Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) constitutes an essential aspect of modern life, with far-reaching implications spanning various domains such as healthcare, maintenance of industrial machinery, and cybersecurity. A comprehensive approach to FDD entails addressing facets related to detection, invariance, isolation, identification, and supervision. In FDD, there are two main perspectives: model-based and data-driven approaches. This thesis centers on model-based methodologies, particularly within the context of control and industrial applications. It introduces novel estimation strategies aimed at enhancing computational efficiency, addressing fault discretization, and considering robustness in fault detection strategies. In cases where the system's behavior can vary over time, particularly in contexts like fault detection, presenting multiple scenarios is essential for accurately describing the system. This forms the underlying principle in Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation (MMAE) like well-established Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) strategy. In this research, an exploration of an efficient version of the IMM framework, named Updated IMM (UIMM), is conducted. UIMM is applied for the identification of irreversible faults, such as leakage and friction faults, within an Electro-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA). It reduces computational complexity and enhances fault detection and isolation, which is very important in real-time applications such as Fault-Tolerant Control Systems (FTCS). Employing robust estimation strategies such as the Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF) in the filter bank of this algorithm will significantly enhance its performance, particularly in the presence of system uncertainties. To relax the irreversible assumption used in the UIMM algorithm and thereby expanding its application to a broader range of problems, the thesis introduces the Moving Window Interacting Multiple Model (MWIMM) algorithm. MWIMM enhances efficiency by focusing on a subset of possible models, making it particularly valuable for fault intensity and Remaining Useful Life (RUL) estimation. Additionally, this thesis delves into exploring chattering signals generated by the SVSF filter as potential indicators of system faults. Chattering, arising from model mismatch or faults, is analyzed for spectral content, enabling the identification of anomalies. The efficacy of this framework is verified through case studies, including the detection and measurement of leakage and friction faults in an Electro-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA). / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy / In everyday life, from doctors diagnosing illnesses to mechanics inspecting cars, we encounter the need for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD). Advances in technology, like powerful computers and sensors, are making it possible to automate fault diagnosis processes and take corrective actions in real-time when something goes wrong. The first step in fault detection and diagnosis is to precisely identify system faults, ensuring they can be properly separated from normal variations caused by uncertainties, disruptions, and measurement errors. This thesis explores model-based approaches, which utilize prior knowledge about how a normal system behaves, to detect abnormalities or faults in the system. New algorithms are introduced to enhance the efficiency and flexibility of this process. Additionally, a new strategy is proposed for extracting information from a robust filter, when used for identifying faults in the system.

<p>Filtering strategies play an important role in estimation theory, and are used to extract knowledge of the true states typically from noisy measurements or observations made of the system. The name ‘filter’ is appropriate since it removes unwanted noise from the signal. In 2007, the smooth variable structure filter (SVSF) was introduced. This filter is based on the sliding mode control and estimation techniques, and is formulated in a predictor-corrector fashion. The SVSF makes use of an existence subspace and of a smoothing boundary layer to keep the estimates bounded within a region of the true state trajectory. This creates a robust and stable estimation strategy. The research presented in this thesis focuses on advancing the development and implementation of the SVSF.</p> <p>In its original form, the SVSF does not utilize a state error covariance matrix, which is a measure of the accuracy of the state estimates. Therefore, the first major contribution of this research is the formulation of an SVSF strategy with a covariance derivation. This creates a number of research opportunities that can only be pursued and rely on the availability of the error covariance matrix. In an effort to further improve the estimation accuracy, a time-varying smoothing boundary layer is created by minimizing the covariance. This contribution significantly improves the SVSF, and provides a mechanism for combining the SVSF with other popular estimation strategies. A linear system example with the presence of uncertainties is studied which demonstrates that the proposed SVSF improves the estimation accuracy by approximately 20%. Furthermore, a new model-based fault detection strategy is created based on the interacting multiple model (IMM) method. This new method (IMM-SVSF) is applied on an experimental apparatus for the purposes of fault detection. It is able to improve upon the fault detection probability by 10-30% (depending on the fault), when compared with the most commonly used strategy. The IMM-SVSF method is also found to work extremely well for target tracking problems, demonstrating an improvement of roughly 40%. This research results in a number of novel contributions, and significantly advances the development of the SVSF.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsaelCJ_DISSERT.pdf: 3710521 bytes, checksum: ffcd6197d140a1f366f43dd76204f72c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / With the technology progess, embedded systems using adaptive techniques are being used frequently. One of these techniques is the Variable Structure Model- Reference Adaptive Control (VS-MRAC). The implementation of this technique in embedded systems, requires consideration of a sampling period which if not taken into consideration, can adversely affect system performance and even takes the system to instability. This work proposes a stability analysis of a discrete-time VS-MRAC accomplished for SISO linear time-invariant plants with relative degree one. The aim is to analyse the in uence of the sampling period in the system performance and the relation of this period with the chattering and system instability / Com o avanco da tecnologia, sistemas embarcados utilizando t?cnicas adaptativas est?o sendo utilizados com mais frequencia. Uma dessas t?cnicas ? o Controlador adaptativo por Modelo de Referencia e Estrutura Variavel (VS-MRAC). A implementa??o dessa t?cnica em sistemas embarcados, requer a considera??o de um per?odo de amostragem que se n?o for levado em considera??o, pode afetar de maneira negativa a performance do sistema e at? mesmo lev?-lo a instabilizacao. Este trabalho prop?e uma an?lise de estabilidade do VS-MRAC para o caso discreto para uma planta SISO linear, invariante no tempo, de grau relativo unit?rio. O objetivo ? analisar a influ?ncia do per?odo de amostragem no desempenho do sistema, e a rela??o desse per?odo com o fen?meno de "chattering" e instabiliza??o do sistema

Hybrid systems have been identified as one of the main directions in control theory and attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their huge diversity of engineering applications. Multiplemodel (MM) estimation is the state-of-the-art approach to many hybrid estimation problems. Existing MM methods with fixed structure usually perform well for problems that can be handled by a small set of models. However, their performance is limited when the required number of models to achieve a satisfactory accuracy is large due to time evolution of the true mode over a large continuous space. In this research, variable-structure multiple model (VSMM) estimation was investigated, further developed and evaluated. A fundamental solution for on-line adaptation of model sets was developed as well as several VSMM algorithms. These algorithms have been successfully applied to the fields of fault detection and identification as well as target tracking in this thesis. In particular, an integrated framework to detect, identify and estimate failures is developed based on the VSMM. It can handle sequential failures and multiple failures by sensors or actuators. Fault detection and target maneuver detection can be formulated as change-point detection problems in statistics. It is of great importance to have the quickest detection of such mode changes in a hybrid system. Traditional maneuver detectors based on simplistic models are not optimal and are computationally demanding due to the requirement of batch processing. In this presentation, a general sequential testing procedure is proposed for maneuver detection based on advanced sequential tests. It uses a likelihood marginalization technique to cope with the difficulty that the target accelerations are unknown. The approach essentially utilizes a priori information about the accelerations in typical tracking engagements and thus allows improved detection performance. The proposed approach is applicable to change-point detection problems under similar formulation, such as fault detection.

Tracking of a single ground target using GMTI radar detections is considered. A Variable Structure- Autonomous- Interactive Multiple Model (VS-A-IMM) structure is developed to address challenges of ground target tracking, while maintaining an acceptable level computational complexity at the same time. The following approach is used in this thesis: Use simple tracker structures / incorporate a priori information such as topographic constraints, road maps as much as possible / use enhanced gating techniques to minimize the eect of clutter / develop methods against stop-move motion and hide motion of the target / tackle on-road/o-road transitions and junction crossings / establish measures against non-detections caused by environment. The tracker structure is derived using a composite state estimation set-up that incorporate multi models and MAP and MMSE estimations. The root mean square position and velocity error performances of the VS-A-IMM algorithm are compared with respect to the baseline IMM and the VS-IMM methods found in the literature. It is observed that the newly developed VS-A-IMM algorithm performs better than the baseline methods in realistic conditions such as on-road/o-road transitions, tunnels, stops, junction crossings, non-detections.

The effective modeling and analysis of large-scale power system disturbances especially those stemming from intentional attack represents an open engineering and research problem. Challenges stem from the need to develop intelligent models of cyber-physical attacks that produce salient disruptions and appropriately describe meaningful cyber-physical interdependencies such that they balance precision, scale and complexity. In our research, we present a foundation for the development of a class of intelligent cyber-physical attacks termed coordinated variable structure switching attacks whereby opponents aim to destabilize the power grid through con- trolled switching sequence. Such switching is facilitated by cyber-attack and corruption of communication channels and control signals of the associated switch(es). We provide methods and theorems to construct such attack models and demonstrate their utility in the simulation of extensive system disturbances. Our proposed class of cyber-physical switching attacks for smart grid systems has the potential to disrupt large-scale power system operation within a short interval of time. Through successful cyber intrusion, an opponent can remotely apply a state- dependent coordinated switching sequence on one or more relays and circuit breakers of a power system to disrupt operation. Existence of this switching vulnerability is dependent on the local structure of the power grid. Variable structure systems theory is employed to effectively model the cyber-physical aspects of a smart grid and determine the existence of the vulnerability and construct the destabilizing switching attack sequence. We illustrate the utility of the attack approach assess its impact on the different power system test cases including the single machine infinite bus power system model and the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) 3-machine 9-bus system through MATLAB/Simulink and PSCAD simulation environment. The results demonstrate the potential of our approach for practical attack. Moreover, we build on our work in several ways. First, we extend the research to demonstrate an approach to mitigation within the variable structure system frame- work. We demonstrate via small signal analysis how through persistent switching a stable sliding mode can be used to disrupt a dynamical system that seems stable. We also design an approach to vulnerability analysis to assess the feasibility of co-ordinated variable structure switching attacks. Moreover, we study the performance of our attack construction approach when the opponent has imperfect knowledge of the local system dynamics and partial knowledge of the generator state. Based on the system with modeling errors, we study the performance of coordinated variable structure switching attacks in the presence of state estimation. Finally, we illustrate the concepts of attack model within the multiple switching framework, the cascading failure analysis is employed in the New-England 10-machine, 39-bus power system using MATLAB/Simulink and DSATools simulation environment. Our results demonstrate the potential for coordinated variable structure switching attacks to enable large-scale power system disturbances.

Este trabalho discute o problema do controle preciso do seguimento de trajetórias de um servoposicionador pneumático. Um modelo matemático para o servoposicionador pneumático é apresentado, com atenção especial sendo dada à modelagem dos efeitos do atrito. Para a representação desses efeitos, é proposta uma modificação da estrutura matemática de um modelo de atrito amplamente utilizado no contexto dos algoritmos de controle em tempo real de servomecanismos (o modelo LuGre). A validade da aproximação proposta é justificada por meio de argumentos tanto analíticos como baseados em simulações. Com base no modelo para o atrito resultante da modificação proposta, apresenta-se um novo algoritmo de controle para o servoposicionador pneumático. Esse algoritmo é desenvolvido de acordo com a metodologia do controle em cascata, associada à técnica do controle a estrutura variável, sendo dotado de um esquema de compensação adaptativa dos efeitos do atrito e das forças externas aplicadas ao sistema. Uma análise de estabilidade completa é realizada para o sistema em malha fechada, onde são estabelecidas condições suficientes para que seja assegurada a convergência assintótica dos erros de seguimento para zero e dos parâmetros estimados a valores limitados. Também é apresentada uma análise de robustez do sistema controlado frente a incertezas nos parâmetros do modelo matemático do mesmo. O controlador proposto é avaliado por meio de testes por simulação e por aplicação a uma bancada experimental. / This work discusses the problem of the precise control of the trajectory tracking executed by a pneumatic positioning system. A mathematical model of the pneumatic positioning system is presented, with special emphasis given to the modeling of friction effects. For representing such effects, it is proposed a modification in the mathematical structure of a friction model that is widely employed in the context of the real-time control of servomechanisms (the LuGre model). The validity of the proposed approximation is justified by means of analytical arguments as well as simulation results. Based on the friction model that results from the proposed modification, a new control algorithm to be applied to the pneumatic positioning system is presented. Such algorithm is developed according to the cascade methodology, in association with the variable structure control technique and equipped with an adaptive compensation scheme of the effects of friction and external forces applied to the system. A complete stability analysis of the closed loop system is developed, and sufficient conditions are determined so that the asymptotic convergence of the tracking errors of the system to zero and of the estimated parameters to limited values is ensured. The robustness properties of the controlled system with respect to parametric uncertainties in its mathematical model are also analyzed. The performance of the controller is studied by means of simulation and experimental tests.

Este trabalho discute o problema do controle preciso do seguimento de trajetórias de um servoposicionador pneumático. Um modelo matemático para o servoposicionador pneumático é apresentado, com atenção especial sendo dada à modelagem dos efeitos do atrito. Para a representação desses efeitos, é proposta uma modificação da estrutura matemática de um modelo de atrito amplamente utilizado no contexto dos algoritmos de controle em tempo real de servomecanismos (o modelo LuGre). A validade da aproximação proposta é justificada por meio de argumentos tanto analíticos como baseados em simulações. Com base no modelo para o atrito resultante da modificação proposta, apresenta-se um novo algoritmo de controle para o servoposicionador pneumático. Esse algoritmo é desenvolvido de acordo com a metodologia do controle em cascata, associada à técnica do controle a estrutura variável, sendo dotado de um esquema de compensação adaptativa dos efeitos do atrito e das forças externas aplicadas ao sistema. Uma análise de estabilidade completa é realizada para o sistema em malha fechada, onde são estabelecidas condições suficientes para que seja assegurada a convergência assintótica dos erros de seguimento para zero e dos parâmetros estimados a valores limitados. Também é apresentada uma análise de robustez do sistema controlado frente a incertezas nos parâmetros do modelo matemático do mesmo. O controlador proposto é avaliado por meio de testes por simulação e por aplicação a uma bancada experimental. / This work discusses the problem of the precise control of the trajectory tracking executed by a pneumatic positioning system. A mathematical model of the pneumatic positioning system is presented, with special emphasis given to the modeling of friction effects. For representing such effects, it is proposed a modification in the mathematical structure of a friction model that is widely employed in the context of the real-time control of servomechanisms (the LuGre model). The validity of the proposed approximation is justified by means of analytical arguments as well as simulation results. Based on the friction model that results from the proposed modification, a new control algorithm to be applied to the pneumatic positioning system is presented. Such algorithm is developed according to the cascade methodology, in association with the variable structure control technique and equipped with an adaptive compensation scheme of the effects of friction and external forces applied to the system. A complete stability analysis of the closed loop system is developed, and sufficient conditions are determined so that the asymptotic convergence of the tracking errors of the system to zero and of the estimated parameters to limited values is ensured. The robustness properties of the controlled system with respect to parametric uncertainties in its mathematical model are also analyzed. The performance of the controller is studied by means of simulation and experimental tests.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoRLT_DISSERT.pdf: 5002159 bytes, checksum: 32ece88357ca34efc1622b6457cc10f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / In this work is proposed an indirect approach to the DualMode Adaptive Robust Controller (DMARC), combining the typicals transient and robustness properties of Variable Structure Systems, more specifically of Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Controller (VS-MRAC), with a smooth control signal in steady-state, typical of conventional Adaptive Controllers, as Model Reference Adaptive Controller (MRAC). The goal is to provide a more intuitive controller design, based on physical plant parameters, as resistances, inertia moments, capacitances, etc. Furthermore, with the objective to follow the evolutionary line of direct controllers, it will be proposed an indirect version for the Binary Model Reference Adaptive Controller (B-MRAC), that was the first controller attemptting to act as MRAC as well as VS-MRAC, depending on a pre-defined fixed parameter / Nesse trabalho ? proposta uma abordagem indireta para o Controlador em Modo Dual Adaptativo Robusto (DMARC), o qual une as caracter?sticas transit?rias e de robustez t?picas dos Sistemas a Estrutura Vari?vel, mais especificamente do Controlador Adaptativo por Modelo de Refer?ncia e Estrutura Vari?vel (VS-MRAC), com um sinal de controle suave em regime permanente, t?pico dos Controladores Adaptativos convencionais, como o Controlador Adaptativo por Modelo de Refer?ncia (MRAC). O objetivo ? proporcionar uma maneira mais intuitiva de realizar o projeto do controlador, baseado nos par?metros f?sicos da planta, tais como: resist?ncia, momento de in?rcia, capacit?ncia, dentre outros. Adicionalmente, com a finalidade de seguir a linha evolutiva dos controladores diretos, ser? proposta uma vers?o indireta para o Controlador Adaptativo Bin?rio por Modelo de Refer?ncia (B-MRAC), o qual foi precursor na tentativa de atuar tanto como MRAC quanto como VS-MRAC, a depender de um par?metro fixo pr?-definido

Este trabalho discute o problema do controle preciso do seguimento de trajetórias de um servoposicionador pneumático. Um modelo matemático para o servoposicionador pneumático é apresentado, com atenção especial sendo dada à modelagem dos efeitos do atrito. Para a representação desses efeitos, é proposta uma modificação da estrutura matemática de um modelo de atrito amplamente utilizado no contexto dos algoritmos de controle em tempo real de servomecanismos (o modelo LuGre). A validade da aproximação proposta é justificada por meio de argumentos tanto analíticos como baseados em simulações. Com base no modelo para o atrito resultante da modificação proposta, apresenta-se um novo algoritmo de controle para o servoposicionador pneumático. Esse algoritmo é desenvolvido de acordo com a metodologia do controle em cascata, associada à técnica do controle a estrutura variável, sendo dotado de um esquema de compensação adaptativa dos efeitos do atrito e das forças externas aplicadas ao sistema. Uma análise de estabilidade completa é realizada para o sistema em malha fechada, onde são estabelecidas condições suficientes para que seja assegurada a convergência assintótica dos erros de seguimento para zero e dos parâmetros estimados a valores limitados. Também é apresentada uma análise de robustez do sistema controlado frente a incertezas nos parâmetros do modelo matemático do mesmo. O controlador proposto é avaliado por meio de testes por simulação e por aplicação a uma bancada experimental. / This work discusses the problem of the precise control of the trajectory tracking executed by a pneumatic positioning system. A mathematical model of the pneumatic positioning system is presented, with special emphasis given to the modeling of friction effects. For representing such effects, it is proposed a modification in the mathematical structure of a friction model that is widely employed in the context of the real-time control of servomechanisms (the LuGre model). The validity of the proposed approximation is justified by means of analytical arguments as well as simulation results. Based on the friction model that results from the proposed modification, a new control algorithm to be applied to the pneumatic positioning system is presented. Such algorithm is developed according to the cascade methodology, in association with the variable structure control technique and equipped with an adaptive compensation scheme of the effects of friction and external forces applied to the system. A complete stability analysis of the closed loop system is developed, and sufficient conditions are determined so that the asymptotic convergence of the tracking errors of the system to zero and of the estimated parameters to limited values is ensured. The robustness properties of the controlled system with respect to parametric uncertainties in its mathematical model are also analyzed. The performance of the controller is studied by means of simulation and experimental tests.