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The terrestrial ecosystem is an integral component of the Earth System. Constant atmosphere-biosphere exchanges of energy and material affect both the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere. While the general roles of terrestrial ecosystems in regulating ozone and particulate matter air pollution have long been acknowledged, our understanding at both individual process and system level are far from perfect. Also, new process-level discoveries about terrestrial atmosphere-biosphere exchanges are not timely incorporated in numerical models routinely used to study and forecast air quality. These hinder our ability to understand how air quality respond to environmental changes and variabilities. Chapter 1 of this dissertation provides a brief overview on these topics. In Chapter 2 of this dissertation (Wong et al., 2019), we conduct global long-term simulations of ozone dry deposition velocity with four different types of dry deposition parameterizations. We find that none of the tested parameterizations universally stands out in terms of matching observed ozone deposition velocity over different land cover types. Combining this with sensitivity simulations from a global 3-D atmospheric chemistry model (GEOS-Chem), we find that the choice of dry deposition parameterizations can affect the mean, trend and variability of simulated surface O3 level. In Chapter 3 of this dissertation (Wong et al., 2022), we analyze long-term ozone flux observation from three field sites to examine the effects of extreme heat and dryness on ozone deposition. We find that non-stomatal ozone uptake tends to increase during hot days, which either partially offsets or dominates over the reduction in stomatal ozone uptake anticipated by ecophysiological theory. While the response of ozone deposition to dryness is more varied, changes in non-stomatal deposition are usually important. Current dry deposition parameterizations often fail to capture such changes in non-stomatal ozone uptake, resulting in considerable potential error in simulated surface ozone level during hot and dry days. In Chapter 4 of this dissertation (Wong and Geddes, 2021), we conduct global GEOS-Chem numerical experiments with anthropogenic emission inventories and land surface remote sensing products to compare the effects land cover versus land management changes on O3 and fine particulate matter air quality over 1992 – 2014. We find that land cover has stronger effects on O3, while land management has stronger effects on fine particulate matter pollution. We also find that land management has significantly altered regional and global nitrogen deposition, and therefore the risk of critical load exceedance. Chapter 5 of this dissertation includes the concluding remarks and suggestions for future work. In addition, I outline and present the preliminary result from a project examining the future of soil reactive nitrogen emissions and their impacts on air quality.

Land alterations including deforestation, unsustainable land management practices and an increase in cultivated areas have occurred in the Upper Ruvu watershed in recent decades threatening water and natural resources. This study, which used a combination of remote sensing techniques, field experiments, watershed monitoring, and modeling was designed to investigate impacts of environmental changes on hydrology and soil erosion. The objectives were to: map the extent of land use and land cover change and its influence on soil erosion; correlate the contribution of climate variability and human activities to the changes in hydrology at headwater and watershed scales; estimate surface runoff, sediments and Curve Number at plot scale, and model streamflow responses to changes in land use and land cover using the SWAT watershed model. Results indicate that areas covered by forest decreased from 17% in 1991 to 4% of the total watershed area in 2015. However, areas covered by cropland increased from 14% to 30% of the total watershed area from 1991 to 2015, respectively. Further, results indicate that site characteristics affect runoff and sediment yield as higher soil loss was estimated from cropland with a mean of 28.4 tha-1 in 2015 from 19.8 tha-1 in 1991. Results from monitoring show high sediment loads were from the most disturbed watersheds, compared to Mbezi. Analysis of trends for the long term records at the watershed showed that rainfall had significant decreasing trends. At annual scale, climate variability contributed 46% and human activities contributed 54% of the changes in streamflow. Results from the rainfall simulation experiments show upland rice had higher runoff (48 mmh-1) and soil loss (94 gm-2) compared to grassland and forest. Results from the model outputs showed that average streamflow decreased by 13% between 1991 and 2015. Average peak flows increased by 5% and 12% for 2000 and 2015, respectively compared to the baseline. Land alterations had impacts on surface runoff which increased by 75% and baseflow decreased by 66% in 2015 from the baseline. These results highlight the main areas of changes and provide quantitative information to decision makers for sustainable land and water resources planning and management. / Ph. D. / Deforestation, unsustainable land management practices including cultivation in marginal areas, slash and burn, illegal forest harvest; and bush fires have been common threats to the landscapes of the Upper Ruvu watershed in recent decades. These practices have contributed to the deterioration of water and natural resource base and jeopardize sustainability. Our study was designed to investigate the impacts of environmental changes on the hydrology and soil erosion. We used a combination of methods including experiments in the field, remote sensing and mathematical modeling to investigate the extent of the problem and provide useful information for sustainable management of resources. The objectives were to understand the extent and dynamics of land use and land cover change and subsequent influences on soil erosion; to correlate contribution of climate variability and human activities to hydrology at different scales; to estimate surface runoff and sediments at plot scale; and to model and predict streamflow responses to changes in land use and land cover. Our results indicate that the watershed has been characterized by a loss of forest cover which decreased from 17% in 1991 to 4% of the total watershed area in 2015. Areas of the watershed occupied by cropland increased from 14% to 30% of the total watershed area from 1991 to 2015, respectively. Further, results indicate that the changes had effects on runoff and sediment yield as a high increase ofsoil loss was estimated from cropland which increased from 19.8 t ha^-1 in 1991 to 28.4 t ha^-1 in 2015 and areas occupied by forest were least contributors to soil erosion. The assertion is supported by results from a stream-monitoring which revealed that watersheds with least human interferences generated less sediments, and upland rice had higher soil loss compared to grassland and forest. Analysis of rainfall trends showed significant decreasing trends and fluctuations in climate contributed 46%, and human activities contributed 54% of the changes in streamflow signifying impacts on water availability. Results from the model outputs showed that average streamflow decreased by 13% between 1991 and 2015, with increase in peak flows and decrease in baseflow. Results highlight the changes and subsequent consequences on the hydrology of the watershed and water availability. The information is useful for watershed planning and water resources management.

On étudie une zone de la Cordillère de la Costa au sud du Chili (41°15'S-41°00'S), habitée par l'ethnie Mapuche. Là, il y a encore des précieuses forêts tempérées, qui ont une haute priorité de conservation au plan mondial. Mais, il est constaté, un processus continu de transformation lié à l'extraction de bois de chauffe, l'élevage extensif, la perturbation de l'habitat du conifère Fitzroya cupressoides, et le déploiement des plantations forestières. Sur la base d'une classification multi-temporelle d'images satellite, une modélisation spatio-temporelle a été mise en œuvre pour comprendre et anticiper la dynamique de la détérioration de la forêt. L'analyse rétrospective révèle qu'entre 1976 et 2008, la forêt a été réduite 12400 ha, soit un taux de déforestation 0,25% par an. 20 modèles de déforestation sont calibrés, 4 d'entre eux sont sélectionnés pour construire des scénarios prospectifs. La simulation prévoit que la diminution de forêt entre 2008 et 2040 pourrait atteindre 13000 ha. Deux autres modèles mis en œuvre simulent l'évolution de la qualité de l'habitat de F. cupressoides. Les scénarios prévoient une augmentation de la surface détériorée ; l’extrapolation à partir de la période d’apprentissage 2001-2008 pendant laquelle la plus grande part de terres indigènes a été légalisée, par rapport à la période précédente à 2001, prédit une augmentation plus significative de la surface détériorée. On fournit un outil pour amplifier la gestion territoriale des systèmes environnementaux toujours non incorporée dans la planification chilienne. Enfin, la thèse met également d'intéressantes comparaisons entre modèles qui diffèrent par rapport aux paramètres de calibration. / SAn area of the Cordillera de la Costa is studied in southern Chile (41°15'S - 41°00'S), inhabited by ethnic Mapuche. There are still valuable temperate forests that have high conservation priority worldwide. But it is found, a continuous process of transformation related to the extraction of firewood, ranching, disruption of habitat conifer Fitzroya cupressoides, and deployment of forest plantations. Based on a multi-temporal satellite images classification, a spatial-temporal modeling was implemented to understand and predict the dynamics of the deterioration of the forest. Retrospective analysis revealed that between 1976 and 2008, the forest has been reduced 12,400 ha, a deforestation rate of 0.25% per annum. 20 models of deforestation are calibrated, 4 of them are selected to construct scenarios. The simulation predicted that reductions of forest between 2008 and 2040 could reach 13,000 ha. Two other models implemented simulate changes in habitat quality F. cupressoides. Scenarios predict an increase in the damaged surface; extrapolating from the learning period 2001-2008 during which the largest share of indigenous lands was legalized, compared with the previous period to 2001, predicts a significant increase in the damaged surface. In this way, it provides a tool to enhance the local management of environmental systems still not incorporated into the Chilean planning. Finally, the thesis also makes interesting comparisons between models that differ with respect to the calibration parameters.

As mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra ocasionam alterações no balanço de energia, na temperatura do ar, na precipitação, na umidade do ar e na circulação regional e global. Consequentemente, mapas de uso e cobertura da terra e suas respectivas características físico-químicas e biológicas constituem-se em uma importante variável na modelagem numérica de sistemas terrestres. Entretanto, na maioria dos modelos regionais de previsão do tempo e clima, o mapa de uso e cobertura da terra não é atualizado com frequência e encontra-se defasado, o que influencia os resultados das simulações. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal verificar o impacto nas simulações numéricas do RegCM4 oriundas da atualização do mapa de uso e cobertura da terra e dos parâmetros físicos como, por exemplo, o índice de área foliar (IAF), a reflectância no visível ( 0,7m) e no infravermelho próximo e médio (>0,7m) utilizados pelo Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), além da validação dos dados provenientes do Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Consequentemente, a comparação entre os dados de precipitação mensal estimada pelo TRMM e 183 estações meteorológicas espalhadas por todo o Brasil apresentam uma concordância de aproximadamente 97%. Ainda, em relação à precipitação, temperatura máxima e temperatura mínima, obtém-se um melhor ajuste do modelo RegCM4 quando os dados de entrada do modelo são compostos pelas reanálises do SST-ERA-Interim e ERA-Interim e com a parametrização cúmulos proposta por Emmanuel. A partir da atualização do uso e cobertura da terra utilizado no modelo de superfície BATS para o ano 2007 obteve-se uma melhora de 10% na simulação da precipitação, aumentando de 0,84 para 0,92 o coeficiente de correlação (significante a p<0,05, teste t-student). Do mesmo modo, a simulação realizada com a alteração dos valores de fração máxima de cobertura vegetal apresentou valores de precipitação 18% acima dos observados. Ainda, as alterações da reflectância no visível e no infravermelho próximo e do índice de área foliar superestimaram a precipitação em 19% e 23%. Ressalta-se que todas as simulações apresentaram boa concordância no que diz respeito à temperatura máxima e mínima, apresentando valores muito próximos ao esperado. A variação trimestral dos parâmetros físicos utilizados pelo modelo de superfície BATS reduziram para 3% as superestimativas de precipitação, provendo uma correlação de 92% (significante a p<0,05, teste t-student). Em relação às variáveis meteorológicas, as principais diferenças encontradas na evapotranspiração, precipitação, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura a 2 metros concentram-se na região noroeste do Estado do Mato Grosso, nas divisas dos Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso com a Bolívia (áreas alagadas do Pantanal brasileiro), região noroeste do Paraguai e para a região da Bacia do Rio da Prata na Argentina, Região Nordeste do Brasil entre outras, devido principalmente à alteração da classe Floresta Ombrófila Densa para áreas de pastagem e agricultura e à substituição de áreas de agricultura por áreas de gramíneas, pastagem, vegetação arbustiva e Floresta Estacional Decidual. / The land use and land cover changes modify the air temperature, precipitation, air moisture, energy balance and regional and global circulations. Consequently, the land use and land cover maps and its physical-chemical and biological properties are important variables for numerical modeling of terrestrial systems. However, in most of regional weather and climate models the land use and land cover maps are not frequently updated, being out-of-date and, influencing the results of simulations. Therefore, this work has as main objective to analyze the impacts in numerical simulations by RegCM4 of land use and land cover maps updating, as well as the alteration of physical parameters, such as the leaf area index (LAI), the visible (<0.7 m) and near infrared and medium (> 0.7 m) reflectance used by the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). The validation of simulated precipitation by comparison to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data is also an objective. The comparison between monthly precipitation data estimated by TRMM and the 183 weather stations distributed throughout Brazil presented a concordance of approximately 97%. Also related to rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature simulations, better assessments of RegCM4 were found when SST-ERA-Interim, ERA-Interim reanalysis and cumulus parameterization proposed by Emmanuel were used. In addition, the update of the South America 2007 land use and land cover map used by BATS has improved the simulation of precipitation in 10%, increasing the correlation coefficient from 0.84 to 0.92 (significant at p <0.05, t-test student). Moreover, the results show good agreement between simulated and observed maximum and minimum temperature, with correlation coefficients near to 0.95 for both variables. Correspondingly, the simulations performed with adjustments on maximum fractional of vegetation cover showed precipitation mean value 18% above the observed data. Changes in visible and infrared reflectance and in the leaf area index overestimated the precipitation in 19% and 23%, respectively. It is noteworthy that all simulations showed good agreement for maximum and minimum temperature, with values very close to those observed. The three-monthly (seasonal) change of the physical parameters, which characterize the surface model BATS, provided a reduction of 3% in the mean simulated precipitation if compared to the results obtained without seasonal variation of surface parameters. The linear correlation between simulated and observed monthly precipitation obtained by considering seasonal changes in the surface parameter was equal to 92% (significant at p <0.05, Student\'s t-test). Regarding to atmospheric variables, the more significant differences observed in evapotranspiration, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature above two meters from surface are located in the northwest of Mato Grosso state, at the Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso states and the Bolivia bordering (placed on the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands), over Northeastern Brazil region, northwestern Paraguay, and River Plate Basin, among others. These important differences are due to the substitution of Tropical Rain Forest by pasture and agriculture and, the replacement of agricultural areas by areas of grass pasture, shrub and Deciduous Forest.

O estudo avaliou a influência das árvores urbanas na manutenção da qualidade do ar e na melhoria da saúde pública, na cidade de São Paulo/SP. Para isso, essa dissertação apresenta três artigos, sendo o primeiro um artigo de revisão sistemática da literatura científica dos últimos 10 anos, contendo pesquisas que envolvem ao menos dois dos três temas: florestas urbanas, poluição do ar e saúde pública, de forma integrada. O segundo trabalho demonstra como a distribuição do solo urbano e as árvores urbanas, levantadas através de um Inventário Florestal, influenciam na qualidade do ar. O terceiro artigo discute o processo de urbanização e como o uso e ocupação do solo podem influenciar nos casos de Câncer de pulmão em idosos. As pricipais conclusões observadas são que as publicações da área vêm crescendo com o passar dos anos em revistas consideradas de alta qualidade científica, porém há uma carência de estudos que englobem os três grandes temas de forma integrada; Copa arbórea/arbustiva e Relvado podem ser utilizados como ferramentas eficientes na gestão pública, no combate à poluição por Material Particulado de 10&mu;m; áreas abertas de relvado, como praças, campos e jardins, assim como a presença de árvores, podem ser considerados como fatores que favorecem a saúde da população de idosos paulistanos, e são encontradas quando mais distantes do centro da cidade. / The study evaluated the influence of urban trees in maintaining air quality and improving public health in São Paulo. For this, this dissertation presents three articles, the first one is a systematic review of the scientific literature of the last 10 years, containing research involving at least two of the three themes: urban forests, air pollution and public health, in an integrated way. The second work demonstrates how the distribution of land use and urban trees, raised through a Forest Inventory, influence the quality of the air. The third article discusses the process of urbanization and how land use and land cover can influence the cases of lung cancer in old people. The main conclusions observed are that the publications have been growing over the years in journals considered of high scientific quality, but there is a lack of studies that encompass the three major matters in an integrated way; Arboreal / Shrub Cup and Grass can be used as efficient tools in the public management, in reduction of pollution by particulate matter of 10&mu;m; Open areas such as squares, fields and gardens, as well as the presence of trees, can be considered as factors that favor the health of the elderly population of São Paulo, and these environments are found when further away from the city center.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal a elaboraÃÃo do diagnÃstico georreferenciado do uso e ocupaÃÃo do solo nas Ãreas de influÃncia direta da Sub-Bacia B1 da grande bacia do rio CocÃ, em Fortaleza, CearÃ, a partir da avaliaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de ocupaÃÃo das APP das oito microbacias constituintes, todas inseridas no meio urbano e muito impactadas pelo avanÃo da urbanizaÃÃo ocorrido nas Ãltimas dÃcadas em Fortaleza. Neste sentido, foi realizada uma busca documental em ÃrgÃos pÃblicos e por intermÃdio da internet, envolvendo legislaÃÃes, relatÃrios, depoimentos e registros cartogrÃficos sobre a Ãrea de estudo, alÃm de diversas visitas de campo, para consolidar as informaÃÃes. Entretanto, a escassez de dados gerou a necessidade de elaboraÃÃo de mapas temÃticos que tornassem possÃvel o diagnÃstico. Assim sendo, com base nas deliberaÃÃes do CÃdigo Florestal, nas ResoluÃÃes n 303/02 e 369/06 do Conama e no Decreto Municipal n 12.450/08, foram elaborados mapas georreferenciados delimitando as APP, utilizando como referÃncia ortofotos dos voos de 2004 e 2010, na coordenada UTM â zona 24S, South American Datum1969 (SAD 69), utilizando o programa ArcGis, versÃo 9.3. Foi verificado que a legislaÃÃo municipal apresenta-se mais permissiva que as deliberaÃÃes federais, diminuindo, na maioria dos casos, as APP desta sub-bacia. Em consequÃncia, observa-se excessiva ocupaÃÃo regular e irregular do solo das APP, ocasionando grandes vazios em relaÃÃo à vegetaÃÃo ciliar. Destaque-se que, mesmo atendendo parcialmente a ResoluÃÃo n 369/06 do Conama, hà intensa impermeabilizaÃÃo da superfÃcie, o que potencializa a vulnerabilidade à degradaÃÃo ambiental da Ãrea. Diante deste cenÃrio, evidencia-se o uso predatÃrio destes recursos naturais, restringindo os usos mÃltiplos e as aÃÃes que fomentem o desenvolvimento sustentado. Desta forma, propÃem-se aÃÃes de recuperaÃÃo e proteÃÃo destes ecossistemas, buscando reequilibrÃ-los, uma vez que tÃm grande importÃncia no contexto paisagÃstico e da melhoria da qualidade de vida da populaÃÃo. Por fim, sugere-se que haja maior compromisso dos ÃrgÃos pÃblicos, por intermÃdio de seus gestores, no sentido de facilitar a acessibilidade Ãs informaÃÃes sobre a problemÃtica ambiental do municÃpio, a fim de que haja maior interaÃÃo entre a academia e a gestÃo pÃblica, gerando informaÃÃes que possam subsidiar as tomadas de decisÃo / This research was mainly aimed at making the georeferenced diagnosis of the use and occupation of the lands directly influenced for the Sub-Basin B1 of the great basin of the Coco River, in Fortaleza, CearÃ, from the appreciation of the occupancy conditions of the APP constituents of the eight watersheds, all of that inserted in the urban environment and too much impacted by urbanization that has occurred in recent decades in Fortaleza. In this sense, it was realized a documentary search in public agencies and through the internet, involving legislation, reports, statements and cartographic records of the studied area, besides several field visits, to consolidate the information. However, the scarcity of data has generated the need to prepare thematic maps that make possible the diagnosis. This way, based on the Forest Code deliberations, in Resolutions n 303/02 and 369/06 from Conama, and the Municipal Decree n 12.450/08, it was elaborated georeferenced maps delimiting the APP, using as reference orthophotos ,of flights 2004 and 2010, at UTM â zone 24S, South American Datum1969 (SAD 69) coordinate, using ArcGis, version 9.3 program. It Was verified that the municipal legislation presents more permissive than federal determinations reducing, in the most of cases, the APP of this sub-basin. In consequence of that, there is too much regular and irregular occupation of APP lands, that causes large gaps in relation to riparian vegetation. It is noteworthy that, even taking part of the resolution n 369/06 from Conama, there is an intense surface sealing that potentiates the vulnerability of environmental degradation in this area. In this scenario, it becomes evident the predatory use of these natural resources restricting the multiple uses and actions that promote sustainable development. This way, it is proposed recovery actions and protection of these ecosystems trying to rebalance them, since they have great importance in the landscape and improving the quality of life. Finally, it is suggested a greater commitment of public agencies to facilitate the accessibility of information about environmental issues in the city, so that, there is greater interaction between academia and public administration, generating information that can support decision making.

Changing land cover from prairie grasslands to intensive, primarily cereal agriculture, over the North American Great Plains since the mid-19th century, has had a hydrological and climatological impact on that ecosystem (Pielke, Sr., et al., 2011). Agriculture has introduced timed harvest seasons, irrigation, and C3 photosynthesizing crops with poorer water efficiency than the grasses it replaced. All of these changes have been linked to exacerbated drought conditions and warmer temperatures; however, few studies have quantified this relationship at the continental scale. In order to evaluate the change imposed by this shift in land use and land cover, the observation based 20th Century Reanalysis Project (20CR) was used to quantify the climatological differences in temperature and humidity between areas of natural prairie and agriculture over the 20th century. An additional analysis used the Observation Minus Reanalysis (OMR) technique to isolate the surface climate signal found in the 20CR. We find indications that changing land cover had an impact on climate. However, using observation based data returned no evidence of a statistically significant change due to the small land use and land cover change (LULCC) signal within the larger climate noise. Therefore, an idealised modelling experiment was undertaken using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) AM2-LM2 atmosphere-land model to remove these other influences. This experiment compared the results of two model simulations: one where the entirety of the prairie was preserved as grassland (GRASS), and another where the entire prairies had been converted into an agricultural area (AGRIC). Relative to GRASS, the AGRIC simulation has reduced surface albedo and root zone depth, and increased roughness length over the prairies, which collectively cause a significant summer drying. This occurs when the shallower rooting zone limited potential evapotranspiration (PET) forcing the additional energy created by turbulent mixing and a lower surface albedo to warm the air, surpassing PET and reaching drier conditions faster. While not conclusive, the results presented in this thesis represent a step towards filling the gaps in understanding land-atmosphere interactions and connecting LULCC to climate.

Submitted by ANDRE GONÇALVES VIEIRA (dre_goncalves@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-26T12:07:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Goncalves Vieira.pdf: 2971952 bytes, checksum: 0be9dedd15aa5f09b36cea2fed69d752 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-06-26T12:23:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_ag_me_prud.pdf: 2971952 bytes, checksum: 0be9dedd15aa5f09b36cea2fed69d752 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T12:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_ag_me_prud.pdf: 2971952 bytes, checksum: 0be9dedd15aa5f09b36cea2fed69d752 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-16 / O uso e a cobertura da terra sem planejamento adequado alteram as condições naturais de uma bacia hidrográfica. Essa situação pode ser observada em diversos municípios, como no caso de Presidente Prudente - SP, e em particular, na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Gramado, que se localiza na zona leste do município. As atividades antrópicas desenvolvidas na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Gramado alteram a qualidade das águas superficiais dos canais fluviais tanto na área urbanizada quanto na área rural. Desta forma, este trabalho analisou possíveis relações entre variáveis físicas e químicas da água, bioindicadores da qualidade de água e uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Gramado, município de Presidente Prudente. As amostras de água foram processadas em campo e em laboratório. Os macroinvertebrados aquáticos foram amostrados com um coletor de bentos surber, com malha de 250 µm e então levados ao laboratório, onde foram triados e identificados. Os organismos foram coletados, entre os meses nov./16, fev./17 e jun./17. Foram identificados 33 taxons de organismos bentônicos. Chironomidae, Oligochaeta e Simuliidae estiveram presentes nos três pontos e nas três amostras. Os Ephemeroptera e Trichoptera foram encontrados nos P1 e P3, porem ausentes no P2. Resultados para analises físico-químicas houve alteração em nov./16 quando não houve precipitação de chuva. A composição da fauna mostrou-se distinta entre todos os municípios estudados. Os resultados indicaram famílias presentes nos canais fluviais são mais tolerantes a alterações ambientais com media e/ou baixa pontuação no BMWP. Porém o P3 do Córrego do Gramado esta com melhor pontuação comparado aos P1 e P2. O estudo revela que as condições ambientais da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego do Gramado, no que diz respeito à presença de vegetação natural e/ou reflorestada possuem influência na determinação da estrutura e composição da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Além disso, fatores espaciais (distribuição geográfica) podem estar exercendo influência sobre a diversidade regional. / Land use and land cover without adequate planning changes the natural conditions of a river basin. This situation can be observed in several municipalities, as in the case of Presidente Prudente - SP, and in particular, in the catchment area of Córrego do Gramado, which is located in the eastern part of the municipality. The anthropic activities developed in the catchment area of the Gramado stream change the quality of the surface waters of the river channels in the urbanized area as well as in the rural area. In this way, this work analyzed possible relationships between physical and chemical variables of water, bioindicators of water quality and use and land cover in the catchment area of the Gramado stream, in the municipality of Presidente Prudente. The water samples were processed in the field and in the laboratory. The aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled with a surber bent collector, with a mesh of 250 μm and then taken to the laboratory, where they were screened and identified. The organisms were collected between the months of Nov./16, Feb./17 and Jun./17. 33 taxa of benthic organisms were identified. Chironomidae, Oligochaeta and Simuliidae were present in the three points and in the three samples. Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera were found in P1 and P3, but absent in P2. Results for physicalchemical analyzes were changed in November / 16 when there was no rainfall. The fauna composition was distinct among all the studied municipalities. The results indicated families present in the fluvial channels are more tolerant to environmental changes with mean and / or low scores in the BMWP. However, the Gramado Creek P3 has better scores compared to P1 and P2. The study reveals that the environmental conditions of the Gramado Creek watershed, with respect to the presence of natural and / or reforested vegetation, influence the structure and composition of the community of benthic macroinvertebrates. In addition, spatial factors (geographic distribution) may be influencing regional diversity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_f_me_prud.pdf: 2858098 bytes, checksum: 5cde18f5b8fe53b3c6a4e77315dc686c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar como o uso e cobertura da terra pode interferir nas variáveis químicas e físicas da água do rio Santo Anastácio – Oeste Paulista, a partir da utilização integrada de Sistema de Informação Geográfica, Geoprocessamento, Sensoriamento Remoto e Análises Físico/Química da água. Para o estudo da cobertura da terra, o procedimento metodológico foi baseado em processamento digital de imagens orbitais, realizado em um ambiente de sistemas para aquisição, armazenamento, manipulação, análise e apresentação de dados georreferenciados, ou seja, em um SIG. Nesse foram realizadas as seguintes etapas: preparação da melhor composição e aprimoramento de cor, registro, segmentação, classificação supervisionada, elaboração, validação e quantificação de mapas temáticos. As variáveis físicas e químicas da água foram obtidas diretamente no campo, foram analisados: pH, condutividade, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, turbidez e sólidos em suspensão. Vale ressaltar que a pesquisa visou à caracterização limnológica do rio e não o levantamento de índices de qualidade da água. A metodologia adotada mostrou-se eficiente, visto que a pesquisa indicou a interferência de determinados usos e coberturas da terra, em especial a pastagem e cana-de-açúcar, causando alterações em algumas variáveis químicas e físicas da água no rio Santo Anastácio / The objective of this study was to evaluate how the use and land cover can interfere in the chemical and physical variables of the Santo Anastácio river - West Paulista, from the integrated use of geographic information system, GIS, remote sensing analysis and physical / chemical of water. For the study of land cover, the methodological procedure was based on digital processing of satellite images, held in a systems environment for the acquisition, storage, manipulation, analysis and presentation of georeferenced data, ie, in a GIS. That were performed the following steps: preparing the best composition and color enhancement, registration, segmentation, supervised classification, development, validation and quantification of thematic maps. The physical and chemical variables of water were obtained directly at the field, were analyzed: pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, turbidity and suspended solids. It is noteworthy that the research aimed to characterize the limnological river and not raising rates water quality. The methodology proved to be efficient, since the survey indicated the interference of certain uses and land cover, especially grass and cane sugar, caused changes in some chemical and physical variables in Santo Anastácio River’s water