSUD aktiwiteite ïmplementeer word. Die studie is gemik om ondersoek in te stel na watter tipe WSUD aktiwiteite deur die George-munisipaliteit implementeer word, en tot watter mate die aktiwiteite 'n impak gehad het op die water verbruik sedert die droogte in 2009. Die redes agter 'n gebrek aan implementering is ook ondersoek. Bewyse van implementering van net agt WSUD aktiwiteite kon gevind word. Data van die water debiteure en grootmaat water meters is verkry ten einde die effek van die agt WSUD aktiwiteite op die water verbruik te bepaal. Grootmaat water meter data kan egter nie gebruik word om te korreleer met die data van die debiteure aangesien die lesings van baie grootmaat water meters nie aangeteken is nie. Debiteure se data het egter bewys dat die WSUD aktiwiteite 'n korttermyn-impak op die waterverbruik in die voorstede waar dit geïmplementeer is gemaak het. Die redes gegee vir nieuitvoering is nie bevredigend nie. Aanbevelings is dat die munisipaliteit moet fokus op beter beplanning en implementering van diverse aktiwiteite en dat die hou van rekords en data prioriteit gemaak moet word om vas te stel of enige vordering gemaak is.

The River Medlock is a small (22km) urbanised river, and is one of the five main tributaries which forms part of the River Irwell Catchment in Greater Manchester, UK. The river has a legacy of pollution from the 18th century and continues to be affected by anthropogenic factors including point source pollution from waste water treatment works (WwTWs) and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). In order to investigate the impact of CSOs and the WwTWs on the river hydrology, water quality and ecology of the lower largely urbanised reach, data sets were obtained from the Environment Agency and from direct sampling of the river. Load estimations from continuous discharge records from the river's gauging station plus estimates of sub-catchment area indicate the lower sites, classified as a "highly modified water body" and downstream of treatment works had had a higher load of discharge and phosphate-P linked to point sources and episodic discharges. Short term, continuous monitoring revealed that CSOs were active during high velocity, but increased concentrations of nutrients post high velocity indicate WwTW effects and possibly diffuse sources. This project reveals that the WwTW are a major source of phosphate-P and that the impact of CSOs on the river quality is short-lived and depends on the degree of precipitation. Other parameters indicate good water quality although the benthic macroinvertebrate community is degraded as a result of episodic increases in the quantity of water destabilising the river bed. Therefore, pollution from the CSOs, the WwTW and rapid changes in discharge are the reasons for the river's failure to conform to EU's requirements of the Water Framework Directive.

In the last 50 years, the population growth of urban areas has increased significantly in Latin America. While this growth is mainly concentrated in coastal cities, places that were less populated before and even misperceived as uninhabited, as the Amazonia, also present an urban population increase. The cities of Lamas and Santa Maria de Nieva belong to the network of Peruvian northern cities: they are located in a transverse axis connecting the coast (Piura, Chiclayo) with the lower Amazonia (Iquitos). Taking into account the characteristics of land occupation, using cartographic sources (maps and satellite images) and gathering data from field research conducted during the month of August 2015, a first analysis of the urban water cycle was performed. It is based on the idea that this cycle is not only carry out in urban areas but rather has a close relationship with the territory (and resources) surrounding both locations. The results show that both cities have a significant impact (negative and positive) in the water sources and wastewater discharges of the territory. It has also been found that inside the urban space, water is an element that configures or sets sub-zones. / En los últimos 50 años, el crecimiento de la población que vive en zonas urbanas se ha incrementado de manera notable en Latinoamérica. Si bien este crecimiento se concentra principalmente en las ciudades costeras, espacios antes menos poblados e incluso percibidos erróneamente como deshabitados, como la Amazonía, también presentan un incremento poblacional urbano. Las ciudades de Lamas y Santa María de Nieva pertenecen a la red de ciudades del norte del Perú: están situadas en un eje transversal que conecta la costa (Piura, Chiclayo) con la baja Amazonía (Iquitos). Teniendo en cuenta las características de ocupación del territorio y a través de un levantamiento de información de campo realizado durante el mes de agosto del 2015, sumado a la utilización de fuentes cartográficas (mapas e imágenes satelitales) se realizó un primer análisis del ciclo urbano del agua, basado en la idea de que este ciclo no sólo se realiza de manera íntegra en el ámbito urbano y que evidentemente presenta una relación estrecha con el territorio (y sus recursos) que rodea a ambas localidades. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que a nivel fuentes de agua y retorno de las aguas utilizadas, ambas localidades tienen un gran impacto (negativo y positivo) en el territorio; además, se pudo identificar que dentro del espacio urbano el agua también es un elemento que configura o delimita sub-zonas.

Submitted by BEATRIZ FAGUNDES (beafagundes@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-10-03T16:06:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz_Fagundes_tese_doutorado.pdf: 21595140 bytes, checksum: 32da3b2b2090bdddc4e45b258a92da04 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-10-03T18:22:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fagundes_b_dr_prud.pdf: 21595140 bytes, checksum: 32da3b2b2090bdddc4e45b258a92da04 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-03T18:22:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fagundes_b_dr_prud.pdf: 21595140 bytes, checksum: 32da3b2b2090bdddc4e45b258a92da04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Atualmente, muitas paisagens mostram a conflituosa relação que foi sendo estabelecida entre as cidades e as águas ao longo da história. Um modelo de planejamento urbano voltado para a cidade ideal e higiênica não considerou as águas como um elemento integrante do meio urbano e, sim, na maioria das vezes, como parte de um sistema artificial de tubulações, redes entrelaçadas de canalização fluvial, de distribuição de água potável e coleta e afastamento de águas pluviais e residuais. Neste circuito, as águas fluviais da cidade, que faziam parte de um sistema aberto maior e de troca de relações, passaram a ser confinadas por obras de engenharia – retificações e canalizações - que mudaram seu percurso, suas características e sua função, na tentativa de controle dessas águas. Esta ideia, abraçada pelos administradores de grandes centros brasileiros, levou pequenas e médias cidades a também adotarem a mesma postura, como forma imediatista de resolver problemas de áreas de fundo de vale degradadas pelo próprio movimento de estruturação da cidade. Assim, as intervenções realizadas, principalmente, nos cursos d’água, passam a ser vistas de forma natural, como se a canalização fosse o destino final para as águas urbanas. A partir destas constatações começamos a observar, na vivência cotidiana na cidade de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil, poucos ambientes com a presença da água, que a população possa ter acesso, como fontes, córregos e lagos. Isso nos chamou a atenção, principalmente, quando temos conhecimento que a cidade de Presidente Prudente foi se sobrepondo a um denso sistema hidrográfico, constituído por nascentes e pequenos cursos d’água, ou seja, vários córregos que fazem parte das bacias hidrográficas do Rio Santo Anastácio e do Rio do Peixe. Os cursos d’água quando aparecem, aqui e ali, geralmente, estão com canalização aberta, alguns inseridos em parques lineares. Aqueles que ainda não foram canalizados estão quase todos cercados, sem acesso da população, ou degradados com processo erosivo intenso, assoreados e com muito lixo acumulado em suas margens e nas áreas adjacentes ao córrego. Considerando essas verificações, lançamos como hipótese que as relações que foram construídas, ao longo do tempo, entre a cidade de Presidente Prudente e suas águas e, a falta de ambientes que valorizem essas águas na paisagem urbana, em sua maioria, criaram representações negativas em relação a essas águas e desencadeiam, muitas vezes, práticas depreciativas em relação às águas ainda presentes. Propomos assim, para averiguação dessa tese, compreender as relações que historicamente foram estabelecidas entre a cidade de Presidente Prudente e suas águas (nascentes, córregos e lagos), que justificariam representações sociais negativas em relação às águas ainda presentes na paisagem urbana. Para alcançar tal objetivo foram necessários os seguintes procedimentos: amplo levantamento bibliográfico sobre a temática apresentada; a análise de documentos que revelaram as diversas ações do poder público em relação aos córregos urbanos, ao longo do tempo; o acesso à memória e às representações sociais em relação às águas na cidade, que foi possível através da História Oral e da Teoria das Representações e as estratégias de pesquisa associadas a essas. Assim, analisando o conjunto da pesquisa podemos afirmar que, as águas da cidade de Presidente Prudente ficaram sim apenas na memória daqueles que um dia as presenciaram limpas na paisagem e, para aqueles que não tiveram essa oportunidade e, mesmo para quem teve, hoje esses córregos são apenas galerias por onde percorre um líquido que carrega sujeira que a cidade produz. O rio não está mais ali, o que ele representa hoje é toda a negatividade que sua presença na cidade pode trazer como o lixo, esgoto, mau cheiro, insetos e perigo. Essas águas na opinião dos moradores precisam ser escondidas, elas não pertencem mais a cidade. Desta forma, este estudo pretende trazer uma contribuição para a gestão pública municipal, para que a cidade possa vir estabelecer outra relação com as águas que ainda permanecem na sua paisagem, para que estas sejam incorporadas à cidade e à vida da população de forma salutar, e se possível ampliar a qualidade de vida urbana. / Currently, many landscapes show the conflicting relationship that has been established between cities and waters throughout history. An urban planning model, aimed at the ideal and hygienic city, have not considered water as an integral element of the urban environment, but rather, as part of an artificial system of pipes, intertwined networks of river channels, distribution of potable water and collection and removal of rainwater and waste water. In this circuit, engineering works - repairs and plumbing - that changed its course, its characteristics and its function, in an attempt to have control of these waters, confined the river waters of the city, which were part of a larger open system and the exchange of relationships. This idea, embraced by the administrators of large Brazilian centres, led small and medium cities to adopt the same posture, as an immediate way of solving problems of valley bottom areas degraded by the city's own structure movement. Thus, these carried out interventions, mainly in the watercourses, have started to be seen in a natural way, as if the channelling was the final destination for urban waters. Based on these findings, we have observed, in the daily life in the city of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, few water environments where the population can have access to, such as fountains, streams and lakes. This, in particularly have called our attention when we had learned that the city of Presidente Prudente was overlapping itself on a dense hydrographic system, consisting of springs and small waterways, in other words, several streams that are part of the hydrographic basins of Rio Santo Anastácio and Rio do Peixe. When the watercourses appear here and there, they usually are opened channels, some of them inserted in linear parks. Those, which have not been canalized yet, are almost all surrounded, not accessible to the population, or degraded with an intense erosive process, silted and with too much accumulated garbage in their margins and in the adjacent areas to the creek. Considering these verifications we have launched, as hypothesis that the relations built, over time, between the city of Presidente Prudente and its waters, and the lack of environments, which values these waters in the urban landscape, for the most part, have created negative representations regarding these waters and they often trigger depreciative practices in relation to the waters still present. In order to investigate this thesis, we propose to understand the historically established relationship between the city of Presidente Prudente and its waters (springs, streams and lakes), which would justify the negative social representations in relation to the waters still present in the urban landscape. In order to achieve this objective the following procedures were necessary: a large bibliographical survey on the presented thematic; the analysis of documents which revealed various actions of public power in relation to the urban streams, over time; to get access to memory and social representations in relation to the water in the city, which was possible through Oral History and Representational Theory, and the research strategies related to it. Thus, analysing the whole research, we can affirm that the waters of the city of Presidente Prudente were only in the memory of those who once saw them clean in the landscape and, for those who did not have this opportunity and even for those who had, today the streams are just galleries, which a liquid carries through the dirt that the city produces. The river is no longer there, what it does represent today is all the negativity that its presence in the city can bring, such as garbage, sewage, foul smell, insects and danger. These waters, in the opinion of the residents, need to be hidden, as they no longer belong to the city. Therefore, this study intends to contribute to the municipal public management, so that the city can establish another relationship with the waters that still remain in its landscape, in which these would be incorporated into the city and the life of the population in a healthy way, and if possible, a better quality of urban life. / Actualmente, muchos paisajes muestran la relación conflictiva que se ha establecido entre las ciudades y el agua, a lo largo de la historia. Un modelo de planificación urbana, inspirado en la ciudad ideal y higiénica, no consideró el agua como elemento integrante del medio urbano, y sí, en la mayoría de las veces, como parte de un sistema artificial, de tuberías, redes entrelazadas de canalización fluvial, de distribución de agua potable, colecta y separación de aguas pluviales y residuales. En este circuito, las aguas fluviales de la ciudad, que hacían parte de un sistema abierto más grande y de intercambio de relaciones, pasaron a ser confinadas por obras de ingeniería – rectificaciones y canalizaciones – que cambiaron su recorrido, sus características y su función, en el intento de controlar el agua. Esta idea, adoptada por los administradores de grandes centros urbanos brasileños, llevó a las ciudades pequeñas e intermedias a asumir esta misma postura, como forma inmediatista de resolución de los problemas de las áreas de fondo de valle degradadas por el propio movimiento de estructuración de la ciudad. Así, las intervenciones realizadas, principalmente, en los cursos de agua, pasaron a ser vistas de forma natural, como si la canalización fuera el destino final para el agua urbana. A partir de estas constataciones, empezamos a observar en la vida cotidiana de la ciudad de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil, pocos ambientes con presencia de agua, a los cuales la población pueda tener acceso, como fuentes, arroyos y lagos. Eso nos llamó la atención, principalmente, cuando tenemos conocimiento de que la ciudad de Presidente Prudente fue sobreponiéndose a un denso sistema hidrográfico, constituido por nacientes y pequeños cursos de agua, o sea, varios arroyos que hacen parte de las cuencas hidrográficas del Río Santo Anastácio y del Río do Peixe. Los cursos de agua, cuando aparecen, aquí y allá, generalmente, están con canalización abierta, algunos insertados en parques lineales. Aquellos que aún no fueron canalizados están casi todos cercados, sin acceso de la población, o degradados con procesos erosivos intensos, sedimentados y con mucha basura acumulada en sus márgenes y en áreas cercanas al curso de agua. Considerando esas verificaciones, lanzamos como hipótesis que las relaciones que fueron construidas, a lo largo del tiempo, entre la ciudad de Presidente Prudente y sus aguas y, a falta de ambientes que valoricen el agua en el paisaje urbano, en su mayoría, crearon representaciones negativas en relación al agua y desencadenan, muchas veces, prácticas despreciativas en relación al agua aún presente. Proponemos, así, para el desarrollo de esta tesis, comprender las relaciones que históricamente fueron establecidas entre la ciudad de Presidente Prudente y sus aguas (nacientes, arroyos y lagos), que justificarían representaciones sociales negativas en relación a esas aguas aún presentes en el paisaje urbano. Para alcanzar esa meta, fueron necesarios los siguientes procedimientos: amplio levantamiento bibliográfico sobre la temática presentada; el análisis de documentos que revelaron las diversas acciones del poder público en relación a los curso de agua urbanos, a lo largo del tiempo; el acceso a la memoria y a las representaciones sociales en relación al agua en la ciudad, que fue posible a través de la Historia Oral, de la Teoría de las Representaciones y a las estrategias de investigación asociadas a estas. Así, analizando el conjunto de la investigación, podemos afirmar que, el agua de la ciudad de Presidente Prudente quedaron solamente en la memoria de aquellos que un día la presenciaron limpia en el paisaje y, para aquellos que no tuvieron esa oportunidad, así como también para quien la tuvo, hoy en día esas corrientes son solamente zanjas por donde transcurre un líquido que carga suciedad que la ciudad produce. El rio no está más ahí, lo que él representa hoy es toda la negatividad que su presencia en la ciudad puede traer, como basura, aguas negras, mal olor, insectos y peligro. El agua, en la opinión de la población, necesita ser escondida, el agua no pertenece más a la ciudad. De esa forma, este estudio pretende traer una contribución para la gestión pública municipal, para que la ciudad pueda, a futuro, establecer otra relación con el agua que aún pertenece a su paisaje, para que sea incorporada a la ciudad y a la vida de la población de forma saludable y, si es posible, ampliar la calidad de vida urbana. / 140347/2014-3

Questões de planejamento aliadas ao aumento da impermeabilização contribuem para a redução do amortecimento das águas, o que possibilita a ocorrência das enchentes urbanas. Assim, é imprescindível a adoção de instrumentos e ferramentas que permitam um adequado gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, bem como de sua drenagem. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho consistiu em propor e aplicar novas metodologias de medidas compensatórias não-estruturais como instrumentos de gestão das águas urbanas (Balanço Hídrico de Terceira Geração, \"IPTU Hidrológico\") em escala de lote urbano, de forma a gerar cenários prospectivos, que mostrem a influência da adoção de indicadores de pegada hídrica e de medidas estruturais da drenagem urbana no grau de neutralidade dos impactos no lote. A metodologia consistiu no dimensionamento e análises de custos das medidas estruturais (tanque de água e trincheira de infiltração) para um lote de 200 \'M POT.2\', a serem incorporadas ou não nas medidas não-estruturais (Balanço Hídrico de Terceira Geração e \"IPTU Hidrológico\"); que por sua vez, foram calculadas em função das componentes das águas urbanas, variáveis hidráulicas e hidrológicas. Ao final, foram formados 4 cenários em escala prospectiva atual (2010), 2025, 2050, 2075 e 2100: Global Orchestration, Order from Stregth, Adapting Mosaic, TechnoGarden e realizadas análises de sensibilidade das medidas não-estruturais em nível de escala de lote, bem como ponderações das componentes das águas urbanas para a obtenção dos valores monetários de IPTU. Por fim, foram extraídas justificativas pertinentes a tais medidas, com base em elementos técnicos, econômicos, sociais e ambientais de Águas Urbanas sob o contexto da Lei Federal de Saneamento Básico nº 11.445/07. / Planning\'s questions with the increase of impervious areas contribute to reduce the damping of water, allowing urban flooding\'s occurence. Thus, it\'s necessary to adopt instruments and tools that allow an appropriate management of water resources, as well as its drainage. In this sense, this paper proposed and implemented new methods of non-structural compensating measures as tools for urban water management (3rd Generation of Water Balance and \"Hydrological IPTU tax\") on urban scale in order to generate future scenarios that show the influence of the adoption of waterfootprint\'s indicators and structural measures in the neutrality of impacts in urban drainage. The methodology consisted in the design and cost analysis of the structural measures (water tank and infiltration trenches), for a 200 \'M POT.2\' lot, to be incorporated or not on the non-structural measures, which in turn were determinated by the hydraulic and hydrologic components of urban water. In the end, four scenarios were formed in time scale, current (2010), 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 (Global Orchestration, Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic and TechnoGarden), as well as were performed sensibility analyses of non-structural measures in terms of urban scale and are assigned weights of the urban water\'s components to obtain the monetary value of taxes. Finally, relevant justifications were described, based on technical, economic, social and environmental questions of urban water, under the context of Sanitation\'s Federal Law nº11.445/07.

In future cities, urban drainage and flood management systems should be designed not only to reliable during normal operating conditions but also to be resilient to exceptional threats that lead to catastrophic failure impacts and consequences. Resilience can potentially be built into urban drainage systems by implementing a range of strategies, for example by embedding redundancy and flexibility in system design or rehabilitation to increase their ability to efficiently maintain acceptable customer flood protection service levels during and after occurrence of failure or through installation of equipment that enhances customer preparedness for extreme events or service disruptions. However, operationalisation of resilience in urban flood management is still constrained by lack of suitable quantitative evaluation methods. Existing hydraulic reliability-based approaches tend to focus on quantifying functional failure caused by extreme rainfall or increases in dry weather flows that lead to hydraulic overloading of the system. Such approaches take a narrow view of functional resilience and fail to explore the full system failure scenario space due to exclusion of internal system failures such as equipment malfunction, sewer (link) collapse and blockage that also contribute significantly to urban flooding. In this research, a new analytical approach based on Global Resilience Analysis (GRA) is investigated and applied to systematically evaluate the performance of an urban drainage system (UDS) when subjected to a wide range of both functional and structural failure scenarios resulting from extreme rainfall and pseudo random cumulative link failure respectively. Failure envelopes, which represent the resulting loss of system functionality (impacts) are determined by computing the upper and lower limits of the simulation results for total flood volume (failure magnitude) and average flood duration (failure duration) at each considered failure level. A new resilience index is developed and applied to link resulting loss of functionality magnitude and duration to system residual functionality (head room) at each considered failure level. With this approach, resilience has been tested and characterized for a synthetic UDS and for an existing UDS in Kampala city, Uganda. In addition, the approach has been applied to quantify the impact of interventions (adaptation strategies) on enhancement of global UDS resilience to flooding. The developed GRA method provides a systematic and computationally efficient approach that enables evaluation of whole system resilience, where resilience concerns ‘beyond failure’ magnitude and duration, without prior knowledge of threat occurrence probabilities. The study results obtained by applying the developed method to the case studies suggest that by embedding the cost of failure in resilience-based evaluation, adaptation strategies which enhance system flexibility properties such as distributed storage and improved asset management are more cost-effective over the service life of UDSs.

Questões de planejamento aliadas ao aumento da impermeabilização contribuem para a redução do amortecimento das águas, o que possibilita a ocorrência das enchentes urbanas. Assim, é imprescindível a adoção de instrumentos e ferramentas que permitam um adequado gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, bem como de sua drenagem. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho consistiu em propor e aplicar novas metodologias de medidas compensatórias não-estruturais como instrumentos de gestão das águas urbanas (Balanço Hídrico de Terceira Geração, \"IPTU Hidrológico\") em escala de lote urbano, de forma a gerar cenários prospectivos, que mostrem a influência da adoção de indicadores de pegada hídrica e de medidas estruturais da drenagem urbana no grau de neutralidade dos impactos no lote. A metodologia consistiu no dimensionamento e análises de custos das medidas estruturais (tanque de água e trincheira de infiltração) para um lote de 200 \'M POT.2\', a serem incorporadas ou não nas medidas não-estruturais (Balanço Hídrico de Terceira Geração e \"IPTU Hidrológico\"); que por sua vez, foram calculadas em função das componentes das águas urbanas, variáveis hidráulicas e hidrológicas. Ao final, foram formados 4 cenários em escala prospectiva atual (2010), 2025, 2050, 2075 e 2100: Global Orchestration, Order from Stregth, Adapting Mosaic, TechnoGarden e realizadas análises de sensibilidade das medidas não-estruturais em nível de escala de lote, bem como ponderações das componentes das águas urbanas para a obtenção dos valores monetários de IPTU. Por fim, foram extraídas justificativas pertinentes a tais medidas, com base em elementos técnicos, econômicos, sociais e ambientais de Águas Urbanas sob o contexto da Lei Federal de Saneamento Básico nº 11.445/07. / Planning\'s questions with the increase of impervious areas contribute to reduce the damping of water, allowing urban flooding\'s occurence. Thus, it\'s necessary to adopt instruments and tools that allow an appropriate management of water resources, as well as its drainage. In this sense, this paper proposed and implemented new methods of non-structural compensating measures as tools for urban water management (3rd Generation of Water Balance and \"Hydrological IPTU tax\") on urban scale in order to generate future scenarios that show the influence of the adoption of waterfootprint\'s indicators and structural measures in the neutrality of impacts in urban drainage. The methodology consisted in the design and cost analysis of the structural measures (water tank and infiltration trenches), for a 200 \'M POT.2\' lot, to be incorporated or not on the non-structural measures, which in turn were determinated by the hydraulic and hydrologic components of urban water. In the end, four scenarios were formed in time scale, current (2010), 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 (Global Orchestration, Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic and TechnoGarden), as well as were performed sensibility analyses of non-structural measures in terms of urban scale and are assigned weights of the urban water\'s components to obtain the monetary value of taxes. Finally, relevant justifications were described, based on technical, economic, social and environmental questions of urban water, under the context of Sanitation\'s Federal Law nº11.445/07.