The aim of the thesis on "Evaluation of the color of honey" was to determine why the instrument can not Lovibond Honey Colorpod 440110 to evaluate color of all types of honey and compare results of with spectrophotometric measurement methods. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is dedicated to honey, its composition and methods of evaluating color. The practical part describes the results obtained instrument Lovibond Honey Colorpod -- 440110, spectrophotometers Konica Minolta -- 3500d a FT -- NIR Antaris. In UV/VIS region not been demonstrated reason of errors of photometer. Maximum lightness had a very light honeys and the largest share of yellow had light honey. The highest values of absorbance attain dark honeys. In color space CIE L* a* b* had the largest share of red. Evaluation of the color of honey in the UV/VIS can not prove adulteration of honey always unambiguously, but there are signs by which honey can be described as suspicious. By analyzing the NIR spectrum is falsification of honey demonstrated using discriminant analysis.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-06T15:39:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Adalberto Menezes Filho 26.03.2010.pdf: 4529406 bytes, checksum: 23a6a27845c477df8cc06bee3255777f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-08T10:44:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Adalberto Menezes Filho 26.03.2010.pdf: 4529406 bytes, checksum: 23a6a27845c477df8cc06bee3255777f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T10:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Adalberto Menezes Filho 26.03.2010.pdf: 4529406 bytes, checksum: 23a6a27845c477df8cc06bee3255777f (MD5) / CNPq / Foram desenvolvidas, validadas e aplicadas duas metodologias analíticas por SPME e análise por GC-MS e HPLC-UV-Vis, para determinar resíduos de agrotóxicos em manga. 14 compostos foram analisados por GC-MS (clofentezina, carbofuran, diazinon, parationa, malationa, fentiona, tiabendazol, imazalil, bifentrina, permetrina, procloraz, piraclostrobina, difenoconazol, azoxistrobina) e 10 por HPLC-UV-Vis (tiabendazol, carbofuran, azoxistrobina, procloraz, fentiona, clofentezina, permetrina, abamectina, carbosulfan e bifentrina). Diferentes parâmetros que influenciam na eficiência da extração foram avaliados (Tipo de fibra, modo de extração, temperatura e tempo de extração e dessorção, velocidade de agitação e força iônica). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com fibra de PA e DI a 50°C por 30 min, com agitação a 250 rpm e dessorção por 5 min a 280°C no GC- MS e no modo estático por 15 min na interface SPME-HPLC. Na validação foram avaliados o efeito da matriz, a linearidade das curvas analíticas, LOD, LOQ, precisão e exatidão. O método por SPME-GC-MS apresentou linearidade entre 3,3 e 1665,0 µg kg-1, LOD entre 1,0 e 3,3 µg kg-1 e LOQ entre 3,3 e 33,3 µg kg-1. O método por SPME-HPLC- UV-Vis apresentou linearidade entre 2,0 e 250,0 µg kg-1, LOD entre 0,6 e 3,3 µg kg-1 e LOQ entre 2,0 e 10,0 µg kg-1. Nos dois métodos foram obtidos CV menores que 20%. Os métodos foram aplicados na análise de amostras coletadas em Salvador-BA e Aracaju-SE. Nas amostras de Salvador foram detectados resíduos de sete compostos e nas de Aracaju resíduos de cinco compostos. Entretanto, as concentrações estavam abaixo dos valores estabelecidos pela Legislação Brasileira. / Were developed, validated and applied two analytical methodologies by SPME and GC-MS and HPLC-UV-Vis analysis to determine pesticide residues in mango. 14 compounds were analyzed by GC-MS (clofentezine, carbofuran, diazinon, methyl parathion, malathion, fenthion, thiabendazole, imazalil, bifenthrin, permethrin, prochloraz, pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole, azoxystrobin) and 10 for HPLC-UV-Vis (thiabendazole, carbofuran, azoxystrobin, prochloraz, fenthion, clofentezine, permethrin, abamectin, bifenthrin and carbosulfan). Different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were evaluated (fiber type, extraction mode, temperature, extraction and desorption times, stirring velocities and ionic strength. The best results were obtained using PA fiber and DI mode at 50°C form 30 min, along with stirring at 250rpm and desorption for 5 min at 280°C in the GC-MS and estatic mode for 15 min in the SPME-HPLC interface. For validation, we assessed the matrix effect, the linearity of calibration curves, LOD, LOQ, precision and accuracy. The method for SPME-GC-MS showed linearity between 3.3 and 1665.0 mg kg- 1, LOD between 1.0 and 3.3 µg kg-1 and LOQ between 3.3 and 33.3 µg kg-1. The method for SPME-HPLC-UV-Vis showed linearity between 2.0 and 250.0 µg kg-1, LOD between 0.6 and 3.3 µg kg-1 and LOQ between 2.0 and 10.0 µg kg-1. In both methods were obtained CV below 20%. The methods were applied in the analysis of samples collected in Salvador- BA and Aracaju-SE. In samples from Salvador seven compounds residues were detected and in samples from Aracaju five compounds residues were detected. However, the concentrations were below the values established by Brazilian legislation

112f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-01T14:02:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edna Maura Prata de Araújo -Tese de Doutorado -versão digital.pdf: 3819243 bytes, checksum: d0ef6111d9e647dee51df4125c853a45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-23T17:37:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Edna Maura Prata de Araújo -Tese de Doutorado -versão digital.pdf: 3819243 bytes, checksum: d0ef6111d9e647dee51df4125c853a45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-23T17:37:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edna Maura Prata de Araújo -Tese de Doutorado -versão digital.pdf: 3819243 bytes, checksum: d0ef6111d9e647dee51df4125c853a45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES / A elucidação estrutural de substâncias orgânicas é feita, atualmente, mediante o uso de diversas técnicas espectroscópicas, tais como a ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN de 1H, 13C, DEPT, HMBC, HMQC, TOCSY, dentre outras), espectrometria de massa, infravermelho e ultravioleta, com o subsequente trabalho de interpretação dos espectros obtidos. Entretanto, o isolamento de substâncias inéditas está se tornando cada vez mais raro, sendo a grande maioria dos compostos isolados de produtos naturais já amplamente conhecidos. Esta constatação demonstra a necessidade de se desenvolver um método para a confirmação da identidade de substâncias já conhecidas, que tenha como requisitos principais o baixo custo e rapidez da análise, para que possa substituir o uso desnecessário de técnicas avançadas que, via de regra, demandam tempo e elevam os custos excessivamente. Mais especificamente, o método consiste na comparação dos espectros, de uma ou mais técnicas espectroscópicas, das substâncias desconhecidas com espectros de substâncias padrões, através da aplicação de uma ou mais técnicas de Análise Multivariada. Neste trabalho, a Espectrofluorimetria e a Espectroscopia UV-Vis, associadas à Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), foram utilizadas para classificar compostos fenólicos semelhantes em diferentes grupos. Integraram a lista das substâncias ensaiadas, a quercetina, a vanilina e os ácidos cafeico, cumárico, ferúlico, gálico, 3-hidroxicinâmico e salicílico; bem como os estéres do ácido cafeico e do ácido ferúlico, sintetizados para testes de bioatividade relativos à inibição de serino e cisteíno proteases, representadas por tripsina e papaína, respectivamente. Modelos de calibração multivariada também foram desenvolvidos e permitiram propor uma nova metodologia para a determinação da concentração de ácido cafeico, ácido ferúlico e ácido gálico em extratos vegetais, combinando espectrofluorimetria com PLS. / Salvador

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de novos compostos fotoativos contendo os grupos uréia e tiouréia e suas potenciais aplicações como sensores de ânions. Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de FTIR, RMN de 1H e 13C, onde foi possível confirmar obtenção dos compostos. Os compostos obtidos apresentam absorção na região do ultravioleta com valores de extinção molar de acordo com as transições -*. Com objetivo de testar os novos compostos sintetizados como sensor de ânions foi realizado um estudo fotofísico na presença de diferentes ânions, sendo todos como sais de tetrabutilamônio. Esses testes também foram realizados utilizando o método de detecção visual e a espectroscopia de RMN 1H indicando que os compostos 32 e 33 apresentaram resposta colorimétrica após a adição de fluoreto. / This work presents the synthesis of novel photoactive compounds containing the urea and thiourea groups and its potential application as sensors for anions in solution. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR techniques. The compounds show absorption in the ultraviolet region with values of molar extinction accordingly to -* electronic transitions. In order to test the new compounds as optical sensors for anions, photophysical studies, as well as the method of visual detection and 1H NMR titration were performed in the presence of different anions as tetrabutylammonium salts. Fluoride could be successfully detected by UVVis and 1H NMR titration using compounds 32 and 33.

The spectral analysis techniques afforded us from the field of physics has enabled us to explore the spectral signatures of trace contaminants and degradation products in used or in service engine oil through atomic and molecular spectroscopy. Here we have examined the need to address proper preparation of calibrating samples for infrared spectroscopy analysis by inducing emulsification and have evaluated multiple procedures for proper emulsification of samples with the intent to help establish the protocols that are not explicitly set forth in the ASTM International standard. We have also explored the use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques to examine the suppression of the O–H stretching mode of water due to the influence of ethylene glycol, which may help in the quantification of water when both are present in oil. This was done in conjunction with exploring alternative methods for direct and indirect measurement of the glycol contamination by use of UV/Vis spectroscopy, Raman, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. An exploration of FT-IR and UV/Vis data on the oxidation of oil by means of ANOVA calculations has led to the reporting of highly significant differences in the data of differing oxidation times and in regions of the spectrum not known to have been previously reported.

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de novos compostos fotoativos contendo os grupos uréia e tiouréia e suas potenciais aplicações como sensores de ânions. Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de FTIR, RMN de 1H e 13C, onde foi possível confirmar obtenção dos compostos. Os compostos obtidos apresentam absorção na região do ultravioleta com valores de extinção molar de acordo com as transições -*. Com objetivo de testar os novos compostos sintetizados como sensor de ânions foi realizado um estudo fotofísico na presença de diferentes ânions, sendo todos como sais de tetrabutilamônio. Esses testes também foram realizados utilizando o método de detecção visual e a espectroscopia de RMN 1H indicando que os compostos 32 e 33 apresentaram resposta colorimétrica após a adição de fluoreto. / This work presents the synthesis of novel photoactive compounds containing the urea and thiourea groups and its potential application as sensors for anions in solution. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR techniques. The compounds show absorption in the ultraviolet region with values of molar extinction accordingly to -* electronic transitions. In order to test the new compounds as optical sensors for anions, photophysical studies, as well as the method of visual detection and 1H NMR titration were performed in the presence of different anions as tetrabutylammonium salts. Fluoride could be successfully detected by UVVis and 1H NMR titration using compounds 32 and 33.

Le procédé de galvanisation à chaud se compose d’un recuit continu suivi d’une immersion de la bande d’acier dans un bain de zinc afin de lui conférer une protection contre la corrosion. Au cours de l’étape de recuit de recristallisation des nouveaux aciers, dits à « haute limite élastique », les éléments d’addition, tel que l’aluminium, ségrégent et diffusent en surface où ils forment des îlots voire des films superficiels qui, mal mouillés par le zinc liquide, nuisent à la qualité du produit final. Dans ce cadre, l’étude s’est attachée d’une part à caractériser l’oxydation sélective d’alliages binaires Fe-Al et d’autre part, dans le cas modèle de l’α-alumine (0001), à déterminer les effets de la terminaison de surface sur l’énergie d’adhésion du zinc, à l’aide d’une approche combinant simulations numériques ab initio (théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité) et expériences sous ultra-vide (réflectivité UV-visible, photoémission et désorption thermique). A l’issu de recuits calqués sur les conditions industrielles les alliages binaires Fe-Al (1,5 et 8% pds.) présentent en surface une couche couvrante d’γ-alumine de plusieurs nanomètres d’épaisseur. Une entrée du flux de gaz focalisée sur l’échantillon aboutit à une croissance vermiculaire des grains d’alumine alors qu’un flux de gaz homogène engendre une croissance plus structurée qui montre que l’approche modèle Zn/α-alumine (0001) est pertinente.Les simulations numériques faites aux premiers stades du dépôt, ont montré que, le zinc interagit faiblement avec la surface stœchiométrique (1x1), ce qui confirme l’expérience. Expérience et calcul convergent sur la valeur de ≈ 0,5 eV de l’énergie d’adsorption. Par contre, un excès de charge de surface peut considérablement renforcer l’adsorption. Deux mécanismes ont été identifiés et décrits en terme de stabilité thermodynamique, en fonction des conditions environnementales (pression, température) : (i) une sous-stœchiométrie surfacique en Al, telle que présente sur la terminaison polaire, (ii) un excès de groupements hydroxyles de surfaces, issus de la dissociation de l’eau, opérationnel aussi bien sur la terminaison polaire que non-polaire de l’alumine. En parallèle avec l’expérience, la simulation montre que le zinc est capable d’interagir fortement avec la surface en en déplaçant l’hydrogène des groupements hydroxyles de surface. L’énergie d’adsorption du zinc ainsi adsorbé, évaluée à 7 eV par le calcul, est du même ordre que la valeur expérimentale de 3,5 eV. L’étude étendue à plusieurs métaux de transition a permis d’identifier le titane comme élément montrant l’interaction la plus forte avec l’alumine et qu’un enrichissement en titane de la surface d’alumine peut fortement améliorer l’adhésion du zinc. / The process of continuous hot galvanization consists in annealing and then diving a steel strip in a zinc bath to confer it a protection against corrosion. During the recrystallization annealing step of the so call “high elastic limit’ steels, the additional elements, such as aluminum, segregate and diffuse towards the surface and form oxide islands or superficial film which degrade the zinc adhesion and harm the final quality. This study attempted, on one hand to characterize the selective oxidation of binary alloys and, on the other hand, to improve adhesion at the zinc/α-Al2O3 (0001) interface taken as a test bed. The originality of the research program is to be based on both numerical ab initio simulation (density functional theory) and experiments (UV-vis reflectivity, photoemission, thermal desorption) to determine the parameters of greater relevance.After annealing based on industrial conditions, binary alloys (1.5%- 8% wt.) are totally covered by γ-alumina layer some nanometers in thickness. Gas flow focused on the sample leads to a ‘worm’ like growth of the alumina grains while an homogeneous flow gives rise to a well- structured growth which shows the relevance of the study of Zn/α-alumina (0001).The numerical simulations of the early stage of deposition show that, zinc interacts weakly on a stoichiometric surface (1x1) what is in agreement with experiments. Experiment and theory converge on 0.5 eV for adhesion energy. On the other hand, an excess of surface charge can considerably reinforce the adsorption. Two mechanisms were identified and described in terms of thermodynamics stability according to the environmental conditions (pressure, temperature): (i) electron deficiency present at polar termination, such as oxygen rich (ii) an excess of surface hydroxyls groups issued from water dissociation. Interestingly, this effect is operational on both polar and non-polar terminations. In parallel with experiments, calculation show zinc is able to spill over the hydroxyls groups and interact strongly with the surface. Adhesion energy is 7 eV which is in a good agreement with the 3.5 eV of experimental value. Extended over the 3d transition metals series, the calculations identify titanium as the element exposing the strongest interaction with alumina. By focusing on the adhesive characteristics at the Zn/alumina interfaces, calculations show that titanium enrichment can indeed improve considerably the adhesion.

Background and objectives: The commonly used afrosimetric foam-height method for quantifying saponins in quinoa is rapid but imprecise. A rapid UV/Vis method, utilizing the Liebermann-Burchard (LB) color reaction, was compared to the foam method across a range of saponin levels in washed and unwashed seed. Findings: A 6 min UV/Vis method provided greater precision and accuracy than the afrosimetric method at the lower saponin levels found in washed quinoa. The afrosimetric method did not differentiate saponin levels below 0.6 mg/mL but allows for useful relative comparisons of saponin content in unwashed quinoa where the foam height is large. Conclusions: The UV/Vis method is superior for analyzing saponins present on washed quinoa seed, while the foam method is adequate for saponin measurements in unwashed seed. Significance and novelty: The UV/Vis assay provides a new tool that can be used for in-process quality control in large-scale processing facilities, allowing for rapid, accurate determination of completion of the desaponization step.

This thesis examines the preparation of thin layers of material for photovoltaic applications with focused on perovskites and determining their optical properties. Basic information about the photovoltaic panels, especially about the perovskites, and the preparation of thin layers is supplied in the theoretical section. This section includes description of optical properties and the main method of study of optical properties, spectroscopic ellipsometry. Experimental section is focused on the preparation of thin layers of perovskites FAPbBr3 and its precursors by spin-coating. Optical properties are evaluated using profilometry, UV VIS spectrometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The conclusion summarizes the results of this experiment with focused on comparison of ellipsometric spectrums of perovskites and its precursors.

This dissertation explores the structural modification of indigo into its rare cis form by substitution of a short organic bridge between the two indole nitrogen atoms. The synthesized N,N′-tethered cis-indigoids are assessed for their physicochemical properties in order to understand the effect of the organic tether on cis-indigoid systems. Three literature compounds containing “simple” tether structures are synthesized and subjected to complete characterization. Among them, alkyl group based cis-indigos, 2.5 and 2.6 exhibit similar absorption wavelengths as the parent indigo while oxalyl-tethered indigo 2.7 shows a large hypsochromic shift due to the strong electron-withdrawing nature of the oxalyl group. The electronics of the tether also affected the HOMO and LUMO energy levels; the oxalyl tether lowered both energy levels in comparison to the alkyl tethers. However, the indigoid co-planarity was strongly affected by the ring size from the tether rather than electronics. A new tethered cis-indigo structure type was discovered in reactions involving quinones. This new tether type consists of a 2,2′-dihydroindigo unit connected to the cis-indigo backbone through a central C–C bond of the former. Incorporation of the quinone moiety was observed in 3.2 where the final structure is comprised of two molecules of indigo and one naphthoquinone, while structures of 3.3 and 3.4 contained two indigoid units only. Investigation by CV revealed the strength of the quinone altered the early reaction intermediates. These dimeric cis-indigos show a small hypsochromic shift in the absorption compared to the parent indigo and relatively planar cis-indigoid backbone. 3.2 demonstrates rich redox behaviours. 3.3 and 3.4 display dynamic behaviours observed by solution VT 1H NMR spectroscopy. Oxalyl-tethered cis-Nindigo 4.6a and cis-indigo monoimine 4.7a were synthesized and compared with the indigoid counterpart 2.7 to examine the influence of the arylimine groups. Absorption wavelengths of the imine group containing species depended strongly on the electronics of the tether, yet the number of imine groups affected redox potentials. Protonation of 4.6a (to give H+oxalyl Nindigo 4.6aH+) causes a bathochromic shift in the absorption and allows for much easier reduction. The acidity (pKa) of 4.6aH+ is estimated between 3.6 – 4.46 in DMSO. A protonated cis-Nindigo derivative 4.9aH+ was obtained via reduction of the oxalyl group and is compared with 4.6aH+. / Graduate / 2022-08-13