Dans l'œuvre de Jacques Rousseau, à côté de sa philosophie originale, on trouve des idées très précises sur la médecine. Il s'y montre très critique sur l'inefficacité des médecins, qu'il eut bien des occasions de connaître et de juger. Il a en effet souffert d'une pathologie urologique chronique, se manifestant par des crises douloureuses de rétention d'urine, dont il parle régulièrement dans ses courriers. Ce travail trouve sa source principale dans les 7175 lettres (écrites ou reçues) de sa correspondance regroupée par Leigh, complétée par certaines réflexions des Confessions. Son objectif a été d'analyser les symptômes dont il s'est plaint, d'argumenter les propositions de diagnostic faites par les historiographes, mais aussi de suivre l'évolution de ses idées sur les médecins (dont certains ont eu une importance dans sa vie qu'il a été jugé utile de développer), et de ses idées sur une médecine qu'il voulait fondée sur le respect de la nature. Celles-ci, notamment développées dans L'Emile, rejoignaient celles du docteur Tissot et des Hygiénistes. Mais Rousseau était aussi connu pour son caractère susceptible et son goût de la solitude, au point d'être pris en exemple de délire paranoïaque par les psychiatres français du début du XXe siècle. Ce diagnostic est évalué à partir des épisodes de sa vie et des réactions qu'elles suscitent dans cette correspondance, à la lumière des dernières recommandations internationales. / Accurate ideas are found in the writings of Rousseau about médicine. He has shown a very critical judgment about the inefficiency of his médical doctors. It is obvious that he contacted them frequently, before ignoring them definitively. lndeed, he suffered in many decades from a painful urologie disease, which could not be cured by physicians, a chronical and congenital urine rétention. Our work draws his source mainly from the 7175 letters (written or received by Rousseau) grouped by Leigh, completed with some data found in the Confessions. Our aim was to analyze his symptoms, evaluate the diagnosis suggested by the numerous doctors and biographs pf Rousseau's life, but also to discuss the évolution of his sévère judgment about the doctors (among which some were so important in his life to justify a development) and his ideas about the medicine, dominated by the respect of Action of nature, particularly approved by doctor Tissot and the « Hygienists » thought group. On the other hand, Rousseau was well known as having shady and solitary character, andt french psychiatrists in the beginning of XXe century took him even as a current example of paranoid délusion. We assess this hypothesis, analyzing his reactions along his eventful life, with reference to international recommendations (DSM)·

Issued also as thesis, Paris.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ludwig Maximilians-Universität zu München, 1979.

Thesis (MSc.Med.(Urology))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2014. / Bladder cancer is the second commonest urological malignancy and haematuria is the commonest symptom. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are integral for the investigation of haematuria, while the role of molecular markers such as the NMP22 BladderChek test is still being defined. The BladderChek is a qualitative point of care test developed for the detection of the elevated urinary levels of NMP22 associated with bladder cancer. No studies have been performed in South Africa using the BladderChek nor considered using this test to increase the efficiency of the workup of patients with gross haematuria. The primary aim was to establish the percentage of office cystoscopies done as part of a gross haematuria workup at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital that are unnecessary and may be avoided if the BladderChek is positive under defined conditions. A cross-sectional study of the BladderChek test using prospective consecutive sampling, with special care to limit false positives and negatives, of 64 patients with a history of gross haematuria was conducted. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for the BladderChek and the urine cytology were 78.9%, 84.4%, 68.2%, 90.5% and 36.8%, 93.0%, 70.0%, 76.9% respectively. The performance of the BladderChek was not affected by the history of gross haematuria, the stage nor grade of malignancy. Urine cytology detected only one malignancy missed by the BladderChek. Approximately 12.6% of office cystoscopies may be avoided and 78.9% of bladder tumours detected if the BladderChek is selectively applied as in this study. This may “fast-track” patients for transurethral resection of bladder tumour. The BladderChek may be a cost-effective alternative to urine cytology.

Thesis--Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen. / Summary in English and Danish. Bibliography: p. 219-[225]

The investigation of an abdominal mass in a child is a common problem in the radiology department of the Red Cross Children's Hospital. The majority of these masses involve the urinary tract. The commonest neoplasm is a Wilms' tumour of the kidney. Against a pathological and clinical background, the investigation of Wilms' tumour by diagnostic imaging is presented. The imaging modalities currently utilised are the intravenous urogram (IVU), ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR). Using the material available in the last decade, the principles, techniques and imaging characteristics of these modalities are investigated and compared. These results are reflected against those reported in the medical literature. This literature is not yet extensive as the current technology has only been available for the last six to seven years. The IVU has in the past been the main imaging modality and we still use it extensively. Its strengths and weaknesses are discussed. In the last five years US has taken its place as the primary method of diagnostic imaging. We have found that with our increasing experience that this is justified. The use of US and IVU in a practiced hand is a powerful diagnostic combination. CT as a primary investigation is not readily available at our institution. We have used it for comparative purposes in about 20% of our recent cases. CT has not added greatly to our initial diagnostic impression. However, it has been most useful for follow up of metastasis and for assessing the normality of the lungs before ceasing chemotherapy. Our experience with MRI is limited and confined to unusual presentations in the last year. Other modalities such as arteriography and nuclear medicine have special indications which are to be discussed. The remaining tumours of the upper urinary tracts are all rare, but are reported and the literature researched. In the lower urinary tract the main pelvic lesion is a rhabdomyosarcoma. The comparative advantages of the IVU, US, CT and MRI are also noted. In the pelvis, US has also become the primary imaging modality, and is replacing contrast medium cystography. However, examples of the latter are included as it still has a place, particularly in the less sophisticated institutes. CT and MRI, when available, have imaging advantages in the pelvis and are becoming the methods of choice for follow up. The main objective of this document has been to investigate the available imaging techniques, but, against this overall theme, the clinical care of the child is most important. With this in mind the treatment protocols that are used at our hospital are noted in the appendices to the thesis.

Orientadores: Ubirajara Ferreira, Valeria H. A. Cagnon Quitete / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T17:35:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_LeonardoOliveira_M.pdf: 4339458 bytes, checksum: 1e103884dabb1194ecfd6161caeed83d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A destruição do complexo da distroglicana dependente da metaloproteinase da matriz pode ter papel importante no desenvolvimento e progressão do tumor urotelial. O carcinoma urotelial humano é frequente na bexiga e menos comum no trato urinário superior. Não há um modelo experimental animal bem definido e reprodutível de carcinoma urotelial do trato superior. Objetivos: Propor um novo modelo experimental de carcinoma urotelial que resulta de refluxo vesicoureteral em animais submetidos a tratamento com associação entre n-metil-n-nitrosourea e citrato de sódio intravesicais. Caracterizar a imunolocalização dos receptores de ?-distroglicana e metaloproteinase 9 na bexiga urinária, ureter e pelve renal deste modelo, assim como descrever aspectos morfológicos, imunohistoquímicos e proliferativos nestes órgãos. Metodologia: Cinqüenta ratas Fisher 344 foram divididas em dois grupos: Controle - recebeu 0,30ml de solução salina 0,9% intravesical; MNU-citrato - recebeu 0,15ml de MNU e 0,15ml de citrato de sódio intravesical, ambos em semanas alternadas, nas semanas 0, 2, 4 e 6, totalizando quatro doses. Após 15 semanas de tratamento, a bexiga, os ureteres, e as pelves renais foram coletados para análises morfológicas e imunohistoquímicas. Resultados: O grupo MNU-Citrato apresentou imunoreatividade reduzida de ?-DG e aumentada de MMP-9 e Ki-67. O tratamento associado de MNU e citrato de sódio levou ao desenvolvimento de carcinoma urotelial na bexiga e no trato urinário superior de todos os animais. Conclusões: O modelo proposto induziu lesão maligna de diversos graus em 100 % dos animais, sem comprometimento muscular. A imunolocalização da ?-DG foi muito diminuída em contraposição ao aumento da imunolocalização da MMP-9 nos diferentes órgãos estudados neste modelo e os aspectos morfológicos, imunohistoquímicos e proliferativos ao longo do urotélio (bexiga urinária, ureter e pelve renal) foram muito semelhantes, sendo que ocorreu aumento de apoptose e proliferação celular com expressivo predomínio deste último. Palavras chave: Distroglicana; Metaloproteinase de matriz; Carcinoma urotelial; Modelo animal experimental; Trato urinário superior / Abstract: The dystroglican complex destruction is done by matrix metalloproteinase and plays a critical role in the urothelial carcinoma development and progression. The human urothelial carcinoma is frequent on the bladder and less common on the upper urinary tract. There is no reproducible and well described experimental upper urothelial carcinoma model on this issue. Purposes: Describe a novel experimental upper urothelial carcinoma animal model which results in vesicoureteral reflux in animals submitted to associate treatment with the carcinogen n-methyl-n-nitrosourea and sodium citrate intravesically. Characterize the ?-DG and the MMP-9 immunolocalization in the bladder as well as in the upper urinary tract, and describe morphological, immunohistochemistry and proliferative aspects utilizing a novel experimental model. Materials and Methods: Fifty female Fischer 344 rats were divided into two groups: the control group received a 0.30ml dose of 0.9% physiological saline intravesically every other week for a total of 4 doses; the MNU-citrate group received 0.15 ml of MNU and 0.15ml of sodium citrate intravesically every other week for a total of 4 doses. After 15 weeks of treatment, bladder, ureters and renal pelvis were collected for morphological and immunohistochemistry analyses. Results: The MNU-Citrate group showed reduced ?-DG and increased MMP-9 and Ki-67 immunoreactivities. Associated treatment with MNU and sodium citrate was able to lead to both urinary bladder and upper urinary tract tumors in all animals. Conclusions: The proposed model showed cancer in several grades in 100 % of animals, with no muscular invasion. The immunolocalization was decreased for ?-DG and increased for MMP-9 in the analyzed tissues and the morphological, immunohistochemical and proliferative aspects of the urothelium (bladder, ureter e renal pelvis) were similar. Apoptosis and proliferation were increased, being the last one more intense / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia

INTRODUÇÃO: A tuberculose urogenital é rara, tem diagnóstico tardio e é potencialmente destrutiva ao trato urogenital masculino. A bexiga contraída ocorre nas fases tardias de sua evolução e está associada à alta freqüência de exclusão renal unilateral, refluxo vésico-ureteral, estenose ureteral e insuficiência renal. A ampliação vesical é o tratamento padrão para estes casos. O presente trabalho avalia o seguimento tardio de 25 pacientes com bexiga contraída por tuberculose submetidos à ampliação vesical. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Vinte homens e cinco mulheres, com idade mediana de 40 (12 a 60) anos foram estudados. Antes da ampliação, três pacientes estavam em insuficiência renal crônica em programação para transplante renal. Os demais pacientes possuíam exclusão renal funcional unilateral. Em oito casos, a ampliação foi feita com segmento ileocecal não destubulizado, em quatro com sigmóide não destubulizado e em 13 com sigmóide destubulizado. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, radiológica e urodinâmica pós-operatória. Foi considerado bom resultado, após a ampliação, a presença de intervalo miccional diurno maior que duas horas e a satisfação do paciente avaliada pela pergunta sobre qualidade de vida do questionário \"ICSmaleSF\". RESULTADOS: O seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 11,1 ± 9,1 (1 a 36) anos com 68% dos pacientes com seguimento maior que cinco anos e 52% maior que 10 anos. Um paciente morreu por um adenocarcinoma na bexiga ampliada após 25 anos de ampliação e seis anos de transplante renal. Após a ampliação, houve manutenção da mesma função renal em todos os pacientes, com exceção de dois casos de evolução para insuficiência renal crônica. Em sete (28%) casos, houve alto resíduo pós miccional com resolução após desobstrução cirúrgica em três casos e autocateterismo nos demais. Bom resultado foi encontrado em 80% dos pacientes operados. O mau resultado foi associado estatisticamente com a utilização do sigmóide não destubulizado (p <= 0,05) e tendeu a se associar com a presença de prostatite por tuberculose (p = 0,09). A comparação dos pacientes de mau com os de bom resultado mostrou que estes apresentaram, ao exame urodinâmico, bexiga ampliada com maior capacidade (p < 0,01), maior complacência (p < 0,01) e sensibilidade normal (p = 0,03). Entretanto, não houve diferença na presença de contrações involuntárias (p = 0,27) entre os dois grupos. Nos pacientes com bom resultado, as contrações iniciaram-se com maior volume de enchimento vesical (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: No seguimento tardio da ampliação da bexiga contraída por tuberculose, 80% dos pacientes atingem intervalo miccional maior que duas horas e a ampliação vesical não contribui para a piora da função renal. O cólon sigmóide deve ser destubulizado, mas o segmento ileocecal pode ser utilizado na sua forma original sem destubulização para a ampliação vesical. O bom resultado com intervalo miccional maior que duas horas necessita de bexiga ampliada com capacidade maior que 250 ml, complacência maior que 20 ml/cm H2O e sensibilidade normal, sem influência da presença de contrações involuntárias. / INTRODUCTION: Urogenital tuberculosis is a rare disease with delayed diagnosis and is potentially destructive for the male urogenital tract. Chronic tuberculous cystitis is a late event in the tuberculosis evolution and is associated with high frequency of unilateral nonfunctioning kidney, ureteral reflux or stenosis and renal failure. Bladder augmentation is the standard treatment in these cases. The present study analyzes the late results of 25 patients with chronic tuberculous cystitis submitted to bladder augmentation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty men and five women, with median age of 40 (12 to 60) years were evaluated. Prior to augmentation, three patients had chronic renal failure and were in kidney transplantation program. The remaining patients had unilateral nonfunctioning kidney. In eight cases the augmentation was performed with tubularized ileocecal segment, in four with tubularized sigmoid and in 13 with detubularized sigmoid. All patients were submitted to postoperative clinical, radiological and urodynamic evaluation. It was considered a good result the miccional diurnal frequency of more than two hours and the patient?s satisfaction evaluated by the quality of life question from the ICSmaleSF questionnaire. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 11,1 ± 9,1 (1 a 36) years. In 68% of the patients this time was higher than five years and in 52% higher than ten years. One patient died due to an adenocarcinoma in the augmented bladder 25 years after bladder augmentation and six years after kidney transplantation. After augmentation, all but two patients had the renal function preserved. In seven (28%) cases there was high post-void residue treated by surgery for bladder outlet obstruction in three cases and by intermittent self-catheterisation in the others. Good results were achieved in 80% of the patients. Bad results were statistically associated to augmentation performed with tubularized sigmoid (p <= 0,05) and in patients with prostatitis as a tendency (p = 0,09). The good result patients showed augmented bladder with higher capacity (p < 0,01), higher compliance (p < 0,01) and normal bladder sensation (p = 0,03) in comparison to the bad result patients. However, there was no difference in the frequency of involuntary contractions (p = 0,27) between these two groups. In good result patients the contractions started with higher bladder filling volume (p = 0,02). CONCLUSIONS: At late follow-up of bladder augmentation 80% of the patients with chronic tuberculous cystitis achieve miccional diurnal frequency of more than two hours and the augmented bladder does not contribute to the worsening of the renal function. The sigmoid has to be always detubularized but the ileocecal segment can be used in the tubularized form to augment the bladder. Augmented bladder with capacity of more than 250 ml, compliance of more than 20 ml/cm H2O and normal sensation is necessary to achieve miccional diurnal frequency of more than two hours and there is no interference of the presence of involuntary contractions.

No description available.

Orientador: Viviane Herrmann Rodrigues / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T03:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_EdilsonBeneditode_M.pdf: 1738241 bytes, checksum: ddc9c76f04b9f7476ede4b0a887d468a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Objetivos: Avaliar pelo sistema de quantificação do prolapso dos órgãos pélvicos (POP-Q), preconizado pela Sociedade Internacional de Continência (ICS) os compartimentos vaginais anterior, posterior e apical em mulheres submetidas à colpofixação sacroespinhal para o tratamento do prolapso uterino ou de cúpula vaginal e analisar os sintomas urinários antes e depois da cirurgia. Sujeitos e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo realizado no Setor de Uroginecologia do Hospital Estadual Sumaré da Universidade Estadual de Campinas em 2006. Foram analisados os prontuários de 47 mulheres submetidas à colpopexia sacroespinhal entre março de 2003 e fevereiro de 2006. Foram avaliados os sintomas urinários (incontinência urinária de esforço, urgência, incontinência de urgência, noctúria e enurese noturna) no pré e pós-operatório, considerando-se sintomas presentes ou ausentes e analisados pelo Teste de qui-quadrado de Mc Nemar. Os pontos Aa, Ba, C, D, Ap, Bp, tvl, gh e pb do POP-Q foram avaliados na primeira consulta e na revisão pós-operatória. O Teste de Wilcoxon foi aplicado para comparar os pontos e os estágios do prolapso genital antes e depois da cirurgia. Complicações intra e pós-operatórias foram descritas. Resultados: A média dos pontos do POP-Q no pré e pós-operatório foi respectivamente: Aa (+0,7; -1,7); Ba (+3,2; -1,7); C (+3,2; -7,6); Ap (-0,2; -2,7) e Bp (+2,1; -2,7) (p<0.001). A taxa de cura foi 97,9% para o prolapso apical. Avaliação pré e pós-operatória do compartimento vaginal anterior foi respectivamente: estágio 1 (4,3%; 57,4%), estágio 2 (8,5%; 31,9%), estágio 3 (76,6%; 0%) e estágio 4 (10,6%; 0%). Cistocele ocorreu em 89,4% no pós-operatório. Onze de 12 mulheres que apresentavam urgência miccional tiveram melhora após a cirurgia (p=0,0039) e uma das 45 que não tinham a queixa passou a apresentá-la. Das 8 pacientes que se queixavam de incontinência de urgência, 7 apresentaram remissão do sintoma após a cirurgia (p=0,0082). Houve melhora da noctúria em 7 de 8 casos após a cirurgia (p=0,0399) e 1 dos 39 casos que eram assintomáticos desencadeou o sintoma no pós-operatório. Conclusão: A colpofixação sacroespinhal é um método eficiente para o tratamento do prolapso apical e de parede posterior levando, porém 89,4% das pacientes a apresentarem prolapso de parede anterior estágio 1 e 2 devido ao desvio posterior do eixo vaginal. Ocorreu melhora dos sintomas urinários irritativos (urgência, incontinência de urgência e noctúria) nas pacientes submetidas à fixação sacroespinhal da cúpula vaginal pelo restabelecimento do sistema de sustentação apical posterior / Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the extent of prolapse of the anterior, posterior and apical vaginal compartments in women undergoing sacrospinous ligament fixation using the pelvic organ prolapse quantification system (POP-Q), recommended by the International Continence Society (ICS) for the treatment of uterine and vaginal vault prolapse and examine urinary symptoms before and after surgery. Subjects and methods: A study was conducted in the Urogynecology Sector of the Sumaré Municipal Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas in 2006. Medical charts of 47 women undergoing sacrospinous colpopexy between March 2003 and February 2006 were assessed. Urinary symptoms (stress urinary incontinence, urgency, incontinence of urgency, nocturia and nocturnal enuresis) were evaluated in the preoperative and postoperative period, categorizing symptoms as present or absent, and applying the Mc Nemar chi-square test for analysis. Aa, Ba, C, D, Ap, Bp, tvl, gh and pb points of POP-Q were evaluated in the first consultation and postoperative revision. Wilcoxon?s test was applied to compare points and stages of genital prolapse before and after surgery. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were described. Results: Mean POP-Q points in the preoperative and postoperative period were, respectively: Aa (+0.7; -1.7); Ba (+3.2; -1.7); C (+3.2; -7.6); Ap (-0.2; -2.7) and Bp (+2.1; -2.7) (p<0.001). The cure rate was 97.9% for apical prolapse. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation of the anterior vaginal compartment was, respectively: stage 1 (4.3%; 57.4%), stage 2 (8.5%; 31.9%), stage 3 (76.6%; 0%) and stage 4 (10.6%; 0%). Cystocele occurred in 89.4%. Eleven of 12 women with mictional urgency showed improvement of symptom after surgery (p=0.0039) and one of the 45 patients who had no previous complaint, started to suffer from the symptom. Of 8 patients whose complaint was incontinence of urgency, 7 had remission of symptom after surgery (p=0.0082). Nocturia improved in 7 out of 8 cases after surgery (p=0.0399) and the symptom was triggered postoperatively in 1 out of 39 asymptomatic women. Conclusion: Sacrospinous ligament fixation is an efficient method for the treatment of apical and posterior wall prolapse, despite leading to stage 1 and 2 anterior wall prolapse in 89.4% of women due to posterior deviation of the vaginal apex. Improvement in irritative urinary symtoms (urgency, incontinence of urgency and nocturia) took place in patients undergoing sacrospinous ligament fixation of the vaginal vault by reconstitution of the posterior apical support system / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia