Archaea is one of the three domains of life and studies of archaeal biology are important for understanding of life in extreme environments, fundamental biogeochemical processes, the origin of life, the eukaryotic cell and their own, unique biology. This thesis presents four studies of the archaeal cell, using the extremophilic Sulfolobus and ocean living Nitrosopumilus as model systems. Cell division in crenarchaea is shown to be carried out by a previously unknown system named Cdv (cell division). The system shares homology with the eukaryotic ESCRT-III system which is used for membrane reorganization during vesicle formation, viral release and cytokinesis. Organisms of the phylum Thaumarchaeota also use the Cdv system, despite also carrying genes for the euryarchaeal and bacterial cell division system FtsZ. The thaumarchaeal cell cycle is demonstrated to be dominated by the prereplicative and replicative stage, in contrasts to the crenarchaeal cell cycle where the cell at the majority of the time resides in the postreplicative stage. The replication rate is remarkably low and closer to what is measured for eukaryotes than other archaea. The gene organization of Sulfolobus is significantly associated with the three origins of replication. The surrounding regions are dense with genes of high importance for the organisms such as highly transcribed genes, genes with known function in fundamental cellular processes and conserved archaeal genes. The overall gene density is elevated and transposons are underrepresented. The archaeal virus SIRV2 displays a lytic life style where the host cell at the final stage of infection is disrupted for release of new virus particles. The remarkable pyramid-like structure VAP (virus associated pyramids), that is formed independently of the virus particle, is used for cell lysis. The research presented in this thesis describes unique features of the archaeal cell and influences our understanding of the entire tree of life.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:46:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CristianeRM.pdf: 5245197 bytes, checksum: e2a591b692b29f0a98a345fa8cdc01ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-29 / Quasi-experimental study, prospective with quantitative approach, performed at the Hospital do Cora??o in Natal, aimed at verified the existence of difference between the care given by health professionals to the patients under mechanical ventilation (MV) in the Intensive Care Unit, before and after an educative intervention. The population was of 31 professionals, with data collected between november 05 of 2007 to march 27 of 2008. The results show a yong population, female gender, middle level of education, nursing technique, working between 05 and 09 years on nursing profession, and 01 to 04 years on Intensive Care Unit; almost all, never had an kind of training over prevent pneumonia associated to mechanical ventilation; from those that had training, occur on the work place with duration from 12 to 24 hours. About endotracheal intubation, the cuff was tested with a sterilized syringe had a positive change after a educative intervention, increased from 75,0% to 100,0%; the sterile guide was used on 75,0% before and 100,0% after an educative intervention. Regarding endotracheal suction procedure, was not informed to the patient on 72,7% before, however was informed on 56,7% after; the hands was not previously washed 68,5% before, however was 63,3% after the procedure; mask was used on 74,2 % opportunities before and 76,7% after; the aspiration catheter had adequated size on 98,9% observation before and 100,0% after; the gaze was sterilized on 95,7% before and 100,0% after; the ventilator was connected to the patient during the aspiration intervals on 94,4% observation before and 100,0% after; the ambu bag was clean and protected on 76,1% before and 85,7% after; the aspiration catheter was discarded after be used on 98,9% before and 100,0% after; FIO2 was turned to the begging value on 32,9% observation before and 12,0% after; before the procedure 71,9% professions washed their hands and 73,3% after; before, notes of aspiration results were performed on 70,8% observation and 86,7% after. Regarding devices used on respiratory tract, aspirator flasks were not swapped on 84,6% observations before and 71,0% after; daily l?tex extention change was not performed on 93,6% observation before and 87,1% after; the ambu bag change was not performed on 50,0% observation before even if was duty or unprotected and on 75,8% opportunities was changed, after; nebulization was not prepared with sterile fluids or manipulated aseptically on 65,2% observation before, perhaps was on 71,7% after; before nebulizers were not changed on 65,2% observations, perhaps were on 60,9% after. Concerning ventilator breathing circuits, condense fluids cumulated on circuits were removed on 55,0% opportunities before, and 64,0% after; moisturizer was not filled with sterile water when already had small amount of liquid inside on 78,4% observations before, and 90,2% after; MV circuits were changed on 97,0% observations on presence of visible duty or when presents some kind of failure, before and 98,4% after. About body position, on 51,3% observations the decubitus position change were done before and 78,2% after; fowler position was maitened on 95,5% observations before and 98,2% after; Regarding respiratory physiotherapy, enteral diet was not interrupted before respiratory physiotherapy on 94,9% before and 90,0% after; respiratory physiotherapy devices were not disinfected or sterile on 69,6% observations before but they re on 60,0% after; before the cateter was not tested before introduction enteral diet or medications on 100,0% but after was done on 15,2%. About enteral feeding, intestine motility and measure of stomach contents were not done on 100,0% observations before, but was 15,2% after. We conclude that 05 of 07 valuated procedures in relation to MV, had a significant improvement on quality of care given after educative intervention, when compared before intervention / Estudo quase-experimental, com abordagem quantitativa, delineamento tempo-s?rie e dados prospectivos, realizado no Hospital do Cora??o de Natal, objetivando verificar a exist?ncia de diferen?a entre a assist?ncia prestada pelos profissionais de sa?de aos pacientes sob ventila??o mec?nica (VM) internados na UTI, antes e ap?s uma interven??o educativa. A popula??o fo de 31 profissionais, com dados coletados entre 05 de novembro de 2007 e 27 de mar?o de 2008. Os resultados mostram uma popula??o jovem, entre 20 e 30 anos de idade, do sexo feminino, ensino n?vel m?dio completo, na maioria, t?cnicos de enfermagem, trabalhando entre 05 e 09 anos na profiss?o, e 01 e 04 anos em UTI; a maioria nunca realizou treinamento acerca da preven??o de PAV; dos que realizaram, participaram em eventos da institui??o com dura??o entre 12 e 24 horas. Quanto ? intuba??o endotraqueal, o teste do cuff com seringa est?ril sofreu modifica??o positiva, ap?s a interven??o educativa, aumentando de 75,0% para 100,0%; o fio guia est?ril foi usado em 75,0% das ocasi?es antes e em 100,0% ap?s. Sobre aaspira??o endotraqueal, n?o foi explicado ao paciente sobre esse procedimento em 72,7% das situa??es antes, mas foi em 56,7% das vezes ap?s; a higieniza??o das m?os n?o foi realizada previamente em 68,5% das vezes antes, mas foi em 63,3% ap?s; a m?scara foi utilizada em 74,2% das oportunidades antes e em 76,7% ap?s; o cateter de aspira??o tinha o tamanho adequado em 98,9% das observa??es antes e em 100,0% ap?s; a gaze usada estava est?ril em 95,7% antes e em 100,0% ap?s; o ventilador foi conectado ao paciente durante os intervalos da aspira??o em 94,4% das oportunidades antes e em 100,0% ap?s; o ambu estava limpo e protegido em 76,1% das situa??es antes e em 85,7% ap?s; o cateter de aspira??o foi descartado ap?s o uso em 98,9% das oportunidades antes e em 100,0% ap?s; a extens?o de l?tex foi limpa em 86,5% das observa??es antes e em 93,3% ap?s; a FIO2 foi retornada ao valor inicial em 32,9% das vezes antes e em 12,0% ap?s; a higieniza??o das m?os ao t?rmino do procedimento foi feita em 71,9% das situa??es antes e em 73,3% ap?s; as anota??es referentes ? aspira??o foram feitas em 70,8% das observa??es antes e em 86,7% ap?s. Quanto aos dispositivos, a troca di?ria dos frascos aspiradores n?o foi obedecida em 84,6% das oportunidades antes e em 71,0% ap?s; a troca di?ria da extens?o de l?tex n?o foi realizada em 93,6% das vezes antes e em 87,1% ap?s; o ambu n?o foi trocado em 50,0% das observa??es, embora estivesse sujo e/ou desprotegido antes, mas em 75,8% das oportunidades esse dispositivo foi trocado ap?s; a nebuliza??o n?o foi preparada com flu?dos n?o est?reis e/ou manipulada assepticamente em 65,2% das ocasi?es antes; entretanto em 71,7% das vezes foram realizados ap?s; os nebulizadores n?o foram trocados em 65,2% das situa??es antes, mas foram em 60,9% ap?s. Acerca dos circuitos do VM, o condensado acumulado nos circuitos foi descartado em 55,0% das vezes antes e em 64,0% ap?s; o preenchimento do umidificador com ?gua, n?o foi feito em 78,4% das vezes em que possu?a l?quidos remanescentes antes e em 90,2% ap?s; os circuitos do VM foram trocados em 97,0% das oportunidades em que apresentavam sujidade vis?vel ou estavam defeituosos antes e em 98,4% ap?s. Quanto ? mudan?a de dec?bito, em 51,3% das vezes antes foi realizada e em 78,2% ap?s; a cabeceira do leito do paciente foi mantida elevada em 95,5% das observa??es antes e em 98,2% ap?s. Sobre a fisioterapia, a dieta enteral n?o foi interrompida antes das manobras fisioter?picas em 94,9% das situa??es antes e em 90,0% ap?s; os materiais usados durante a fisioterapia n?o estavam desinfetados e/ou est?reis em 69,6% das observa??es antes, mas estavam em 60,0% ap?s. Quanto ? nutri??o enteral, o teste da sonda antes de iniciar a dieta enteral ou de administrar medicamentos n?o foi realizado em nenhuma das oportunidades antes, entretanto foi em 15,2% ap?s; a motilidade intestinal e aferi??o do conte?do (residual) g?strico n?o foram verificadas em nenhuma das observa??es, mas foi em 15,2%, ap?s. Conclu?mos que, em 05 dos 07 procedimentos avaliados em rela??o ? VM, houve melhora significativa na qualidade da assist?ncia prestada quando comparados ao momento anterior ? interven??o educativa

This paper aims to address the research gap concerning the impact of gendered political violence (GPV) on the political ambition of future political prospects and those seeking to become active within the political field. Utilizing the research question “How does the awareness of the impacts regarding gendered political violence affect social science students’ political ambitions?”, a quantitative survey experiment is conducted among Uppsala University students in Sweden. Contrary to the initial hypothesis (H1), exposure to the treatment condition on GPV impacts did not diminish political ambitions; instead, contrary effects were observed. Further findings suggested that women’s political ambitions might be more negatively affected compared to men’s, aligning with hypothesis H2 albeit without statistical significance. Surprisingly, men’s political ambitions appeared strengthened instead. Further robustness tests confirmed all these results to various extents. Serving as an initial exploration into this crucial subject, these results highlight the need for further investigation into GPV’s implications for political ambition and its gendered disparities, both in Sweden and abroad.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

<p dir="ltr">Additive manufacturing (AM) of gun propellants is an emerging and promising field which addresses the limitations of conventional manufacturing techniques. Overall, this thesis is a body of work which serves to bridge the gap between fundamental research and application of additively manufactured gun propellants.</p>