Sea level rise (SLR) is posing a great risk of flooding and inundation to coastal areas in Florida. Some coastal nesting species, including sea turtle species, have experienced diminished habitat from SLR. In an effort to assess the economic and ecosystem service loss to coastal areas with respect to sea turtles Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) were used. The CVM was used to measure the economic impacts of SLR on sea turtles. Open-ended and dichotomous choice CVM was used to obtain the willingness to pay (WTP) values of Florida residents to implement certain mitigation strategies which would protect Florida’s east coast sea turtle nesting areas. The problem of sample selection bias was reduced by surveying residents of two cities that would potentially have varying interest in coastal conservation due to their relative distance from the coast. The hypothetical WTP of Florida households to implement policies designed to protect sea turtle habitat from development encroachment was estimated to be between $21 and $29 per year for a maximum of five years. Characteristics of respondents were found to have statistically significant impacts on their WTP. Findings include a negative correlation between the age of a respondent and the probability of an individual willing to pay the hypothetical WTP amount. Counter intuitively, it was found that WTP of an individual was not dependent on prior knowledge of the effects of SLR on sea turtle habitat. As the level of this awareness increased, the probability to pay the hypothetical WTP value decreased. The greatest indicators of whether or not an individual was willing to pay to protect sea turtle habitat were the respondents’ perception regarding the importance of sea turtle population health to the ecosystem, and their confidence in the conservation methods used. iii Concepts of Habitat Equivalency Analysis were used in order to determine the ecosystem service lost due to SLR. The study area of Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge (ACNWR) has a continually increasing sea turtle population due to various conservation efforts. However, how the inundation of the coastal area will injure this habitat was assessed, and if mitigation strategies to compensate for the loss are necessary. The carrying capacity (CC) of the refuge was chosen as the metric of the ecosystem service. Using the estimated area of ACNWR and the approximate area needed by a sea turtle to nest, the theoretical number of sea turtle nests possible on the refuge was calculated. This value was then projected to the year 2100 using the sea level rise scenarios provided by IPCC (2007) and NRC (2010). In order to quantify the injury caused by the decrease in the refuge’s CC, the number of sea turtle nests on the refuge was projected to the year 2100 using the data obtained over the past 30 years. The analysis concludes a potential loss of service to be experienced as early as 2060’s due to the carrying capacity of the refuge diminishing with the loss of the habitat due to the increase in the mean sea level.

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Studentbostäder är en typ av kategoriboende som har egenskaper som skiljer sig från traditionella hyresbostäder. Därför är det intressant att undersöka hur studentbostadshus fastighetsspecifika faktorer påverkar marknadsvärdesbedömningen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur fastighetsvärderare bedömer osäkerheten vid värdering av studentbostadshus och hur den hanteras. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ metod använts. Åtta intervjuer har genomförts med sex fastighetsvärderare samt tre andra kunniga inom studentbostadsmarknaden i kombination med en litteraturstudie. Studien har visat att osäkerheten bedöms uppstå vid antagandet av direktavkastningskravet. Direktavkastningskravet härleds från marknaden genom att studera förhållandet mellan driftnetto och pris. Då studentbostäder är ett kategoriboende som utgör en illikvid delmarknad är det osäkert vad direktavkastningskravet bör sättas till då det saknas jämförbara objekt i brist på transaktioner. Därav baseras direktavkastningskravet på marknaden för vanliga hyresbostadshus vilket leder till att värderaren behöver justera direktavkastningskravet för att det ska bli applicerbart på studentbostadsmarknaden. I denna justering uppstår en ökad osäkerhet. Antagandet om direktavkastningskravet påverkas av fastighetens läge, möjligheten till alternativ användning, drift- och underhållskostnader, vakansgrad samt om det är en fastighet med korridorsrum eller lägenheter. Vidare används direktavkastningskravet för att hantera osäkerheten. Genom att höja direktavkastningskravet kompenserar värderaren för den ökade osäkerheten i värderingen. / Student housing is a real estate type that has attributes that differ from traditional rental housing. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate how property-specific factors attached to the student housing buildings affect the market value of the property. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how real estate valuers assess the uncertainty when valuing student housing and how it is managed. To investigate this, a qualitative method has been used. Eight interviews were held with six real estate valuers and three other knowledgeable people in the student housing market in combination with a literature study. The study has shown that the uncertainty in the valuation emerges because of the difficulty in estimating the exit yield. The exit yield is derived from the market by studying the relationship between net operating income and price. As student housing is unique and constitutes an illiquid submarket, it is uncertain what the exit yield should be, as there are no comparable objects because of the lack of transactions. As a result, the exit yield is derived from the market of rental housing buildings, which means that the valuer needs to adjust the exit yield to become applicable on the student housing market. When adjusting the exit yield an extra uncertainty emerges. The assumption about the exit yield is affected by the property's location, the possibility of alternative use, operating and maintenance costs, vacancy rate and whether it is a property with corridor rooms or apartments. Furthermore, the exit yield is used to manage the uncertainty. By increasing the exit yield, the valuer compensates for the increased uncertainty in the valuation.

Objektyviai ir teisingai įmonės vertei nustatyti reikia išanalizuoti verslo aplinką, numatyti įmonės ateities perspektyvas ir būsimus pinigų srautus, atlikti sudėtingus žinių ir praktikos reikalaujančius skaičiavimus. Išsamaus vertinimo metu, remiantis verslo vertinimo metodologiniais nurodymais, nustatoma tiksliausia įmonės vertė. Gautas rezultatas, apimantis įmonės vidinius iš išorinius aplinkos veiksnius, suinteresuotiems rinkos dalyviams suteikia daug naudingos informacijos. Šiuo metu Lietuvoje dar tik plėtojama verslo vertinimo praktika, remiantis užsienio šalių patirtimi, atsižvelgiant į Tarptautinius ir Europos verslo vertinimo standartus. Verslo vertinimo sistemos išvystymas, specializuotų duomenų bazių sukūrimas, detalių metodinių leidinių platinimas, viešųjų mokymų ir konsultacijų rengimas Lietuvos verslininkams suteiktų didesnių perspektyvų bei galimybių konkurencingai plėtoti savo veiklą ne tik Lietuvos, bet ir Europos Sąjungos mastu. Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių investuotojams būtų suteikta reikšminga informacija. Tyrimo objektas – verslo vertinimo metodai, jų teorinė analizė ir praktinis pritaikymas vertinant AB „Pieno žvaigždės“. Darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti verslo vertinimo metodus. Remiantis teorine analize apskaičiuoti AB „Pieno žvaigždės” verslo vertę, pritaikant pajamų, turto ir rinkos požiūrio metodus. Tikslui pasiekti iškelti šie svarbiausi darbo uždaviniai: Apibrėžti pagrindines su verslo vertinimu susijusias sąvokas; Išskirti dažniausiai naudojamus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In order to estimate company's value clearly and objectively it is necessary to analyze business environment, forecast company’s prospect and future cash flows; to make complex calculations, which require great efforts of knowledge and practice. In the process of comprehensive valuation, which is based on methodological references of business valuation, value of the particular company is set in the most précised way. The result, which also includes company's internal and external factors of business environment, gives plenty of useful information to the concerned parties. In Lithuania, at the present time, the practice of business valuation is in the development level, which is based on the practice of other countries and consideration of standards of International and European business valuation. The development of business valuation system, the creation of specialized data bases, the spreading of methodological editions, the arrangement of public instructions and consultations for Lithuanian businessmen would provide wider range of opportunities and possibilities to develop their activities in Lithuania as well as in European Union. The important information would reach Lithuanian and other countries investors. The object of graduation paper is the theoretical analysis and adaptation of business valuation methods in the practice during the AB „Pieno žvaigždės“ business activity valuation. The target of task is to analyze the methods of business valuation. In bases of... [to full text]

The goal of this graduation thesis is a proposal of domain names valuation methodology. For the purpose of valuation the domain names are divided into three classes based on the manner of generation of their utility which is the main value making factor. For the domain names class which is able to generate cash flow itself there are two income methods proposed -- DCF method and market comparison method. The domain names which serve as a marketing tool and therefore their utility is projected into incomes for products and services, are marked as class two. Their valuation is based on excess earnings method and profit premium method. The last class is the domain names whose utility is not known and neither obvious. Their valuation is made through combination of expanse and income methods in the form of point method. Model examples of valuation for each class of domain names are mentioned in the last chapter.

The thesis aims to explore patterns and methods that lead to valuation of real estate assets through a process of hotel appraisal. It therefore focuses on a hotel as a special type of property. It seeks to derive a general procedure for determination of value of a property used as an asset for operation of a hotel through combination of established business valuation and property valuation methods. The first part of the evaluation mechanism will be quite similar to the valuation of a company process. Emphasis is placed on the analytical part involving examination at the locality, the strategic and financial analysis and the determination of the constituents that generate value. In the part on property valuation, the use of valuation methods, determination of investment costs and discount rates are discussed in greater detail. The second part focuses on the valuation of real estate assets, namely on the need to exclude the tangible and intangible assets unrelated to the hotel property. The thesis concludes with a recommendation of a procedure that would result in establishment of market value of the hotel's property itself.

The thesis deals with the valuation of the house, including land and all accessories under various conditions. The theoretical part explains the basic terminology and summarises the valuation methods used in this thesis. The practical part begins with the valuation of the house and land including all accessories, according to Ordinance for Valuation and Market Valuation Methods, specifically the Asset Value Method and the Comparative Method. The next section considers the existence of a life-use easement by a co-owner of part of the house, gardens and common areas, and sets the value of the property burdened by this easement. At the end, the property is valued as two separate apartments. All costs necessary to achieve the income from rent and property redevelopment are estimated, as well as the net annual return which would result from letting the two apartments. Final assessment of the benefit of the project is implemented through an Economic Rent Method and its comparison with the annual rent income.

<p>Title: The appraiser’s choice of valuation method – factors that influences the choice of company valuation methods</p><p>Seminar date: 04/06/07</p><p>Course: Master thesis in Business Administration, 10 Swedish credits.</p><p>Authors: Anne Benedicks and Veronica Öberg</p><p>Advisor: Eron Oxing</p><p>Profession of category: Financial analysts, auditors and company lawyers.</p><p>Key words: Company valuation, valuation methods, cash flow analysis, comparative valuation, the net asset value method.</p><p>The Main Issue: What is of decisive importance when choosing a special company valuation method?</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify, analyse and evaluate the most common methods of valuation for financial analysts, auditors and company lawyers and those factors that influences the choice of method.</p><p>Method: A multiple survey has been implemented for the actual profession categories. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey.</p><p>Theoretical: The theoretical frame of reference is based upon the paper’s dependent variable, i.e. the role of the appraiser. The appraiser is dependent of following undependent variables: comparative valuation of company, situations of valuation, relevant information, the processes of valuation, the methods of valuation and common custom valuation.</p><p>Empiricism: Material from the interviews and the questionnaire survey shows how the professional category respectively acts when they valuate a company and why and which valuation method is used. According to the interviews the financial analysts often uses comparative evaluation, the auditor uses the cash flow analysis while the lawyer chooses the net asset value method.</p><p>Conclusion: The result of this paper considerable agrees to earlier research within the field. The main underlying factor for the appraiser to choose a certain evaluation method is simply depending on the actual situation. Example of other determining factors is customer relations, access to relevant information and which type of business under evaluation.</p> / <p>Yrkesgrupper: Finansanalytiker, revisorer och jurister.</p><p>Problemformulering: Vad är avgörande för att en specifik företagsvärderingsmetod väljs?</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera, analysera och utvärdera vilka de vanligast förekommande värderingsmetoderna är för finansanalytiker, revisorer och jurister samt vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av metod.</p><p>Metod: En flerfallstudie har gjorts hos de berörda yrkeskategorierna. Primärdata samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer samt enkätundersökning.</p><p>Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen utgår från uppsatsens beroende variabel, värderarens roll. De oberoende variabler som värderaren är beroende av är: relativ företagsvärdering, värderingssituationer, informationskällor, värderingsprocessen, värderingsmetoder och god värderingssed.</p><p>Empiri: Material från intervjuer och enkätundersökning visar på hur respektive yrkeskategori handlar i en företagsvärderingssituation samt varför och med vilken värderingsmetod. Enligt intervjuerna använder finansanalytikern oftast jämförande värdering, revisorn väljer kassaflödesanalys medan juristen väljer substansvärdemetoden.</p><p>Slutsats: Uppsatsens resultat överensstämmer på ett bra sätt med tidigare forskning inom området. Den största bakomliggande faktorn till att värderaren väljer en viss värderingsmetod beror oftast på situationen. Exempel på andra avgörande element är relationen till kunden, tillgång till information samt vilken typ av företag som ska värderas.</p>

Title: The appraiser’s choice of valuation method – factors that influences the choice of company valuation methods Seminar date: 04/06/07 Course: Master thesis in Business Administration, 10 Swedish credits. Authors: Anne Benedicks and Veronica Öberg Advisor: Eron Oxing Profession of category: Financial analysts, auditors and company lawyers. Key words: Company valuation, valuation methods, cash flow analysis, comparative valuation, the net asset value method. The Main Issue: What is of decisive importance when choosing a special company valuation method? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify, analyse and evaluate the most common methods of valuation for financial analysts, auditors and company lawyers and those factors that influences the choice of method. Method: A multiple survey has been implemented for the actual profession categories. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey. Theoretical: The theoretical frame of reference is based upon the paper’s dependent variable, i.e. the role of the appraiser. The appraiser is dependent of following undependent variables: comparative valuation of company, situations of valuation, relevant information, the processes of valuation, the methods of valuation and common custom valuation. Empiricism: Material from the interviews and the questionnaire survey shows how the professional category respectively acts when they valuate a company and why and which valuation method is used. According to the interviews the financial analysts often uses comparative evaluation, the auditor uses the cash flow analysis while the lawyer chooses the net asset value method. Conclusion: The result of this paper considerable agrees to earlier research within the field. The main underlying factor for the appraiser to choose a certain evaluation method is simply depending on the actual situation. Example of other determining factors is customer relations, access to relevant information and which type of business under evaluation. / Yrkesgrupper: Finansanalytiker, revisorer och jurister. Problemformulering: Vad är avgörande för att en specifik företagsvärderingsmetod väljs? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att identifiera, analysera och utvärdera vilka de vanligast förekommande värderingsmetoderna är för finansanalytiker, revisorer och jurister samt vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av metod. Metod: En flerfallstudie har gjorts hos de berörda yrkeskategorierna. Primärdata samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer samt enkätundersökning. Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen utgår från uppsatsens beroende variabel, värderarens roll. De oberoende variabler som värderaren är beroende av är: relativ företagsvärdering, värderingssituationer, informationskällor, värderingsprocessen, värderingsmetoder och god värderingssed. Empiri: Material från intervjuer och enkätundersökning visar på hur respektive yrkeskategori handlar i en företagsvärderingssituation samt varför och med vilken värderingsmetod. Enligt intervjuerna använder finansanalytikern oftast jämförande värdering, revisorn väljer kassaflödesanalys medan juristen väljer substansvärdemetoden. Slutsats: Uppsatsens resultat överensstämmer på ett bra sätt med tidigare forskning inom området. Den största bakomliggande faktorn till att värderaren väljer en viss värderingsmetod beror oftast på situationen. Exempel på andra avgörande element är relationen till kunden, tillgång till information samt vilken typ av företag som ska värderas.

In the thesis we analyse changes in derivatives valuation after the financial crisis and their impact on behaviour of financial institutions. We focus mainly on the changes related to counterparty credit risk and valuation adjustments. We describe in economical terms the relationship between counterparty credit risk and traditional credit risk, we also introduce management and modelling of this risk. In second part of the study we analyse the regulatory framework, in particular new capital requirement and mandatory central clearing of OTC derivatives. We discuss inconsistencies between regulatory and internal approaches to the counterparty risk measurement and also significant systemic risk connected to central counterparties. Finally we investigate the impact of changes in derivatives valuation on banks in both the EU and the Czech Republic. Specifically we are interested in optimal approach to entering into derivative trade.