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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Charge Density Distribution in Low-Valent Tetrels

Kratzert, Daniel 09 April 2013 (has links)
No description available.
62

Optimalizace a aplikace testů pro stanovení ekotoxicity nanomateriálů / Optimization and application of assays for determination ecotoxicity of nanomaterials

Semerád, Jaroslav January 2015 (has links)
This thesis deals with optimization and application of assays for determination of ecotoxicity of nanomaterials based on nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), which are used in remedial technologies. After in situ application of nZVI, a significant decrease in toxicity of polluted environment was detected; however, a potential negative effect of nanoparticles has not been sufficiently investigated yet. Standard used tests were found to be incompatible with nZVI for toxicity determination. Specific characteristics of nZVI, such as high reactivity and sorption, complicate determining the toxicity by routinely used ecotoxicity tests. Concentration ranging from 0,1 to 10 g/l that are used in practise for decontamination were tested. These concentrations resulted in formation of turbidity, which prevented the use of standard tests. In this work, a new method has been optimized for in vitro toxicity testing of nZVI and derived nanomaterials using bacteria. The principle of this assay is determination of oxidative stress (OS). The disbalance between formation and degradation of reactive oxygen species (i.e. OS) leads to irreversible changes in biomolecules of organisms and formation of undesirable products. A toxic and mutagenic product - malondialdehyde (MDA) is formed during lipid peroxidation and it is a...
63

Síntese e caracterização de complexos contendo núcleos dimetálicos de rutênio e ligantes dicarboxilatos / Synthesis and characterization of complexes containing dinuclear ruthenium and dicarboxylate ligands

Ribeiro, Geise 28 November 2001 (has links)
Compostos do tipo [M2(O2CR)4] com ligação múltipla direta entre os centros metálicos apresentam importância do ponto de vista teórico bem como da química aplicada a diversas áreas. Recentemente tem havido um grande interesse voltado, especialmente, para o design de novos materiais construídos com base nestas unidades dimetálicas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de complexos de rutênio que apresentam núcleos M2 de valência mista do tipo Ru2(lI,III) com ligantes dicarboxílicos. A partir do complexo [Ru2(OAc)4CI], foram sintetizados compostos com os ligantes dicarboxilatos -O2C-R-CO2-, em que R são cadeias carbônicas saturadas (succinato, adipato e dodecanodioato) ou anéis aromáticos (tereftalato e 4,4\'-bifenildicarboxilato). Modificando-se a metodologia de síntese, foi possível isolar dois tipos de compostos: [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip, dode, tere e bife) e [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O) 2] (R = adip e dode). Todos os compostos apresentam bandas de absorção na região do visível, ao redor de 450 nm, e do infravermelho próximo, ao redor de 1100 nm, que podem ser atribuídas, respectivamente às transições eletrônicas π (Ru-O, Ru2) → π* (Ru2) e δ (Ru2) → δ* (Ru2). Estas transições são características de espécies de [Ru2]5+, comprovando a manutenção das ligações metal-metal nos derivados. Os valores dos momentos magnéticos efetivos (µeff), calculados com base em medidas de susceptibilidade magnética, estão na faixa de 3,8-4,4 M.B para os compostos [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip e dode) e correspondem à configuração eletrônica do estado fundamental do tipo σ2 µ4 δ2 (µ*)2 (δ *)1, com três elétrons desemparelhados, que é observada para carboxilatos de dirutênio (lI,III). Valores de µeff um pouco mais altos foram obtidos para os demais compostos, provavelmente devido à existência de algum tipo de acoplamento magnético. Nos espectros vibracionais FT-IR, observam-se bandas na faixa de 1470 a 1390 cm-1, que é típica das frequências de estiramentos νa e νs dos grupos COO- de carboxilatos ligados em ponte. Bandas relativas às frequências de estiramento das ligações metal-metal, ν(Ru-Ru), são observadas nos espectros Raman ao redor de 330 cm-1. Estes dados indicam que os compostos apresentam estruturas do tipo gaiola em que os ligantes carboxilatos formam pontes equatoriais (via grupo COO-) entre dois íons metálicos, estabilizando a ligação múltipla Ru-Ru. Devido à presença de dois grupos COO- para cada íon dicarboxilato, ocorre também a formação de pontes equatoriais entre centros de [Ru2]5+, gerando espécies poliméricas constituídas por unidades [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2]+. As posições axiais são ocupadas pelos ânions cloreto ou carboxilato, respectivamente nos casos dos compostos [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] e [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O)2], que também formam pontes entre unidades dimetálicas. As presenças das pontes axiais e das pontes equatoriais entre unidades de [Ru2]5+ gerando estruturas tridimensionais que apresentam dois tipos distintos de lamelas ou camadas foram comprovadas com base nos valores das distâncias interplanares calculadas a partir dos difratogramas de raios-X de pó dos compostos. Os compostos são termicamente estáveis até a temperatura de ~ 250°C, conforme verificado por meio de estudos de análise termogravimétrica. Acima desta temperatura, começam a ocorrer perdas de massa que correspondem às perdas totais dos ligantes equatoriais e axiais, considerando-se o RuO2 como produto final das decomposições térmicas. Os compostos [Ru2(adip)2CI], [Ru2(tere)2CI] e [Ru4(dode)5(H2O)2] apresentam áreas superficiais elevadas, aproximadamente iguais a 170, 100 e 40 m2/g, respectivamente, que podem estar relacionadas à formação de estruturas microporosas. Estes tipos de estruturas com poros podem atuar como adsorvedores de gases, por exemplo, o que torna os compostos bastante promissores para aplicação na área de novos materiais microporosos, especialmente o primeiro cuja área é cerca de duas vezes maior do que a do segundo, o qual está descrito na literatura como bom adsorvedor para N2, O2 e Ar. / Compounds containing dimetal units [M2(O2CR)4] which have metal-metal multiple bonds are of great interest in both theoretical and applied chemistry. Recently they have been investigated as important compounds for the design of new materiaIs. The main goal of this work is the study of mixed valent diruthenium carboxylates. Compounds formed by Ru2(II,III) centers and -O2C-R-CO2- dicarboxylate ligands, where R is a saturated carbon chain (succinate, adipate and dodecanodioate) or aromatic ring (terephthalate and 4,4\'-diphenyldicarboxylate), were synthesized. Two types of compounds were obtained depending on the synthetic methodology: [Ru2( O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip, dode, tere and bife) and [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O) 2] (R = adip and dode). AlI compounds exhibit absorption bands in the visible region, around 450 nm, and in the near infrared, around 1100 nm, which can be ascribed respectively to the π (Ru-O, Ru2) → π* (Ru2) and δ (Ru2) → δ* (Ru2) electronic transitions. These are characteristic of [Ru2]5+ dimetal species, indicating that the metal-metal bonds are present in the derivatives. The effective magnetic moments (µeff) values calculated from magnetic susceptibilities data are in the range of 3.8 - 4.4 B.M. for the [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip and dode) compounds, corresponding to the σ2 µ4 δ2 (µ*)2 (δ *)1 ground state electronic configuration, with three unpaired electrons, that is observed for diruthenium (II,III) carboxylates. Higher µeff values found for the other compounds can be due to some type of magnetic coupling. The FT-IR vibrational spectra show characteristic bands in the region of 1470 1390 cm-1 that is typical of symmetric and asymmetric bridging carboxylate stretching modes. The metal-metal stretching modes, ν (Ru-Ru), are observed in the Raman spectra around 330 cm-1. Based on these results, it can be proposed that the compounds exhibit \'lantern\' type structures where the carboxylate ligands bridge two metal ions equatorially by COO- groups, stabilizing the Ru-Ru multiple bound. Due to the presence of two COO- groups for each dicarboxylate ion, there is the occurrence of equatorial bridges between [Ru2]5+ centers too, generating polymeric species constituted by [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2]+ units. The chloride or the carboxylate anionic axial ligands, respectively in [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] and [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O)2] compounds, can also bridge the dimetal units in the axial direction. The existence of these axial and equatorial bridges between [Ru2]5+ units generate tridimensional network structures that exhibit two different types of layers, as shown by the analysis of the interplanar distances calculated from powder X-ray diffiaction of the solids. The compounds are thermally stable up to 250°C as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. Above this temperature, there are losses of mass that correspond to the total losses of the equatorial and the axial ligands considering the RuO2 as the product of thermal decomposition. The [Ru2(adip)2CI], [Ru2(tere)2CI] and [Ru4(dode)5(H2O)2] compounds exhibit large superficial areas, about 170, 100 and 40 m2/g respectively, which could be indicative of microporous structures. These kinds of porous structures can be used as adsorbents for gases, for example. It makes the compounds very interesting for application as new microporous materiaIs, specially for the former which has a superficial area twice as bigger as the second one that is described in the literature as good adsorbent for N2, O2e Ar.
64

ESTUDO DA DEGRADAÇÃO DE CORANTE PRETO REATIVO 5 UTILIZANDO-SE FERRO DE VALÊNCIA ZERO

Lumbaque, Elisabeth Cuervo 05 February 2016 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisabeth Cuervo.pdf: 3041394 bytes, checksum: d52feeeeb690f6c95144bb6efae990d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-05 / In recent years have been generated innumerable cases of contamination in natural water bodies caused by different types of industry, highlighted water pollution from the textile effluents that are discharged directly into receiving bodies after inadequate treatment and or without treatment. In this context, there is a need to develop more efficient technologies and within of chemical processes applied to the treatment of textile effluents, oxidation and or reduction of pollutants present an attractive alternative for degradation efficiency compared to processes conventional. This way, the use of Fe0 as reducing agent of environmental pollutants has been studied and its main advantages are low toxicity, lower cost and high potential reductant (E0 Fe0/Fe2+ -0.440 V). This work studied the degradation of reactive black dye 5 using the Fe0 in three different matrices (powder, steel wool and nanoparticles immobilized in alginate) as a source for the occurrence of a reductive process and associating this process to Fenton and Fenton advanced system. The dye degradation studies using steel wool at pH 3.0 showed a high efficiency of the process 98 ±1.0 % of removal color in dye solution, when associated with Fenton process the degradation of aromatic intermediates formed was 93.55 ±1.0 % in 120 minutes of total reaction time. The removal of total organic carbon (TOC) was significant with 82.78% ± 1.0 furthermore ecotoxicity studies using biological indicators such as Lactuca sativa and Daphnia magna demonstrated that two processes combination do not present toxicity. The Fenton advanced system showed high degradation efficiency of the dye with 98% of discoloration at reaction times of 45 minutes.The synthesis and immobilization of the zero iron nanoparticles in alginate was efficient,metallic iron evenly distributed was within alginate beads and degradation studies with H2O2 at pH 5.0, obtain 70.3 ± 1.0 % of dye degradation and TOC reduction of 44.7 ± 1.0 % in 60 minutes. The Fenton advanced with steel wool was applied to the effluent from the textile industry obtaining 78.67% discoloration and a decrease of 69.57% in TOC. The results of this work are suitable for possible reuse of water in industry, besides reducing pollution and toxicity in the event of direct release into natural waters. / Nos últimos anos tem-se apresentado inumeráveis casos de contaminação em corpos de águas naturais causados por diferentes tipos de indústrias, em destaque a poluição de água decorrente do lançamento de efluentes têxteis que são lançados diretamente em corpos receptores após tratamento inadequado e ou sem tratamento prévio. Dentro deste contexto, surge a necessidade de desenvolver tecnologias mais eficientes e do ponto de vista dos processos químicos aplicados ao tratamento de efluentes da indústria têxtil, a oxidação e ou a redução de poluentes apresentam uma alternativa atraente por sua eficiência de degradação em comparação aos processos convencionais. Neste sentido, o emprego de Fe0 como agente redutor de poluentes ambientais vem sendo estudado, tendo como principais vantagens a baixa toxicidade, menor custo e alto potencial redutor (E0 Fe0/Fe2+ -0,440 V). ssim, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar a degradação do corante preto reativo 5 utilizando-se o Fe0 em três diferentes matrizes (pó, lã de aço e nanopartículas imobilizadas em alginato) como fonte para que ocorra um processo redutivo e associar este processo ao sistema Fenton e Fenton avançado. Os estudos de degradação do corante via sistema redutivo utilizando lã de aço em pH 3,0 demonstraram alta eficiência do processo obtendo-se 98% 1,0 de remoção da cor e quando associado ao processo de Fenton a degradação dos intermediários aromáticos formados foi de 93,55% 1,0 em um tempo de reação total de 120 minutos. A diminuição do carbono orgânico total (COT) foi significativa apresentando 82,78% 1,0 de remoção, além disso, estudos de ecotoxidade utilizando indicadores biológicos como Lactuca sativa e Daphnia magna demonstraram que combinando os dois processos o efluente não apresenta toxicidade. O sistema de Fenton avançado demonstrou alta eficiência na degradação do corante com índices de descoloração de 98% 1,0 em tempos de reação de 45 minutos. A síntese e imobilização das nanopartículas de ferro zero no alginato foi eficiente, o ferro metálico apresentou-se distribuído uniformemente dentro esferas de alginato possibilitando estudos de degradação em pH 5,0 com H2O2, obtendo 70,3% 1,0 de degradação do corante e diminuição de COT de 44,7% 1,0 em 60 minutos. O tratamento Fenton avançado com lã de aço foi aplicado ao efluente oriundo da indústria têxtil obtendo 78,67 % de descoloração e uma diminuição de 69,57% do COT. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são satisfatórios para possível reuso da água na indústria, além diminuir a poluição e a toxicidade em caso de lançamento direto em águas naturais.
65

Síntese e caracterização de complexos contendo núcleos dimetálicos de rutênio e ligantes dicarboxilatos / Synthesis and characterization of complexes containing dinuclear ruthenium and dicarboxylate ligands

Geise Ribeiro 28 November 2001 (has links)
Compostos do tipo [M2(O2CR)4] com ligação múltipla direta entre os centros metálicos apresentam importância do ponto de vista teórico bem como da química aplicada a diversas áreas. Recentemente tem havido um grande interesse voltado, especialmente, para o design de novos materiais construídos com base nestas unidades dimetálicas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de complexos de rutênio que apresentam núcleos M2 de valência mista do tipo Ru2(lI,III) com ligantes dicarboxílicos. A partir do complexo [Ru2(OAc)4CI], foram sintetizados compostos com os ligantes dicarboxilatos -O2C-R-CO2-, em que R são cadeias carbônicas saturadas (succinato, adipato e dodecanodioato) ou anéis aromáticos (tereftalato e 4,4\'-bifenildicarboxilato). Modificando-se a metodologia de síntese, foi possível isolar dois tipos de compostos: [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip, dode, tere e bife) e [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O) 2] (R = adip e dode). Todos os compostos apresentam bandas de absorção na região do visível, ao redor de 450 nm, e do infravermelho próximo, ao redor de 1100 nm, que podem ser atribuídas, respectivamente às transições eletrônicas π (Ru-O, Ru2) → π* (Ru2) e δ (Ru2) → δ* (Ru2). Estas transições são características de espécies de [Ru2]5+, comprovando a manutenção das ligações metal-metal nos derivados. Os valores dos momentos magnéticos efetivos (µeff), calculados com base em medidas de susceptibilidade magnética, estão na faixa de 3,8-4,4 M.B para os compostos [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip e dode) e correspondem à configuração eletrônica do estado fundamental do tipo σ2 µ4 δ2 (µ*)2 (δ *)1, com três elétrons desemparelhados, que é observada para carboxilatos de dirutênio (lI,III). Valores de µeff um pouco mais altos foram obtidos para os demais compostos, provavelmente devido à existência de algum tipo de acoplamento magnético. Nos espectros vibracionais FT-IR, observam-se bandas na faixa de 1470 a 1390 cm-1, que é típica das frequências de estiramentos νa e νs dos grupos COO- de carboxilatos ligados em ponte. Bandas relativas às frequências de estiramento das ligações metal-metal, ν(Ru-Ru), são observadas nos espectros Raman ao redor de 330 cm-1. Estes dados indicam que os compostos apresentam estruturas do tipo gaiola em que os ligantes carboxilatos formam pontes equatoriais (via grupo COO-) entre dois íons metálicos, estabilizando a ligação múltipla Ru-Ru. Devido à presença de dois grupos COO- para cada íon dicarboxilato, ocorre também a formação de pontes equatoriais entre centros de [Ru2]5+, gerando espécies poliméricas constituídas por unidades [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2]+. As posições axiais são ocupadas pelos ânions cloreto ou carboxilato, respectivamente nos casos dos compostos [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] e [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O)2], que também formam pontes entre unidades dimetálicas. As presenças das pontes axiais e das pontes equatoriais entre unidades de [Ru2]5+ gerando estruturas tridimensionais que apresentam dois tipos distintos de lamelas ou camadas foram comprovadas com base nos valores das distâncias interplanares calculadas a partir dos difratogramas de raios-X de pó dos compostos. Os compostos são termicamente estáveis até a temperatura de ~ 250°C, conforme verificado por meio de estudos de análise termogravimétrica. Acima desta temperatura, começam a ocorrer perdas de massa que correspondem às perdas totais dos ligantes equatoriais e axiais, considerando-se o RuO2 como produto final das decomposições térmicas. Os compostos [Ru2(adip)2CI], [Ru2(tere)2CI] e [Ru4(dode)5(H2O)2] apresentam áreas superficiais elevadas, aproximadamente iguais a 170, 100 e 40 m2/g, respectivamente, que podem estar relacionadas à formação de estruturas microporosas. Estes tipos de estruturas com poros podem atuar como adsorvedores de gases, por exemplo, o que torna os compostos bastante promissores para aplicação na área de novos materiais microporosos, especialmente o primeiro cuja área é cerca de duas vezes maior do que a do segundo, o qual está descrito na literatura como bom adsorvedor para N2, O2 e Ar. / Compounds containing dimetal units [M2(O2CR)4] which have metal-metal multiple bonds are of great interest in both theoretical and applied chemistry. Recently they have been investigated as important compounds for the design of new materiaIs. The main goal of this work is the study of mixed valent diruthenium carboxylates. Compounds formed by Ru2(II,III) centers and -O2C-R-CO2- dicarboxylate ligands, where R is a saturated carbon chain (succinate, adipate and dodecanodioate) or aromatic ring (terephthalate and 4,4\'-diphenyldicarboxylate), were synthesized. Two types of compounds were obtained depending on the synthetic methodology: [Ru2( O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip, dode, tere and bife) and [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O) 2] (R = adip and dode). AlI compounds exhibit absorption bands in the visible region, around 450 nm, and in the near infrared, around 1100 nm, which can be ascribed respectively to the π (Ru-O, Ru2) → π* (Ru2) and δ (Ru2) → δ* (Ru2) electronic transitions. These are characteristic of [Ru2]5+ dimetal species, indicating that the metal-metal bonds are present in the derivatives. The effective magnetic moments (µeff) values calculated from magnetic susceptibilities data are in the range of 3.8 - 4.4 B.M. for the [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip and dode) compounds, corresponding to the σ2 µ4 δ2 (µ*)2 (δ *)1 ground state electronic configuration, with three unpaired electrons, that is observed for diruthenium (II,III) carboxylates. Higher µeff values found for the other compounds can be due to some type of magnetic coupling. The FT-IR vibrational spectra show characteristic bands in the region of 1470 1390 cm-1 that is typical of symmetric and asymmetric bridging carboxylate stretching modes. The metal-metal stretching modes, ν (Ru-Ru), are observed in the Raman spectra around 330 cm-1. Based on these results, it can be proposed that the compounds exhibit \'lantern\' type structures where the carboxylate ligands bridge two metal ions equatorially by COO- groups, stabilizing the Ru-Ru multiple bound. Due to the presence of two COO- groups for each dicarboxylate ion, there is the occurrence of equatorial bridges between [Ru2]5+ centers too, generating polymeric species constituted by [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2]+ units. The chloride or the carboxylate anionic axial ligands, respectively in [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] and [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O)2] compounds, can also bridge the dimetal units in the axial direction. The existence of these axial and equatorial bridges between [Ru2]5+ units generate tridimensional network structures that exhibit two different types of layers, as shown by the analysis of the interplanar distances calculated from powder X-ray diffiaction of the solids. The compounds are thermally stable up to 250°C as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. Above this temperature, there are losses of mass that correspond to the total losses of the equatorial and the axial ligands considering the RuO2 as the product of thermal decomposition. The [Ru2(adip)2CI], [Ru2(tere)2CI] and [Ru4(dode)5(H2O)2] compounds exhibit large superficial areas, about 170, 100 and 40 m2/g respectively, which could be indicative of microporous structures. These kinds of porous structures can be used as adsorbents for gases, for example. It makes the compounds very interesting for application as new microporous materiaIs, specially for the former which has a superficial area twice as bigger as the second one that is described in the literature as good adsorbent for N2, O2e Ar.
66

Laboratory Investigation Of The Treatment Of Chromium Contaminated Groundwater With Iron-based Permeable Reactive Barriers

Uyusur, Burcu 01 August 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Chromium is a common groundwater pollutant originating from industrial processes such as metal plating, leather tanning and pigment manufacturing. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have proven to be viable and cost-effective systems for remediation of chromium contaminated groundwater at many sites. The purpose of this research presented in this thesis is to focus on two parameters that affect the performance of PRB on chromium removal, namely the concentration of reactive media and groundwater flux by analyzing the data obtained from laboratory column studies. Laboratory scale columns packed with different amounts of iron powder and quartz sand mixtures were fed with 20 mg/l chromium influent solution under different fluxes. When chromium treatment efficiencies of the columns were compared with respect to iron powder/quartz sand ratio, the amount of iron powder was found to be an important parameter for treatment efficiency of PRBs. The formation of H2 gas and the reddish-brown precipitates throughout the column matrix were observed, suggesting the reductive precipitation reactions. SEM-EDX analysis of the iron surface after the breakthrough illustrated chromium precipitation. In addition to chromium / calcium and significant amount of iron-oxides or -hydroxides was also detected on the iron surfaces. When the same experiments were conducted at higher fluxes, an increase was observed in the treatment efficiency in the column containing 50% iron. This suggested that the precipitates may not be accumulating at higher fluxes which, in turn, create available surface area for reduction. Extraction experiments were also performed to determine the fraction of chromium that adsorbed to ironhydroxides. The analysis showed that chromium was not removed by adsorption to oxyhydroxides and that reduction is the only removal mechanism in the laboratory experiments. The observed rate of Cr(VI) removal was calculated for each reactive mixture which ranged from 48.86 hour-1 to 3804.13 hour-1. These rate constants and complete removal efficiency values were thought to be important design parameters in the field scale permeable reactive barrier applications.
67

Evidence for Volatile Organic Compound Mass Reduction Adjacent to Hydraulically Induced, ZVI-Filled Fractures in Clay

Ramdial, Brent 18 May 2012 (has links)
Volatile organic compound (VOC) contamination of low permeability geologic deposits due to Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) penetration through fractures is exceptionally difficult to remediate using in-situ methods as the low permeability of the sediments limits the delivery of reagents proximal to contaminant mass. This thesis examines in detail the extent of organic contaminant treatment away from hydraulically-induced fractures injected with particulate Zero Valent Iron as (1) ZVI and glycol (G-ZVI) and (2) an emulsified ZVI (EZVI) mixture within a contaminated glaciolacustrine clayey deposit. Continuous vertical cores were collected through the treatment zone at 2 and 2.5 years after substrate injections and soil sub-sample spacing was scaled to show the extent of the treatment zone adjacent to the ZVI in the fractures, expecting the treatment would be controlled by diffusion limited transport to the reaction zone. Analytical results show evidence of treatment in both the EZVI and the G-ZVI containing fractures with the presence of degradation by-products and reduced VOC concentrations in the fracture and surrounding clay matrix. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, University Consortium for Field-Focused Groundwater Contamination Research
68

A study of the reactivity and coordination chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes with main group compounds

Waters, Jordan January 2017 (has links)
This thesis describes selected reactivity studies of the N-heterocyclic carbene, IPr, towards a range of main group compounds. The synthesis and characterisation of sixty-three compounds, all of which incorporate IPr as a ligand in one of three coordination modes, are detailed herein. The deprotonation of IPr allowed for the isolation of an anionic source of the aIPr: ligand which was synthesised as a novel potassium salt and along with the previously reported lithium salt, was employed in reactions with group 12 and 14 bis(trimethylsilyl)amides and tetrahalides. The further chemistry of such novel products was investigated towards both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents making use of both the pendant nucleophilic carbene functionality and the electrophilic main group centre. An alternative route to such species was investigated by the spontaneous isomerisation of IPr in the coordination sphere of group 14 tetrabromides and group 15 tribromides. The scope of this reactivity was subsequently investigated and was found to provide a simpler route to access the abnormal coordination mode of IPr. The aIPr ligand which is generated may be deprotonated by additional IPr thereby affording aIPr: ligands. The addition of halide abstracting agents allowed for the synthesis of cationic species stabilised by the coordination of either IPr or aIPr ligands. A unique, spontaneous reductive coupling of two phosphorus centres was discovered to take place upon heating a THF solution of (IPr)PBr<sub>3</sub>. This allowed for the isolation of a bromide bridged P–P bond with reduced phosphorus centres. This facile reduction chemistry was further explored by reaction with mild reducing agents which provide access to low oxidation state phosphorus compounds in high yields. This chemistry was found to be possible (and more effective) due to the presence of the weaker phosphorus bond to bromine relative to the commonly employed chlorine ligands.
69

Uso de processos oxidativos avançados e ferro elementar na remediação de agua subterranea contendo compostos organoclorados / Use of advanced oxidation process and zero valent ironinremediation of groundwater containing chlorinated compounds

Arruda, Tatiana Langbeck de 11 April 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arruda_TatianaLangbeckde_M.pdf: 1545576 bytes, checksum: 2e2b76b3f7f23e5e8b1087d0e9dc7912 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química
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Tratamento redutivo de solo e agua subterranea contaminados com cromo hexavalente / Reduction treatment of soil and groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium

Franco, Debora Vilela 12 April 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T18:50:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franco_DeboraVilela_D.pdf: 6112505 bytes, checksum: 9ffd8531fa2a0322c7b7d08e90de70fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A redução química do cromo hexavalente, Cr(VI), presente em solo e água subterrânea contaminados, foi investigada empregando-se diferentes agentes redutores (batelada e semi-batelada) para avaliar a extensão da redução do Cr(VI) e da imobilização (precipitação) do cromo trivalente, Cr(III). O estudo comparativo envolvendo o uso de diferentes agentes redutores evidenciou que as espécies Fe(II) e FZVcol (nanopartículas estabilizadas com carboximetilcelulose) apresentaram os resultados mais promissores para a remoção do Cr(VI), visto que houve uma redução quantitativa desta espécie com sua concomitante imobilização. A aplicação do Fe(II) e FZVcol nas razões molares 1[Cr(VI)]:20[Fe(II)] e 1[Cr(VI)]:4[FZVcol] resultou na conversão redox superior a 98% e na imobilização das frações de Cr(VI) lábil e trocável. Foi verificado para o Fe(II), que o aumento da velocidade do fluxo volumétrico (G) resulta na diminuição do número de volume de poro para o tratamento do solo e da quantidade de Cr(VI) residual. O estudo hidrodinâmico teórico da coluna recheada com solo (meio poroso) permitiu mensurar o grau de dispersão do redutor na coluna frente ao modelo pistonado de escoamento em função de G mediante o cálculo do coeficiente de dispersão mássica volumétrico (kDV), o qual foi calculado a partir da modelagem da curva de saturação experimental. Foi verificado em todos os casos que a cinética do processo redox Cr(VI)/Cr(III) segue uma lei empírica de velocidade de pseudo-primeira ordem. A complexidade cinética do processo redox foi evidenciada pela dependência da constante de velocidade global de pseudo-primeira ordem (k*) com o tempo de reação, G e a concentração inicial do redutor. Um modelo cinético fenomenológico foi proposto para se obter uma expressão representativa de k* nas diferentes situações experimentais investigadas, bem como nos casos limites previstos. Um esquema reacional global foi proposto para representar os diferentes processos elementares envolvendo as espécies Cr(VI) e Cr(III) na matriz porosa (solo/água subterrânea). Um ensaio de tratamento em escala piloto foi realizado in situ tendo-se como balizadora as condições experimentais mais promissoras obtidas nos estudos realizados em escala laboratorial / Abstract: Chemical reduction of the hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), present in contaminated soil and groundwater was investigated using several different reductants (batch and semi-batch) in order to evaluate the extension of Cr(VI) reduction and the immobilization (precipitation) of trivalent chromium, Cr(III). A comparative study concerning the use of different reductants revealed that Fe(II) and ZVIcol (nanoparticles stabilized with carboximethylcellulose) present the most promising findings for the Cr(VI) removal, since it was found that a quantitative reduction of this specie is accompanied by its immobilization. Application of Fe(II) and ZVIcol using the 1[Cr(VI)]:20[Fe(II)] and 1[Cr(VI)]:4[ZVIcol] molar ratios resulted in a redox conversion degree higher than 98% and in the immobilization of the labile and the exchangeable Cr(VI) fractions. It was verified for Fe(II) that increasing the volumetric flow rate (G) both the pore volume necessary for the redox treatment and the residual Cr(VI) decrease. The theoretical hydrodynamic study concerning the packed column reactor containing soil (porous medium) permitted to evaluate the reductant dispersion degree inside the column in relation to the plug-flow model as functions of G by measuring the volumetric mass dispersion coefficient (kVD), which was calculated from simulation of the experimental saturation curve. In all cases, it was found the kinetics of the Cr(VI)/Cr(III) redox process follows a pseudo-first order rate law. The complexicity concerning the kinetic process was evidenced by the dependence of the overall pseudo-first order kinetic rate constant (k*) on reaction time, G and the initial concentration of the reductant. A phenomenological kinetic model was proposed in order to obtain a relation capable to represent k* for the different experimental conditions investigated, as well for the possible limit cases. An overall reaction scheme was proposed in order to describe the different elementary processes concerning the Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species, which take place inside the porous soil matrix (soil/groundwater). A pilot scale test was carried out in situ taking into account the best experimental scenario obtained in laboratory. / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciencias Quimicas

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