Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:53:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 adriana.pdf: 6109600 bytes, checksum: b74ad347ead3966adc813f98afeaceed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-26 / Pesticide use represents one of the main environmental and public health problems in developing countries. Brazil is the third largest world consumer of pesticides, the eighth in usage per hectare and the largest in Latin America. This study aims to evaluate the legal framework for the registration and control of pesticide use in Brazil, comparing it with the legal framework of the European Union, taking in consideration procedures to diminish health and environmental risks. Besides that, we identified active ingredients that are still in use in Brazil but are banned or in process of re-registration in European Union. As an indicator of legal accomplishment we undertake a case study in Tocantins state taking in account the number of technicians responsible for pesticide inspections and the total number of farms and pesticides retailers. This study revealed that the registration process is the main element for pesticide control in Brazil, once establishes procedures for production, trade and handling of these products. When comparing both legislation frameworks, Brazilian and European, the last one is more strict and efficient in terms of use control. In spite of Brazil adopts the agronomic recipes, an important element for pesticide control, it constitutes only a bureaucratic piece without effects on health and environmental risk reduction. Several pesticides banned in Europe are still in use in Brazil and in Tocantins State. Even with almost all Brazilian states have specific legislation for pesticides (Amazonas and Roraima states are exceptions) this legal framework is only a copy of the federal law without more strict restriction related with the characteristics of the ecosystems like Pantanal, the Amazon or Semiarid. We concluded that the registration and control system of pesticide use in Brazil is weak, with several gaps and the figure of law noncompliance. / O uso de agrotóxicos representa hoje um grave problema ambiental e de saúde pública nos países em desenvolvimento. O Brasil é o maior mercado consumidor de agrotóxicos da América Latina, enquanto que no ranking global, o país ocupa o terceiro lugar no consumo destes produtos. A presente pesquisa inicialmente analisa e compara os dispositivos legais sobre a utilização de agrotóxicos da legislação brasileira e da legislação da União Européia, considerando os aspectos técnicos de registro e controle do uso dessas substâncias para fins de diminuição de riscos de contaminação ambiental e humana, bem como os possíveis ingredientes ativos dos produtos que continuam sendo utilizados no Brasil e que já foram banidos ou que estão em avaliação para registro na União Européia. Como indicador da possibilidade de não cumprimento da fiscalização e controle do uso de agrotóxicos exigidos pela legislação federal de agrotóxicos, analisou-se o caso do Estado do Tocantins levando em consideração o número total de propriedades e de lojas a serem fiscalizadas pela Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Tocantins ADAPEC. Os resultados mostraram que o registro é o principal meio de controle dos agrotóxicos, pois estabelece condições para a produção, manipulação, importação, exportação, comercialização e utilização destes produtos, seus componentes e afins tanto no Brasil como na União Européia. Comparando os sistemas de controle das duas legislações, constatou-se que a União Européia é mais criteriosa na avaliação dos produtos comercializados em sua comunidade, possuindo sistemas de controle mais eficiente em relação ao Brasil. Apesar de o Brasil adotar o receituário agronômico, um diferencial no controle de agrotóxicos em relação à União Européia, o mesmo acaba sendo apenas um mero instrumento burocrático. Vários produtos banidos da União Européia continuam autorizados no Brasil e no Estado do Tocantins. Praticamente todos os estados brasileiros possuem legislação especifica de agrotóxicos, sendo a legislação estadual do Tocantins, é praticamente, uma cópia da legislação federal. Verificou-se que há uma grande diferença entre a quantidade de lojas agropecuárias e de produtos veterinários registradas na Junta Comercial do Tocantins - JUCETINS em relação às lojas registradas na ADAPEC que possuem autorização para revenda de agrotóxicos. Presume-se a ocorrência de comercialização de agrotóxicos sem o devido registro e autorização. Esse déficit no sistema de registro e controle de agrotóxicos no Brasil, evidência falhas e descumprimento da legislação brasileira de agrotóxicos.

Teisės aktais yra reguliuojamas visas, tiek privačios, tiek valstybinės žemės naudojimas. Žemės naudotojai privalo žemę naudoti taip, kaip numatyta teisės aktuose nepažeidžiant jų nuostatų. Žemės savininkai ir naudotojai privalo žinoti teisės aktų nustatytus reikalavimus – leidžiamą veiklą, jos apribojimus, savo teises, pareigas bei prievoles, taip pat – taikomas sankcijas už įstatymų pažeidimus. Priversti žemės savininkus ir naudotojus žemę naudoti pagal tikslinę žemės naudojimo paskirtį, būdą, pobūdį ir ją tausoti galima tik aktyviai vykdant valstybinę žemės naudojimo kontrolę, nevengiant surašyti administracinių teisės pažeidimų protokolų. Nors Telšių apskrityje nuosavybės teisių atkūrimo procesas baigiasi, tačiau vis dažniau iškyla nusiskundimų dėl riboženklių nebuvimo, projektuose numatytų ar nenumatytų privažiavimų prie sklypų, dėl ribų tarp gretimai besiribojančių sklypų savininkų. Klausimus, ar visuomet piliečiai skundžiasi pagrįstai, ar jie vykdo savo pareigas ir prievoles, nagrinėja apskrities viršininko administracija. Pagal Lietuvos Respublikos Apskrities valdymo įstatymo nuostatas apskrities viršininkas, neviršydamas savo įgaliojimų, nagrinėja fizinių bei juridinių asmenų pareiškimus bei prašymus ir priima dėl jų sprendimus. Atlikta anketinė apklausa parodė, kad su skundų tyrimu susijusios išlaidos valstybei turi būti kompensuojamos savininko lėšomis. / The law deeds control the use of both a private and public territories. The owners of the land must use a holding agreeably to the law and not violating its regulation. The owners and the users of a land must know the requirements of law articles: permissible activity and its restrictions, the rights, responsibilities and duties of the owner, also the penalties for violating the law. In order to lead the land owners to use their holdings agreeably to the objective purpose of the use and to save it, the national land use control has to be positively implemented, not avoiding to draw up the reports on violating the administrative rights. Although the restitution of proprietary rights in the district of Telšiai is almost finished, but there are still a lot of complaints about landmarks, approaches to the holdings, which are represented or not represented in the projects and for the boundaries between neighboring land owners. The Administration of the county chief analyses the validity of complaints of citizens and if the citizens are keeping their responsibilities and duties. According to the provisions of the law of the County Administration of Lithuanian Republic, the governor of the county staying within his authority deals with applications of legal persons and decreases it. The performed survey showed that the state expenses for the analysis of complaints have to be compensated by the owner.

由於經濟快速發展及國際化、自由化的趨勢，導致城鄉發展的重新結構，也面臨愈來愈多非都市土地開發及農地變更的外來壓力及需求。農地除具有保障糧食安全功能外，尚具有保護自然生態環境、維持生態體系平衡、調和整體土地利用等「外部效益」，世界各國包括美國各洲、德國、日本等，均積極致力於農地保育，嚴格管制農地不得任意轉用；反觀我國土地使用管制及變更制度，自1930年土地法立法至1976年訂定非都市土地使用管制規則，農地係採取積極保護政策；然自1980年代起，由於積極發展工商業，致農業在國民經濟中之重要性日見下降，1995年宣佈實施「農地釋出方案」後，是為農地由分區管制之保護方式走向自由化之起步。2000年修正農業發展條例，放寬農地自由買賣，更將農地進一步推向自由化，然農地自由化仍有其限制，且應建立在嚴格的土地使用管制基礎上。 農地管制政策的放寬，讓許多標準農業區優良農田間，充斥著工廠及加油站、廢棄物處理廠等特定目的事業用地，形成環境污染的隱憂；雖為配合工商業及經濟發展所需，得釋出部份農地，然農業用地劃定或變更為非農業使用，仍應以「不影響農業生產環境之完整」為前提，基於「農地保護」觀點，為確保優良農田不受產業變更或經濟發展所帶來的衝擊或破壞，並維持完整之農業生產環境，確保糧食生產及農業之永續經營，對現行農牧用地變更使用問題，及其規範對現有農業生產環境之影響，實有探究之必要。 目前相關研究多就都市計畫農業區或整體農地資源（包括都市計畫內及非都市土地）之變更法制、管理制度面及回饋機制進行探討，惟就非都市土地農牧用地變更審議相關法令規範及各種型態包括不同面積、不同區位之變更審議規定之差異、後續管制方式及其對於農地資源保育、農業生產環境之影響並未有完整的「實證分析」，當前不同型態農牧用地變更規範，是否合理性？是否均能在「不影響農業生產環境」之前提下進行變更？對周邊農業生產環境之影響有何不同？亦未深入探討，本研究藉由桃園縣個案的實證分析、相關課題的探討及對公私部門及專家學者的深入訪談，以探析我國非都市土地農牧用地變更使用制度及農地保護措施；並以國外之農地保護政策為借鏡，進一步提出農牧用地變更使用制度及農地保護措施之建議改善策略，以別於其他研究。 / Due to fast economic development and the trends of globalization and liberalization, urban and rural development has been completely restructured, and there is a growing need for development of non-urban lands and conversion of farmlands. In addition to maintenance of food sufficiency, farmlands also have other “external benefits”, including preservation of the natural ecological environment, maintenance of an ecological balance, and balancing of overall use of lands. Many nations around the world, including the US, Germany, and Japan, have been devoted to preservation of farmlands through strict control of conversion of farmlands. In an overview of the domestic regulations on land use control and conversion, it can be found that since legislation of the Land Act in 1930 and Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control in 1976, our government had been engaged in protection of farmlands. After 1980, the importance of agriculture for the national economy gradually decreased due to promotion of industrial and commercial industries. In 1995, the “Farmland Release Policy” was implemented, ushering in liberalization of farmlands. In 2000, the Agricultural Development Act was amended to lift the ban on free trading of farmlands. The amendment of this act further liberalized the use of farmlands. However, liberalization of farmlands was bound to certain limitation and should be based on strict control of land use. The relaxation of the farmland control policy has made many standard agricultural zones filled with lands used for specific businesses, such as factories, gas stations, and waste processing plants, and caused public worries over environmental pollution. Although release of a portion of farmlands is necessary for commercial and economic development, planning of farmlands or conversion of farmlands for non-agricultural use should be carried out on the condition that “completeness of the agricultural production environment is unaffected”. Based on “farmland protection”, the impact or harm of agricultural changes and economic development on farmlands should be avoided, and the completeness of the agricultural production environment should be maintained, so as to ensure sustainable development of food production and agriculture. Therefore, investigation of issues concerning conversion of farming and grazing lands and regulations governing the impact of such conversion on the agricultural production environment is indeed necessary. In the present, most studies of related issues are focused on regulations on conversion, management, and feedback mechanisms of agricultural zones in urban plan or holistic farmland resources (including non-urban lands in urban plans). However, there is no comprehensive “empirical analysis” of regulations on review of conversion of non-urban farming and grazing lands, difference in regulations for various types of lands (including lands of different sizes and in different regions), subsequent control mechanisms, and the impact of the conversion on preservation of farmland resources or the agricultural production environment. Besides, issues such as whether the regulations on conversion of different types of farming and grazing lands is feasible, whether these lands can be converted on the condition that “the agricultural production environment is unaffected”, and whether conversion of these types of lands causes different effects on their surrounding agricultural production environments, have not been thoroughly investigated so far. Therefore, through an empirical analysis of cases in Taoyuan County, investigation of related issues, and interview with experts and public/private departments, this study aimed to explore the domestic regulations on conversion of use of non-urban farming and grazing lands and protective measures for farmlands. Further, based on farmland protection policies adopted in foreign nations, this study further proposed strategies for improving the current system and protective measures to distinguish itself from other existing studies.

Žemė visais laikais buvo vertinama kaip visuotinė vertybė, kurios pagrindinė socialinė funkcija – tarnauti tautos gerovei. Bet kokia fizinė veikla keičia natūralią žemės būklę ir funkcijas, todėl atsižvelgiant į visuomeninių santykių, valstybės ekonomikos dinamikos ir raidos procesus, ypač svarbu, kad žemė būtų racionaliai ir efektyviai naudojama. Tai pagrindžia objektyviai nepaneigiamą pareigą valstybei nuosavybės į žemę, taip pat žemės valdymo ir naudojimo santykius reguliuoti taip, kad būtų suderinti visų žemės teisinių santykių subjektų interesai ir užtikrinta pagrindinė žemės funkcija. Žemės naudojimo valstybine kontrole būtent ir siekiama užtikrinti, kad valdant ir naudojant žemę, būtų laikomasi Lietuvos Respublikos žemės įstatymo bei kitų įstatymų, susijusių su žemės naudojimo priežiūra, taip pat apsaugoti valstybinės žemės nuosavybės teises. Žemės naudojimo valstybinė kontrolė - įstatymais ir kitais teisės aktais reglamentuotas žemės savininkų ir naudotojų veiklos priežiūros priemonių įgyvendinimo procesas, kuriuo siekiama užtikrinti tinkamą žemės ir gamtos išteklių naudojimą bei jų teisinę apsaugą, taip pat nustatyti nukrypimus nuo nustatytų reikalavimų ir užfiksuoti teisės aktų pažeidimus, bei pagal kompetenciją imtis įstatymų numatytų priemonių pažeidėjams nubausti. Už žemės naudojimo valstybinės kontrolės vykdymą atsakinga Nacionalinė žemės tarnyba prie Žemės ūkio ministerijos, tiesiogiai kontrolę vykdo teritoriniai žemėtvarkos skyriai. Baigiamajame darbe... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In all times the land was seen as universal value, which main social function is to serve for the welfare of people. Any physical activity has impact on the natural state and functions of land, that is why the rational and effective use of land is so important. Public land use control has to ensure that the land administrators and land users respect and comply the laws regulating the land use and to protect the stateland ownership. Public land use control is the process of land administrators and land users activity supervision, which is regulated by laws, which is intended to ensure proper land and natural resources usage and legal protection, also identify deviation from the requirements and fixate violations, and under jurisdiction take legal actions to punish offenders. The Nacional Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania and territorial Land divisions are responsable for the public land use control. The regulation and execution of public land use control in Širvintai municipality is rewieved and estimated in this thesis. There are literature source anglysis, comperative and assessment anglysis, and logical methods used in this final work. The laws regulating the land use control, the Nacional Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania, Širvintai land division documentation on public land use control is analized. It is found that the public land use control in Širvintai municipality, also as in the... [to full text]

O trabalho refere-se à legislação do instrumento de planejamento e gestão urbanísticos da outorga onerosa do direito de construir, mais precisamente do direito de criação de solo, ou “solo criado” na cidade de Porto Alegre. Nesse contexto de análise, com o estudo dos casos práticos, tendo a Carta do Embu como documento histórico de introdução do solo criado no Brasil, foi analisado se houve o distanciamento conceitual das idéias ali defendidas e quais os efeitos dessa particularidade da legislação de Porto Alegre quer quanto aos impactos urbanísticos, quer quanto ao exercício do direito de propriedade privada. / The present work refers to the legislation concerning the instrument of urban planning and management of the right to build’s onerous granting, more precisely concerning the right of space adrift, in Porto Alegre. In this analysis’ context, along with practical cases, and having Embu Letter as historical document for the introduction of space adrift in Brazil, were analyzed whether there was conceptual distance from the theoretical background defended there, and what the effects of such peculiarity in Porto Alegre’s legislation, both in relation to the urban impacts and to the exercise of private property Law, would be.

O trabalho refere-se à legislação do instrumento de planejamento e gestão urbanísticos da outorga onerosa do direito de construir, mais precisamente do direito de criação de solo, ou “solo criado” na cidade de Porto Alegre. Nesse contexto de análise, com o estudo dos casos práticos, tendo a Carta do Embu como documento histórico de introdução do solo criado no Brasil, foi analisado se houve o distanciamento conceitual das idéias ali defendidas e quais os efeitos dessa particularidade da legislação de Porto Alegre quer quanto aos impactos urbanísticos, quer quanto ao exercício do direito de propriedade privada. / The present work refers to the legislation concerning the instrument of urban planning and management of the right to build’s onerous granting, more precisely concerning the right of space adrift, in Porto Alegre. In this analysis’ context, along with practical cases, and having Embu Letter as historical document for the introduction of space adrift in Brazil, were analyzed whether there was conceptual distance from the theoretical background defended there, and what the effects of such peculiarity in Porto Alegre’s legislation, both in relation to the urban impacts and to the exercise of private property Law, would be.

O trabalho refere-se à legislação do instrumento de planejamento e gestão urbanísticos da outorga onerosa do direito de construir, mais precisamente do direito de criação de solo, ou “solo criado” na cidade de Porto Alegre. Nesse contexto de análise, com o estudo dos casos práticos, tendo a Carta do Embu como documento histórico de introdução do solo criado no Brasil, foi analisado se houve o distanciamento conceitual das idéias ali defendidas e quais os efeitos dessa particularidade da legislação de Porto Alegre quer quanto aos impactos urbanísticos, quer quanto ao exercício do direito de propriedade privada. / The present work refers to the legislation concerning the instrument of urban planning and management of the right to build’s onerous granting, more precisely concerning the right of space adrift, in Porto Alegre. In this analysis’ context, along with practical cases, and having Embu Letter as historical document for the introduction of space adrift in Brazil, were analyzed whether there was conceptual distance from the theoretical background defended there, and what the effects of such peculiarity in Porto Alegre’s legislation, both in relation to the urban impacts and to the exercise of private property Law, would be.

摘 要 臺大實驗林因其特殊歷史背景，與契約林農訂立之三種契約，歷經社會與經濟變遷後，漸生契約林農基於經濟因素而違規利用契約林地、林管處無法具體落實造林管理政策、契約林地利用契約規範與實際利用現況不甚相符等諸多問題。按非都市土地使用管制規則予以檢視，臺大實驗林契約林地係編定為林業用地，惟依臺大實驗林「被墾地合作造林辦法」、合作造林契約書規定，造林地可於單筆總面積的三成內從事森林特產物或果樹之種植，此與上開規則規定林業用地容許使用項目不得作農業使用之規範有所牴觸，除人為的利用，以保存自然資源?還是兼顧人們需要和環境保育，得積極介入以亟待研析解決辦法。 從自然資源利用的歷史角度以觀，除天然災害影響之外，人為干擾似乎是造成土地健康受損的根源。然而，究竟要完全排負責保育自然資源?凡此引發激烈的辯論。若從林地利用究屬保存與保育觀點檢視，林管處秉持林地林用的概念，是希望避免林地農用與干擾，以達成完全造林的目標，近乎保存的概念；而林農希望契約林地做混農利用，並希望透過在地知識以人為方式主動管理，且在不破壞林地健康的前提下，以提升經濟收入與環境健康，似屬保育的概念。然為落實維護林地資源，採取何種觀念為宜？ 本研究從臺大實驗林契約林地土地使用管制機制，藉由混農林業理論、保存與保育理論、土地使用管制等文獻評析，並透過深度訪談，分析臺大實驗林契約林地土地利用相關問題，最後得到以下結論：(1)臺大實驗林契約林地租地造林契約應予修正；（2）修正非都市土地使用管制規則之林業用地容許使用項目；（3）臺大實驗林繼續辦理國土復育計畫及獎勵造林計畫。本研究對於臺大實驗林契約林地土地利用，提出以下之建議:(1)修正臺大實驗林契約林地三種租地造林契約內容不適宜之規範，以符合現今法令規範；(2)重新查定臺大實驗林契約林地可利用限度並編定合適用地類別，以符土地使用管制規範；(3)修正非都市土地使用管制規則之林業用地容許使用項目，以利林地保育並導正使用；(4)臺大實驗林繼續辦理國土復育計畫及持續宣導獎勵造林計畫，以維護國土保育安全。最後，從導正土地使用管制機制，以利有效管理臺大實驗林契約林地，最終達成森林資源永續發展的目標。 關鍵詞：臺大實驗林契約林地、土地使用管制、保育與保存、混農林業、林業用地、違規使用 / Abstract Due to the unique historical background of the experimental forest of National Taiwan University (NTU), three types of contracts were signed with users of leased forest land. Many issues have now arisen after several social and economic changes. Such issues include the illegal use of the forest land, failure of the Forest District Offices to fully implement the relevant forestation management policies, and the inconsistency between the provisions of forest land use contracts and the conditions of actual use. According to the Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control, the NTU experimental forest is defined as forest land. On the other hand, however, according to the “Cooperation Guideline for Reclaimed Land Forestation” and the “Forestation Contract,” 30% of the total area of a parcel of forestation land may be used for the plantation of special forest products or fruit trees, which is inconsistent with the rule under the Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control prohibiting any agricultural use of forest land. As a result, a solution was to be analyzed and discussed to see whether the natural resources shall be preserved either without human use or with active intervention to balance human needs with environmental conservation. From the historical perspectives on natural resource use, human interference seems to be the main cause of damage to land. Heated discussions have been had regarding how to conserve natural resources. This issue might be viewed from the two points of view, i.e. preservation and conservation. The Forest District Office holds the view that forest land shall be used for the purpose of forestry to avoid agricultural use or interference and to achieve the goal of complete forestation. This is more of a concept of preservation. On the other hand, users of forest land would prefer agroforestry use of forest land and manage the land through local knowledge to improve economic returns and environmental health without destroying the forest land. This is more of a concept of conservation. Which concept is more ideal in terms of protection of forest land? In this study, we referred to publications in connection with agroforestry, preservation and conservation, and use control of land, along with in-depth interviews conducted to analyze the relevant issues regarding the use of the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest and concluded that: (1) the forestation contracts regarding the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest shall be amended; (2) the allowed use of forest land under the non-urban land use control regulations shall be revised; and (3) NTU experimental forest shall continue to participate in the national land recovery plan and encouraging plan for forestation. The possible measures for the use of leased forest land at NTU experimental forest as suggested by this study include: (1) amending the three types of forestation contracts regarding the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest for the purpose of legal compliance; (2) reinvestigating the scope of use of the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest and stipulating appropriate use types to be in conformance to the land use control regulations; (3) revising the allowed use of forest land under the non-urban land use control regulations for the purposes of forest land conservation and corrective use; and (4) the continuous participation of NTU experimental forest in the national land recovery plan and encouraging plan for forestation to maintain national land conservation. Finally, by correcting the mechanism of land use control, the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest will be effectively managed and the goal of perpetual development of forest resources achieved. Key words：Experimental forest leased forest land of National Taiwan University, Land use control, Conservation and preservation, Agroforestry, Forest land, Illegal use