Detecting the changes of land use and land cover of the earth’s surface is extremely important to achieve continual and precise information about study area for any kinds of planning of the development. Geographic information system and remote sensing technologies have shown their great capabilities to solve the study issues like land use and land cover changes. The aim of this thesis is to produce maps of land use and land cover of Shijiazhuang on year 1993, 2000 and 2009 to monitor the possible changes that may occur particularly in agricultural land and urban or built-up land, and detect the process of urbanization in this city. Three multi-temporal satellite image data, Thematic Mapper image data from year 1993, Enhanced Thematic Mapper image data from 2000 and China Brazil Earth Resource Satellite image data from 2009 were used in this thesis. In this study, supervised classification was the major classification approach to provide classified maps, and five land use and land cover categories were identified and mapped. Post-classification approach was used to improve the qualities of the classified map. The noises in the classified maps will be removed after post-classification process. Normalized difference vegetation index was used to detect the changes of vegetated land and non-vegetated land. Change detection function in Erdas Imagine was used to detect the urban growth and the intensity of changes surrounding the urban areas. Cellular automata Markov was used to simulate the trends of land use and cover change during the period of 1993 to 2000 and 2000 to 2009, and a future land use map was simulated based on the land use maps of year 2000 and 2009. From this performance, the cross-tabulation matrices between different periods were produced to analyze the trends of land use and cover changes, and these statistic data directly expressed the change of land use and land cover. The results show that the agricultural land and urban or built-up land were changed a lot, approximately half of agricultural land was converted into urban or built-up land. This indicates that the loss of agricultural land is associated with the growth of urban or built-up land. Thus, the urbanization took place in Shijiazhuang, and the results of this urban expansion lead to the loss of agricultural land and environmental problems. During the process of detecting the land use and cover change, obtaining of high-precision classified maps was the main problem.

Rapid urban growth and unprecedented rural to urban transition, along with a huge population growth are new phenomena for both high and low income countries, which started in the mid-20th century. However, urban growth rates and patterns are different in developed countries and developing ones. In less developed countries, urbanization and rural to urban transition usually takes place in an unmanaged way and they are associated with a series of socioeconomical and environmental issues and problems. Identification of the city growth trends in past decades can help urban planners and managers to minimize these negative impacts. In this research, urban growth in the city of Isfahan, Iran, is the subject of study. Isfahan the third largest city in Iran has experienced a huge urban growth and population boom during the last three decades. This transition led to the destruction of natural and agricultural lands and environmental pollutions. Historical and recent remotely sensed data, along with different remote sensing techniques and methods have been used by researchers for urban land use and land cover change detection. In this study three Landsat TM and ETM+ images of the study site, acquired in 1985, 2000 and 2009 are used. Before starting processing, radiometric normalization is done to minimize the atmospheric effects. Then, processing methods including principal component analysis (PCA), vegetation indices and supervised classification are implemented on the images. Accuracy assessment of the PCA method showed that the first PC was responsible for more than 81% of the total variance, and therefore used for analysis of PCA differencing. ΔPC1t1-t2 shows the amount of changes in land use and land cover during the period of study. In this study ten vegetation indices were selected to be applied to the 1985 image. Accuracy assessments showed that Transformed Differencing Vegetation Index (TDVI) is the most sensitive and accurate index for mapping vegetation in arid and semi-arid urban areas. Hence, TDVI was applied to the 2000 and 2009 images. ΔTDVIt1-t2 showed the changes in land use and land cover especially the land use transformation from vegetation cover into the urban class. Supervised classification is the last method applied to the images. Training sites were assigned for the selected classes and accuracy was monitored during the process of training site selection. The results of classification show the expansion of urban class and diminishment in natural and agricultural lands.

abstract: Spatial uncertainty refers to unknown error and vagueness in geographic data. It is relevant to land change and urban growth modelers, soil and biome scientists, geological surveyors and others, who must assess thematic maps for similarity, or categorical agreement. In this paper I build upon prior map comparison research, testing the effectiveness of similarity measures on misregistered data. Though several methods compare uncertain thematic maps, few methods have been tested on misregistration. My objective is to test five map comparison methods for sensitivity to misregistration, including sub-pixel errors in both position and rotation. Methods included four fuzzy categorical models: fuzzy kappa's model, fuzzy inference, cell aggregation, and the epsilon band. The fifth method used conventional crisp classification. I applied these methods to a case study map and simulated data in two sets: a test set with misregistration error, and a control set with equivalent uniform random error. For all five methods, I used raw accuracy or the kappa statistic to measure similarity. Rough-set epsilon bands report the most similarity increase in test maps relative to control data. Conversely, the fuzzy inference model reports a decrease in test map similarity. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Geography 2010

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-05-23T12:15:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sara Alves dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 7361072 bytes, checksum: c8222e95975a740e21f7c7a748bff29b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-23T12:27:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sara Alves dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 7361072 bytes, checksum: c8222e95975a740e21f7c7a748bff29b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T12:27:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sara Alves dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 7361072 bytes, checksum: c8222e95975a740e21f7c7a748bff29b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado) is the second Brazilian Biome in area of conservation units (CU), a protection strategy to face the intense conversion to land use. These units are benefited by national environment policies that have been promulgated in the last few decades. However, many of these CU do not receive suitable effort to enhance their effectiveness. At the same time, the pressure of land use conversion in their surroundings also affects their effectiveness. This research proposes evaluates the relationship of spatial structure and spatial distribution of Federal and State Conservation Units in the Brazilian Savannah to the conversion of changes in land use that occurred over the last five decades. As a main result a thematic mapping of time-space distribution of CU is proposed. To archive this objective, a quantitative analysis of temporal and spatial distribution of UC is carried out as well as the evaluation of the representativeness of each phytophysiognomy in the CU facing the land use conversion. The database applied were obtained from government agencies. The Results revealed that considerable part of the protected areas are located in places inappropriate for agribusiness, while so-called areas more "enjoyable" have already been converted. The distribution of UC in the Cerrado is not regular, some focus on certain areas, while in others there are big gaps. In General, the largest UC are located at least anthropic of Cerrado and have recent creation, from the Decade of 1980. The East portion, are older, are in better fitness, agricultural area larger and present significant conflict of use in your interior. Ten main UC-compartments are identified in the Cerrado, proving that time and space are important variables to understand the role played by conservation policies in the Brazilian Savannah. Protected areas constitute an alternative for conservation, however you must think your location and connection, so that they can ensure the maintenance of ecosystems and are in fact effective. / O Cerrado é o segundo bioma brasileiro em área de unidades de conservação (UC). A condição de conservação é estratégia de proteção para enfrentar a intensa conversão do uso da terra. Essas unidades são beneficiadas pelas políticas ambientais nacionais que foram promulgadas nas últimas décadas, no entanto, muitas dessas UC não recebem um esforço adequado para aumentar sua eficiência. Ao mesmo tempo, a pressão da conversão do uso da terra em seu entorno também afeta sua eficiência. A presente pesquisa propõe-se a avaliar a relação entre a estrutura e a distribuição espacial das unidades de conservação do Cerrado com as mudanças no uso da terra ocorridas nas últimas cinco décadas. Para atingir esse objetivo, fez-se uma análise quantitativa da distribuição temporal e espacial das UC, levando-se em conta aspectos físicos da paisagem, bem como a avaliação da representatividade de cada fitofisionomia nas UC frente à conversão do uso da terra. A base de dados utilizada foi obtida de diversas agências governamentais. Os resultados revelaram que parte considerável das áreas protegidas localiza-se em locais inadequados para o agronegócio, enquanto as chamadas áreas mais "agradáveis" já foram convertidas. A distribuição da UC no Cerrado não é regular, algumas se concentram em certas áreas, enquanto em outras há grandes lacunas. Em geral, as maiores UC estão situadas em porções menos antropizados do Cerrado e têm criação recente, a partir da década de 1980. As da porção leste, são mais antigas, apresentam melhor aptidão, área agrícola maior e apresentam significativo conflito de uso em seu interior. Dez principais compartimentos de UC foram identificados no Cerrado, provando que o tempo e o espaço são variáveis importantes para entender o papel desempenhado pelas políticas de conservação no Cerrado brasileiro. As áreas protegidas constituem uma alternativa para conservação, porém deve-se pensar sua localização e conexão, para que possam garantir a manutenção dos ecossistemas e sejam de fato eficazes.

Rapid urban growth and unprecedented rural to urban transition, along with a huge population growth are new phenomena for both high and low income countries, which started in the mid-20th century. However, urban growth rates and patterns are different in developed countries and developing ones. In less developed countries, urbanization and rural to urban transition usually takes place in an unmanaged way and they are associated with a series of socioeconomical and environmental issues and problems. Identification of the city growth trends in past decades can help urban planners and managers to minimize these negative impacts. In this research, urban growth in the city of Isfahan, Iran, is the subject of study. Isfahan the third largest city in Iran has experienced a huge urban growth and population boom during the last three decades. This transition led to the destruction of natural and agricultural lands and environmental pollutions. Historical and recent remotely sensed data, along with different remote sensing techniques and methods have been used by researchers for urban land use and land cover change detection. In this study three Landsat TM and ETM+ images of the study site, acquired in 1985, 2000 and 2009 are used. Before starting processing, radiometric normalization is done to minimize the atmospheric effects. Then, processing methods including principal component analysis (PCA), vegetation indices and supervised classification are implemented on the images. Accuracy assessment of the PCA method showed that the first PC was responsible for more than 81% of the total variance, and therefore used for analysis of PCA differencing. ΔPC1t1-t2 shows the amount of changes in land use and land cover during the period of study. In this study ten vegetation indices were selected to be applied to the 1985 image. Accuracy assessments showed that Transformed Differencing Vegetation Index (TDVI) is the most sensitive and accurate index for mapping vegetation in arid and semi-arid urban areas. Hence, TDVI was applied to the 2000 and 2009 images. ΔTDVIt1-t2 showed the changes in land use and land cover especially the land use transformation from vegetation cover into the urban class. Supervised classification is the last method applied to the images. Training sites were assigned for the selected classes and accuracy was monitored during the process of training site selection. The results of classification show the expansion of urban class and diminishment in natural and agricultural lands.

Buruli ulcer (BU) is an environmental bacterium caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Modes of transmission and hosts of the disease remain unknown. The purposes of this study are to explore the environmental factors that are possibly explain the spatial distribution of BU, to predict BU cases by using the environmental factors, and to investigate the impact of land use and land cover change on the BU distribution. The study area covers the southwest portion of Ghana, 74 districts in 6 regions. The results show that the highest endemic areas occur in the center and expand to the southern portion of the study area. Statistically, the incidence rates of BU are positively correlated to the percentage of forest cover and inversely correlated to the percentages of grassland, soil, and urban areas in the study area. That is, forest is the most important environmental risk factor in this study. Model from zero-inflated Poisson regression is used in this paper to explain the impact of each land use and land cover type on the spatial distribution of BU. The results confirm that the changes of land use and land cover affect the spatial distribution of BU in the study area.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第20494号 / 地博第213号 / 未着(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 竹田 晋也, 教授 岩田 明久, 准教授 安藤 和雄, 准教授 鈴木 玲冶 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Spatial and temporal patterns of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were characterized using a combination of spectroluorometric measurements and multivariate analysis techniques. The study was conducted over a four-year (2012-2016) period in multiple watersheds located in the Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Plain Physiographic region of the southeast USA as well as in the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India. Surface water samples were collected from five major lakes in the Mississippi, an estuarine region in the southeastern Louisiana, and from the coastal region in the eastern Mississippi Sound in the USA, and a large river (Ganges River) in India. Absorption and fluorescence measurements were performed to generate absorption spectra and excitation-emission matrices (EEMs). Using parallel factor analyses (PARAFAC), EEM models were developed to characterize the biogeochemistry of DOM in three studies in this project. Principal component analysis and regression analyses of DOM data indicated that the northern Mississippi lakes were majorly influenced by agricultural land use, estuarine region was affected by natural DOM export from forests and wetlands, while the coastal waters were affected by a mix of anthropogenic and natural inputs of DOM. Spatial analyses indicated that DOM derived from watershed with increased wetland coverage was humic and aromatic while the DOM derived from agricultural watersheds was bioavailable. Temporal patterns of DOM in the estuary indicated the influence of hydrologic conditions and summer temperatures, and revealed strong seasonality in DOM evolution in the watershed. During high discharge periods (spring), aromatic and humic DOM was exported from the watershed while strong photochemical degradation during summer resulted bioavailable DOM. Comparison between two river systems, a highly urbanized large river and a small pristine river, indicated the influence of anthropogenic inputs of DOM in the large river system. DOM was bioavailable during summer due to anthropogenic activities in the large river system while it varied with hydrological connectivity in a small river system during summer and winter. In conclusion, this study has improved my understandings of the DOM properties, which are critical for a comprehensive assessment of biogeochemical processes undergoing in important water bodies on which our society is heavily dependent upon.

Deforestation of tropical forests is one of the most pressing environmental problems of the twenty-first century, leading to the loss of environmental services such as climate regulation and biodiversity. The expansion of the agricultural frontier by small landholder farmers continues to be one of the major drivers of land use change in the Amazon region. Much of the recent research in the Brazilian Amazon has been focused on modeling their behavior in order to prescribe policies that can curb current deforestation rates and promote more sustainable land use practices. The availability of more sophisticated remote sensing and economic modeling tools has led to the proliferation of agricultural household level models that attempt to explain land use change processes at the farm level. This dissertation tests the household life cycle theory in one of the oldest colonization fronts in the Brazilian Amazon: Rondônia, now a post-frontier. The study examines household and farm level changes over time for specific aspects of the frontier process that can be tested using the household life cycle theory. This study introduces important additions to the life cycle theory in order to consider the more dynamic and complex set of factors that characterize modern frontier processes. Specifically the study examines: (1) property fragmentation and expansion processes, (2) property ownership, turnover and change, and (3) land use change processes at the property level. These are linked to changes in the social and economic features of the smallholder farmer as it moves along its life cycle. The central hypothesis is that these changes in property and land use dynamics can be explained by the corresponding changes in the life cycle of the household as the frontier evolves over time into a post-frontier. It was found that the household life cycle theory did not adequately explain land use change processes over time. As the frontier evolved into the modern post-frontier, the labor and drudgery constraints associated with the initial frontier processes, as exemplified in the household life cycle theory, became less relevant. The Sauerian concept of cultural successions and the concept of scale from hierarchical ecology are used in order to explain the apparent inconsistencies found between the household life cycle theory and land use change processes over time and at different scales of analysis. The household life cycle theory is a useful theoretical framework from which to examine the effects of household level factors on land use; however, this must be embedded within concepts of time and scale that determine their differentiated impact and behavior. Existing plans to expand road infrastructure into the Amazon region will open-up previously inaccessible rainforest regions to agricultural frontier expansion at a scale unprecedented since the mid-eighties. Findings from this study reveal that policies based on household life cycle postulates will have limited impacts in reducing deforestation rates and promoting sustainable land use practices. Appropriate accounting of the social and environmental costs of future infrastructure development projects should consider associated frontier agricultural expansion costs to discourage further deforestation. / Ph. D.

Excessive nutrient concentrations from a different point and non-point sources are the main cause of water impairment in the United States. Appropriate management practices, according to the source and quantity of pollutions, need to be implemented to control excessive nutrient influx in the water body. Various types of hydrological and water quality models with diverse function, capability and degree of complexity are employed to quantify watershed hydrologic processes and nutrient pollution. Multiple models can be applied to a watershed but the suitable model must be selected based on watershed type and simulation need. Two watershed-scale models, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) were chosen for this study to simulate runoff, sediment yield, and nutrient load from the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) of Mississippi. The objectives of this study are to access the nutrient sources within the watershed, determine the appropriate model to quantify them, develop and evaluate model considering spatial and temporal variations in input data, and evaluate the effectiveness of different Best Management Practices (BMPs) on surface runoff, sediment yield and nutrient load at watershed scale. This study has identified a potential source of nutrients in BSRW and provided a suitable BMP for its management. Similarly, the study found both SWAT and HSPF were efficient in the simulation of streamflow, sediment yield and nutrient load, where SWAT was more efficient during simulation streamflow and sediment yield. Likewise, the study established that both water-quantity and water-quality are sensitive to the change in LULC data layers and thus, seasonal LULC data applied to SWAT will better explain variation in hydrology and water quality as compared to the annual cropland data layer. Moreover, the study showed that well managed vegetative filter strip was very efficient in reducing sediment yield, TN, and TP at both field and watershed scale among different BMPs evaluated at field and watershed scale. This study will be beneficial in developing efficient nutrient management strategy at field and watershed scale, selecting appropriate model and input according to the need and type of watershed, and providing further research opportunities to the scientific community.