Vietnam is a country that is characterized by a dense river network, experiencing a rapid economic growth, and still faces challenges with supplying enough water for the residents due to increased pollution levels. With water being perceived as one of the most stressed resources today, there is a need of understanding water usage behaviour. To fill in the gap in knowledge and provide a better understanding of the attitudes and the perceptions of household consumption behaviour could be a key to water savings on local and global levels. This field study was carried out in Hai Phong, the third largest city in Vietnam, as the potential of generalizing the result to other fast-growing cities and urban areas of the country was identified. In order to reach an improved understanding of water usage behaviour, the field study was of multi-design nature and was conducted by combining semi-structured interviews, water-diaries and observations. The results show that water usage behaviour is strongly determined by interpersonal trust issues which in most cases lead to an excess water consumption. The lack of trust did however also generate a cautiousness in water treatment routines, which could turn into a water savings behaviour. Other factors that affect water usage behaviour were seasonal aspects and cultural traditions perceptions. Despite the interpersonal trust issues, the institutional trust proved to be greater than expected while the role of marketing and information-based messages proved to influence behaviour. Based on this, water authorities have the potential of encouraging behaviour changes in upcoming challenges.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att med hjälp av två vetenskapliga metoder, kvalitativa intervjuer och användardagböcker ta reda på hur användares mobila brukarvanor ser ut och vilka typer av tjänster kan de ligga till grund för baserat på ett Smart city-perspektiv. Arbetet kommer även att analysera och utveckla metodiken för fortsatta studier inom ämnet. Mobilen har under de senaste åren utvecklats till att bli en enhet där dess ursprungliga telefonfunktioner blivit sekundära egenskaper. Dess främsta ändamål är fortfarande för att kommunicera med andra, men i första hand genom andra typer av tjänster. Man kan idag även se hur utvecklingen går från ett bruk av digitala tjänster där varje enhet har specifika syften, till ett bruk där enheter samarbetar och delar ett gemensamt syfte. I och med att vårt bruk, och våra vanor, av dessa enheter förändras, så förändras även naturen hos tjänsterna de tillhandahåller. Man kan se en utveckling mot, och en efterfrågan för, tjänster som genom att utnyttja ny teknologi kan beskrivas bryta gränsen mellan det digitala och den fysiska verkligheten. Vilket ur ett Smart City-perspektiv kan ha stor potential inom flera områden av samhälls- och verksamhetsutveckling. Det går även att se att synen på hur vi konsumerar digitala tjänster förändras. Från att ha haft en väldigt enhetsfokuserad syn, där varje enhet har specifika ändamål, går vi mot ett bruk av tjänster där enheten i sig inte är viktig. Många tjänster finns idag på flera enheter, och enheterna fungerar mer som ett samarbetande ekosystem än enskilda enheter med egna syften. Enheterna delar snarare ett gemensamt syfte, att agera fönster mot internet. / The purpose of this study is to find out how mobile user habits can provide a basis for applications and services based on a Smart City perspective, this by using two scientific methods, interviews and user diaries. The study will also analyze and develop the method for further studies in this subject. The cell phone has in recent years evolved into a unit where the original phone functions and features have become secondary. Even though its main purpose is still to communicate with others, it’s now done primarily through other types of services. Today the development goes from a use of digital services where each unit has a specific purpose, to a practise where they work together and share a common purpose. As a result of the fact that our use and our habits of these devices are changing, the nature of the services provided by these devices are also changing. Due to this, there is an ongoing evolution towards, and a demand for, new services that can take advantage of new technologies to dissolve the border between the digital and the physical reality. Which, from a Smart City perspective, could have great potential in several areas of social and organizational development. One can also se that the way we consume digital services is changing. We have gone from having a device centerd focus, were every unit has a specific purpose to a serviced centerd focus, were the units work as a collaborative ecosystem. These units share a collective pupose, to act as a window towards the internet.

<p>This research work investigates and reports on the contribution of usability and perceptual frameworks towards understanding and ultimately increasing usage of a sales website and a corporate marketing website for a major insurance company in South Africa. It investigates whether the application of usability principles to the sales web positively influences the usage of the sales web system as a tool by intermediaries, and in so doing help the organisation recoup their investment and lower operational costs. This financial services (traditionally insurance) company, like many organisations, is in the process of migrating key operational systems onto web platforms to take advantage of benefits such as the ubiquity of web access and services orientated architecture among others. The research reviewed key frameworks in the area of technology acceptance or usage namely  Nielsen‟s usability attributes (Nielsen, 2003)  The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), (Davis, 1989)&nbsp /  The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein &amp / Ajzen, 1975)  The Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985) / and derived a theoretical summative model (the Conceptual Research Model) that combined both usability and perceptual dimensions. The applicability of this summative model was empirically tested using quantitative data relating to system&nbsp / usage and user perception. Empirical evidence was gathered to prove and refine the Conceptual Research Model (CRM), and the data substantiated the inclusion of the constructs in the CRM, as well as the efficacy of the model in a financial services organisation. Through testing of the CRM, this research has also confirmed which specific attributes of usability can be focussed on to bring about positive change in users‟ usage behaviour and adoption of a website or web application.</p>

<p>This research work investigates and reports on the contribution of usability and perceptual frameworks towards understanding and ultimately increasing usage of a sales website and a corporate marketing website for a major insurance company in South Africa. It investigates whether the application of usability principles to the sales web positively influences the usage of the sales web system as a tool by intermediaries, and in so doing help the organisation recoup their investment and lower operational costs. This financial services (traditionally insurance) company, like many organisations, is in the process of migrating key operational systems onto web platforms to take advantage of benefits such as the ubiquity of web access and services orientated architecture among others. The research reviewed key frameworks in the area of technology acceptance or usage namely  Nielsen‟s usability attributes (Nielsen, 2003)  The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), (Davis, 1989)&nbsp /  The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein &amp / Ajzen, 1975)  The Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985) / and derived a theoretical summative model (the Conceptual Research Model) that combined both usability and perceptual dimensions. The applicability of this summative model was empirically tested using quantitative data relating to system&nbsp / usage and user perception. Empirical evidence was gathered to prove and refine the Conceptual Research Model (CRM), and the data substantiated the inclusion of the constructs in the CRM, as well as the efficacy of the model in a financial services organisation. Through testing of the CRM, this research has also confirmed which specific attributes of usability can be focussed on to bring about positive change in users‟ usage behaviour and adoption of a website or web application.</p>

Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM) / This research work investigates and reports on the contribution of usability and perceptual frameworks towards understanding and ultimately increasing usage of a sales website and a corporate marketing website for a major insurance company in South Africa. It investigates whether the application of usability principles to the sales web positively influences the usage of the sales web system as a tool by intermediaries, and in so doing help the organisation recoup their investment and lower operational costs. This financial services (traditionally insurance) company, like many organisations, is in the process of migrating key operational systems onto web platforms to take advantage of benefits such as the ubiquity of web access and services orientated architecture among others. The research reviewed key frameworks in the area of technology acceptance or usage namely Nielsen‟s usability attributes (Nielsen, 2003). The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), (Davis, 1989). The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). The Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985); and derived a theoretical summative model (the Conceptual Research Model) that combined both usability and perceptual dimensions. The applicability of this summative model was empirically tested using quantitative data relating to system usage and user perception. Empirical evidence was gathered to prove and refine the Conceptual Research Model (CRM), and the data substantiated the inclusion of the constructs in the CRM, as well as the efficacy of the model in a financial services organisation. Through testing of the CRM, this research has also confirmed which specific attributes of usability can be focussed on to bring about positive change in users' usage behaviour and adoption of a website or web application. / South Africa

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of academic libraries in providing services to culturally diverse student populations. In this study the information needs and information-seeking behaviour of the culturally diverse students of the Technikon Witwatersrand were analysed. The study also tried to establish whether there are differences in information needs and information-seeking behaviour of various cultural groups. The empirical investigation was conducted by means of focus group interviews and a questionnaire survey on a sample of undergraduate students of the Technikon Witwatersrand. There were assumptions that African students have limited experience in using the academic library, have no computer and information handling skills and might have language difficulties. Therefore, the expectation was that African students might have problems in the use of the academic library. However, the results of the empirical study show that English and Afrikaans speaking students are experiencing more problems than African students. / Information Science / M.Inf.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of academic libraries in providing services to culturally diverse student populations. In this study the information needs and information-seeking behaviour of the culturally diverse students of the Technikon Witwatersrand were analysed. The study also tried to establish whether there are differences in information needs and information-seeking behaviour of various cultural groups. The empirical investigation was conducted by means of focus group interviews and a questionnaire survey on a sample of undergraduate students of the Technikon Witwatersrand. There were assumptions that African students have limited experience in using the academic library, have no computer and information handling skills and might have language difficulties. Therefore, the expectation was that African students might have problems in the use of the academic library. However, the results of the empirical study show that English and Afrikaans speaking students are experiencing more problems than African students. / Information Science / M.Inf.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Nutzung von E-Learning-Plattformen an Pädagogischen Hochschulen und mit der Bedeutung der Einstellung von Lehrenden gegenüber neuen Medien und möglichen Anreizen zur Intensivierung der Nutzung. Auf Grundlage von wissenschaftlichen Modellen zum Nutzungsverhalten und zur Akzeptanzsteigerung wird ein Modell entwickelt, welches die Einflussfaktoren auf die tatsächliche Nutzung darstellen soll. Neben personenbezogenen und kontextbezogenen Faktoren bilden Anreize und Motivationen einen dritten Einflussfaktor zur Nutzung. Zur Erhebung wurde eine empirische quantitative Untersuchung bei Lehrenden an allen 14 Pädagogischen Hochschulen in Österreich durchgeführt. Folgende Thesen können angenommen werden: • Eine positive Einstellung gegenüber internetbasierten Anwendungen führt zur Nutzung von E-Learning in der Lehre. • Gute Erfahrungen und Vorkenntnisse mit digitalen Medien führen zur Nutzung von E-Learning in der Lehre. • Vertrauen wirkt sich positiv auf die Nutzung von E-Learning in der Lehre aus. • Support und Bildung wirken sich positiv auf die Handlungsbereitschaft und somit auf die Nutzung von E-Learning in der Lehre aus. • Anreize und Motivationsfaktoren wirken sich auf die Nutzung von E-Learning in der Lehre aus: Je größer die Nutzung durch die Lehrenden, desto weniger Anreize und Motivationsfaktoren werden benötigt. Das für die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelte Modell zu „Einstellung und Motivation zur Nutzung von E-Learning in der Lehre“ wird schließlich auf Basis der empirisch quanti-tativen Untersuchung adaptiert.:1. INHALT UND AUFBAU 9 1.1. Relevanz der Arbeit 9 1.2. Zielsetzung und Forschungsfrage 11 1.3. Aufbau und Methodik der Arbeit 12 2. E-LEARNING-KULTUR AN PÄDAOGISCHEN HOCHSCHULEN 14 2.1. E-Learning-Initiativen für Pädagogische Hochschulen in Österreich 15 2.1.1. FutureLearning Web2 15 2.1.2. eLisa Academy 17 2.1.3. Edumoodle 17 2.1.4. EPICT 18 2.1.5. Zusammenfassung 19 2.2. E-Learning an den Pädagogischen Hochschulen Österreichs 20 2.3. E-Learning an der Privaten Pädagogischen Hochschule der Diözese Linz 22 2.3.1. Support und Beratung für Lehrende 24 2.3.2. Support und Beratung für Studierende in der Ausbildung 28 2.3.3. Zusammenfassung 30 3. MODELLE ÜBER DIE FÖRDERUNG DER NUTZUNG VON E-LEARNING IN DER LEHRE 31 3.1. Task Technology Fit Model (TTFM) nach Goodhue (1995) 32 3.2. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) nach Davis (1989) 34 3.3. Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM 2) nach Venkatesh und Davis (2000) 35 3.4. E-Learning Nutzungsverhalten nach Hagner (2001) 39 3.5. Akzeptanzsteigerung und Anreize für E-Learning nach Neumann und Jentzsch (2007) 42 3.6. Kritische Erfolgsfaktoren von E-Learning-Einsatz an Hochschulen nach Traxler (2005) 47 3.7. Modell zur E-Learning-Nutzung 51 3.7.1. Interpretation der Faktoren 52 4. EMPIRISCHE BEFUNDUNG ZU E-LEARNING IN DER HOCHSCHULLEHRE 59 4.1. Forschungsdesign 60 4.2. Erhebungsmethodik und Durchführung 62 4.2.1. Online-Research 63 4.2.2. Rücklauf der Umfrage 67 4.3. Auswertungsmethodik 68 4.4. Faktorenanalyse und Reliabilitätsanalyse 69 4.5. Deskriptive Statistik – Ergebnisse der Evaluation 73 4.5.1. Personenbezogene Faktoren 73 4.5.2. Kontextbezogene Faktoren 87 4.5.3. Anreize und Motivation 96 4.5.4. Nutzung von E-Learning in der Lehre 105 4.6. EMPIRIE I - Korrelationsstatistik 108 4.7. EMPIRIE II - Strukturgleichungsmodell 114 5. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN 117 6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 128 7. ABBILDUNGS- UND TABELLENVERZEICHNIS 131 8. LITERATUR 133 9. ANHANG 140 9.1. Fragebogen 140 9.2. Faktorenanalyse / Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse – ausführliche Tabellen 144 9.3. Korrelationsanalyse - Detaillierte Daten 148 / The present scientific paper intents the usage of e-learning platforms at university colleges of education in Austria and the relevance of attitude from teacher trainers against new technologies and their inducements to promote the usage. Based on scientific models of the behaviour of usage and the increase of acceptance a model will be developed to show the components of effective use. There are components that based on the persons, context and on the incentive or motivation to work with an e-learning platform. This model is examined by an empirical study on teachers of all 14 university colleges of education in Austria. The following theses can be accepted: • Users with a positive attitude against new media technologies contribute to usage. • Good experiences with new media technologies lead to more usage. • A high rate of confidence gives rise to usage. • Support and education had an influence on the attendance to use the e-learning-platform. • Stimuli and factors of motivation have an impact on using the e-learning-platform. The bigger the usage of the e-learning-platform, the lower the need of stimuli a factor of motivation. The model developed for this investigation to "attitude and motivation for the use of e-learning in teaching" is finally adapted on basis of the empirical investigation.:1. INHALT UND AUFBAU 9 1.1. Relevanz der Arbeit 9 1.2. Zielsetzung und Forschungsfrage 11 1.3. Aufbau und Methodik der Arbeit 12 2. E-LEARNING-KULTUR AN PÄDAOGISCHEN HOCHSCHULEN 14 2.1. E-Learning-Initiativen für Pädagogische Hochschulen in Österreich 15 2.1.1. FutureLearning Web2 15 2.1.2. eLisa Academy 17 2.1.3. Edumoodle 17 2.1.4. EPICT 18 2.1.5. Zusammenfassung 19 2.2. E-Learning an den Pädagogischen Hochschulen Österreichs 20 2.3. E-Learning an der Privaten Pädagogischen Hochschule der Diözese Linz 22 2.3.1. Support und Beratung für Lehrende 24 2.3.2. Support und Beratung für Studierende in der Ausbildung 28 2.3.3. Zusammenfassung 30 3. MODELLE ÜBER DIE FÖRDERUNG DER NUTZUNG VON E-LEARNING IN DER LEHRE 31 3.1. Task Technology Fit Model (TTFM) nach Goodhue (1995) 32 3.2. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) nach Davis (1989) 34 3.3. Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM 2) nach Venkatesh und Davis (2000) 35 3.4. E-Learning Nutzungsverhalten nach Hagner (2001) 39 3.5. Akzeptanzsteigerung und Anreize für E-Learning nach Neumann und Jentzsch (2007) 42 3.6. Kritische Erfolgsfaktoren von E-Learning-Einsatz an Hochschulen nach Traxler (2005) 47 3.7. Modell zur E-Learning-Nutzung 51 3.7.1. Interpretation der Faktoren 52 4. EMPIRISCHE BEFUNDUNG ZU E-LEARNING IN DER HOCHSCHULLEHRE 59 4.1. Forschungsdesign 60 4.2. Erhebungsmethodik und Durchführung 62 4.2.1. Online-Research 63 4.2.2. Rücklauf der Umfrage 67 4.3. Auswertungsmethodik 68 4.4. Faktorenanalyse und Reliabilitätsanalyse 69 4.5. Deskriptive Statistik – Ergebnisse der Evaluation 73 4.5.1. Personenbezogene Faktoren 73 4.5.2. Kontextbezogene Faktoren 87 4.5.3. Anreize und Motivation 96 4.5.4. Nutzung von E-Learning in der Lehre 105 4.6. EMPIRIE I - Korrelationsstatistik 108 4.7. EMPIRIE II - Strukturgleichungsmodell 114 5. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN 117 6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 128 7. ABBILDUNGS- UND TABELLENVERZEICHNIS 131 8. LITERATUR 133 9. ANHANG 140 9.1. Fragebogen 140 9.2. Faktorenanalyse / Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse – ausführliche Tabellen 144 9.3. Korrelationsanalyse - Detaillierte Daten 148