Architecture has often been described as a reflection of society and its current human condition. The converse opinion states that architecture continues to play a major role in constructing that very same society, long after it is built. These statements are most evident where architecture has been intentionally used as a tool of dominance and control. Within a new democratic South African society, the invisible walls of Apartheid have been replaced by physical fences used to ensure ‘the public’ of their safety and security. This has resulted in the fence fetish. The fence fetish is a common phenomenon around the world, as global architecture trends promote autonomy, object buildings and the urban bourgeois. Reinterpreting the notion of the fence as a series of thresholds, allows architects to use design as a tool for disclosing accessibility to the public realm, intentionally fostering democratic, collective and interpersonal space within the emerging urban landscapes. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Kampala is Uganda's capital city and is one the fastest growing cities in the world. Over 60% of the city's urban population live and work informally. In 2002, the Ugandan Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development attended the World Urban Forum in Kenya, where he met with the international president of Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI), Jockin Arputham. The Minister requested the support of SDI to mobilise the residents of Kampala for settlement upgrading. Following this invitation, the SDI president, with Federation members from South Africa and India, visited Kampala. This visit resulted in the signing of an agreement to enable community residents and the state to jointly improve the living conditions of people in informal settlements in Kampala. This marked the beginning of a new form of state-society relations, called co-production. These relations have grown, evolved and progressively matured over the years. This evolutionary case study asks how co-production engagements in the City of Kampala provide empirical support for an enhanced theoretical framework in planning which contributes to ideas of state-society engagement in the cities of the global South. Drawing on poststructuralist theory and cases of co-production, a conceptual framework provides the theoretical basis to examine how service delivery and city planning under co-production are shaped by power and rationalities that occur at the interface between state and society. This study draws on key proponents of the case study method. Primary data and information were collected, using semi-structured interviews. Document analysis and observations were used to supplement the interview processes and data. The findings were analysed and then used to engage with the theoretical materials in order to write back to theory and then generate theoretical prepositions on planning theory and co-production as an interventive planning framework. Key findings show that communities and civic groups used tools of enumerations, exchange visits and savings to assert their claims and demands, as well as to advance and secure their survival assets and systems. The study reveals complex multifaceted and dynamic power struggles and matrixes within and between structures of the state in the implementation of various co-production initiatives and relations. The state displays and relies on incoherent legal and policy positions, acts informally and operates between old and new ways of engaging with communities. The study further reveals tension points, reversals and the 'holding back' of state power during encounters of state, networked and multiple community power bases that have strong and influential claims to urban space, materialities such as land, trading spaces, informal livelihood systems, place and belonging. The narratives show that community is segmented and conflicted, with individuals and civic groups straddling the divide between state and societal spaces. The combination of organised community resistance and collaboration led to 'quiet encroachment' to shift state positions on development regulations and to disrupt and refine states' schemes of community intervention to become open and more inclusive. The conflicting rationalities and deep differences between state agents and communities extend beyond the binary of state and 'community'. The narratives reveal the fragmented nature of the state - formal and informal - and the divisions within and between society and civic groups characterised by the politics of control of space and territoriality, differentiation and belonging. The case study engages with theory to provide an important caution against the limitations of assuming that planning can adopt consensualist processes in the cities of the South. It suggests that co-production offers a more productive and realistic way of approaching state-society engagement in planning, but is also fraught with difficulties that are also present in the wider context within which engagement occurs. Therefore, this thesis also argues that planning in the South should be seen as both a collaborative and conflicted process. In addition, it postulates that there is nothing peaceful about urban life, and that power and conflict are ubiquitous elements that both produce and are a product of the interface between state and society.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009. / Author also earned an Urban Design Certificate from the Program in Urban Design; a joint graduate program with the Dept. of Architecture and the Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [151]-[156]). / Surface parking lots occupy vast amounts of land in urbanized areas-at times covering up to 40% of land in downtown areas in the United States. It is estimated that there are seven parking spaces for every vehicle in the nation; given that a vehicle can be in only one place at any given time, there are underutilized, vacant parking spaces all around us. This thesis argues that vacant parking spaces create an opportunity for more intense use of the land. It investigates which types of surface parking lots are best suited for which types of activities, based on physical design characteristics, multiple-use considerations, and a zoning and regulatory framework. It recommends the most attention is given to parking lots in neighborhood commercial areas and large surface parking lots that occupy entire city blocks. The thesis argues for the creation of more part-time public spaces through the use of underutilized parking lots. This argument is partially based on public spaces' social benefits, increased economic development potential, linkages with increased public health, and aesthetic-related benefits. Issues raised in creating public spaces on parking lots (both public and private lots) are addressed and possible approaches to overcome these obstacles are suggested. Strategies for creating more use on surface parking lots are identified from a municipal perspective, for those who coordinate events on parking lots, parking lot owners, and for developers. / (cont.) The thesis concludes with a discussion on implementation of creating more use on surface parking lots through zoning standards, design guidelines, and publicity strategies. The thesis concluded with a theoretical discussion on the ideal types of conditions for increased use on surface parking lots. The overarching finding is that the challenge of constructing more use on surface parking lots is primarily an issue of having the will to work through the necessary bureaucratic codes and regulations; by posing strategies to help facilitate this process, a palette of ideas for creating more use on surface parking lots can be utilized by any interested stakeholders. / by Kathleen Kane Ziegenfuss. / M.C.P.

No description available.

This thesis is centered around Black maternal health disparities and the impact of Roe v Wade being overturned on the future of Black maternal health. I start off by first looking at the facts of maternal health disparities and how Black women are dying at a higher rate than their White counterparts. Then I draw on social determinants of health and how systemic racism plays a role in the health disparities we see today. I bring in literature that discusses different frameworks created to reduce the maternal health disparities gap. I use the literature to argue that more initiatives need to be done since the gap is still increasing. My intention for this thesis is to bring light to some solutions that may help decrease the maternal health disparities and highlight how Roe v Wade being overturned can cause a larger harm in Black maternal health. / Urban Bioethics

The health benefits of nature are numerous, wide-ranging, and often overlooked. An ever-growing body of research has started to document, substantiate, and even in some cases quantify the significance of interacting with nature and its effect on human health and well-being. These directly measurable health benefits are also compounded in urban environments by environmental and social benefits. For example, the inclusion of green spaces in urban communities has been shown to reduce violence. Green spaces are important for overall health, but also specifically for healing. The benefits of natural spaces in hospitals has been explored in the literature and shown to benefit not only patients but also family and visitors, as well as staff, by creating a healing and restorative environment that helps to reduce stress and alleviate anxiety. Lack of green space in urban communities is creating and exacerbating health disparities. Urban hospitals are often limited in their ability to include extra space, and particularly green space, in their campus, yet it is their patients who need these healing benefits the most. Particularly urban communities of low socioeconomic status are often those with the least access to green spaces, or only have access to low-quality, poorly maintained, unsafe green spaces. Yet the residents of these communities are those who stand to benefit the most from access to nature and a greener environment. Improving the accessibility, quality, safety, and square footage of natural green spaces in urban environments will help improve health equity by mitigating negative effects of the urban built environment on health and well-being, increasing the agency of these communities to live healthier lives, and allow them to reap the physical, emotional, and social benefits of green spaces. / Urban Bioethics

Over the past two decades, underused shopping malls and big-box stores have become more prevalent in the landscape, even as newer ones are built. Shopping centers from the last half of the twentieth century may not have been designed to serve uses other than commercial, but that does not mean these buildings must or should only be thought of as single-use spaces. Projects from across the United States demonstrate that large, empty commercial structures can become municipal complexes, new town centers, mixed-use complexes, office buildings, churches, and gymnasiums. They also can be rehabilitated to fill the need for new schools in communities where there is no suitable or cheap land, limited funds, overcrowding, and growing enrollments. This thesis identifies twelve cases where public school districts have converted former shopping malls or big-box stores into schools and conducts histories on three of these cases. A detailed comparative analysis of three school conversion projects in Burnsville, Minnesota, Wake Forest, North Carolina, and Fort Myers, Florida is the foundation for the thesis research. By researching examples of retail conversion and assessing project history, this thesis determines common factors to these school projects and develops conclusions about relationships between school planning, growth management, and economic development. It develops a strong knowledge base that can be used to guide local governments interested in undertaking this type of initiative. Finally, the thesis demonstrates the importance of planning and building for future flexibility by underscoring the value of reusing the built form.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.