Submitted by Emanoele Caroline Amendola (emanoele.amendola@gmail.com) on 2019-01-30T22:41:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 emanoele_amendola_final.pdf: 2500422 bytes, checksum: bdf6cd2de33e6676fc34811dd4f3c9f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2019-01-31T10:41:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amendola_ec_me_ilha.pdf: 2500422 bytes, checksum: bdf6cd2de33e6676fc34811dd4f3c9f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-31T10:41:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amendola_ec_me_ilha.pdf: 2500422 bytes, checksum: bdf6cd2de33e6676fc34811dd4f3c9f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A citricultura brasileira exerce participação importante no mercado internacional agrícola. Atualmente o país é o maior exportador do suco destas frutas no mundo. A participação dos sistemas de irrigação na citricultura vem sendo cada vez mais acentuada, entretanto pesquisas com as aplicações do sensoriamento remoto, especialmente do algoritmo SAFER (Simple Algorith for Evapotranspiration Retrieving), e análises comparativas entre sistemas de irrigação em citros são escassas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram detectar diferenças de temperatura de superfície entre os sistemas de irrigação (autopropelido, pivô central, microaspersão e gotejamento) e verificar a evapotranspiração atual de diferentes copas dos citros, utilizando o sensoriamento remoto, com o algoritmo SAFER, aplicado a fazendas comerciais cultivadas em diferentes idades - diferenciadas em adultas (plantas com 3 ou mais anos desde o plantio) e jovens (inferiores a 3 anos de plantio) - e tipos de copas de citros - laranjeiras, tangerineiras e limeira ácida Thaiti - no Noroeste Paulista. Após a aplicação da metodologia, foi verificada diferença significativa na temperatura de superfície dos pomares irrigados por diferentes sistemas de irrigação e encontrou-se uma copa com maior potencial para consumo de água entre os cítricos. / Brazilian citriculture has a significant stake in the international agricultural market. Currently the country is the biggest exporter of the juice in the world. The participation of irrigation systems in citriculture has been increasing steadily. However, research with the applications of remote sensing, especially the SAFER algorithm, and comparative analyzes between irrigation systems in citrus are scarce. The objective of this work was to detect differences in surface temperature between irrigation systems (self-propelled, center pivot, micro sprinkler and drip) and to verify the current evapotranspiration of different citrus canopies, using remote sensing with the SAFER algorithm applied to farms (plants with 3 years or more since planting) and young (less than 3 years of planting) - and citrus canopy types - orange, tangerine and Thaiti acid lime trees - in the Northwest region of São Paulo. After the application of the methodology, a significant difference in the surface temperature of orchards irrigated by different irrigation systems was verified, and a canopy with greater potential for water consumption among citrus was found. / CAPES: Código de Financiamento 001

A cana-de-açúcar e produtos derivados são de grande relevância econômica para o Brasil e vários outros países. Inúmeras variedades de cana-de-açúcar são cultivadas e novas variedades têm sido desenvolvidas para buscar ganhos de produtividade. Nesse sentido, são indispensáveis materiais de referência certificados (CRMs) para o controle da qualidade de sistemas de medição e validação de métodos, objetivando o estudo do estado nutricional das diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar, de modo a otimizar os procedimentos de fertilização e incrementar a produção. Contudo, segundo a base de dados internacional de materiais de referência certificados (COMAR) não existe um CRM que atenda adequadamente a avaliação do estado nutricional da cana-de-açúcar. Assim, este trabalho investigou a possibilidade de produção de um material de referência de folhas de cana-de-açúcar que supra essa demanda. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas principais: 1) estudo de variedades de cana-de-açúcar quanto à composição elementar e 2) desenvolvimento do material de referência. Doze variedades de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas no Estado de São de Paulo foram abrangidas no estudo: CTC2, CTC4, CTC11, CTC14, CTC15, CTC17, CTC20, IACSP955000, RB855156, RB965902, RB966928 e SP832847. As técnicas analíticas utilizadas para a avaliação foram a análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental (INAA) e a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES), além do método de Kjeldahl para determinação de N. Em geral, os resultados mostraram macronutrientes em níveis adequados, enquanto, dentre os micronutrientes, Cu e Zn foram encontrados no limite crítico para quase todas as variedades estudadas. A seleção da variedade RB966928 para produção do material de referência candidato foi baseada nas características nutricionais para alta produtividade, nos menores valores de coeficientes de variação de amostragem em campo (CV<30%) e nas características agronômicas. A produção do material candidato foi realizada a partir de 90 kg de folhas, utilizando apenas 15 cm da parte central sem a nervura principal. Após diversos testes para determinar o melhor procedimento de preparo, as folhas foram liofilizadas, moídas e homogeneizadas, obtendo-se 410 frascos do material candidato contendo 20 g cada. A caracterização física mostrou umidade residual do material de 3,8 % e tamanho de partículas < 115 µm. Testes de homogeneidade dentro do frasco e entre frascos foram realizados utilizando INAA e método de Kjeldahl. Os resultados de fração de massa demonstraram a homogeneidade do material dentro de frascos para dezoito elementos, usando massas de 180 mg a 200 mg. Já a homogeneidade entre frascos foi comprovada para vinte elementos. Estudos de estabilidade a curto e a longo prazo demonstraram que o material manteve-se estável nas três condições avaliadas (40°C com umidade relativa a 100%, 20°C e -20°C). A caracterização química final do material foi realizada no National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Estados Unidos, onde foram atribuídos valores para dezoito elementos com respectivas incertezas expandidas associadas: Al, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Th e Zn. Além disso, foram atribuídos valores estimativos para Hf, N, P, Sb, Sr e V determinados pelo método de Kjeldahl e INAA / The sugarcane and derived products are of great economic importance for Brazil and several other countries. Many varieties of sugar cane are grown and new varieties have been developed to seek productivity gains. In this sense, certified reference materials (CRMs) are necessary for the quality control of measurement systems and validation of methods, aiming at the study of the nutritional status of the different sugarcane varieties for optimizing fertilization and increasing production. However, according to the international database of certified reference materials (COMAR) there is not a suitable CRM for the assessment of nutritional status of sugarcane. Thus, this work investigates the possibility of producing a reference material from leaves of sugarcane to fulfill such a demand. The work was divided into two main steps: 1) study of sugarcane varieties regarding elemental composition and 2) development of the reference material. Twelve varieties of sugarcane grown in the State of São Paulo were covered in the study: CTC2, CTC4, CTC11, CTC14, CTC15, CTC17, CTC20, IACSP955000, RB855156, RB965902, RB966928 and SP832847. The analytical techniques used for the assessment of composition were neutron activation analysis (NAA) and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES), in addition to the Kjeldahl method for determination of N. In general, the results showed macronutrients in adequate levels, while, among the micronutrients, Cu and Zn were found in the critical limit for almost all the varieties studied. The selection of the variety RB966928 for producing the candidate reference material was based on the nutritional characteristics for high productivity, on the lower coefficients of variation of sampling in the field (RSD < 30%) and on the agronomic characteristics. The candidate material was produced from 90 kg of leaves, using only 15 cm from the central part without the main rib. After various tests for determining the best preparation procedure, the leaves were lyophilized, milled and homogenized, obtaining 410 bottles of the candidate material containing 20 g each. The physical characterization found residual moisture of 3.8 % and particle size < 115 µm. Homogeneity tests within and between bottles were performed using NAA and Kjeldahl method. The results confirmed the within bottle homogeneity of the material for all eighteen elements, using masses from 180 mg to 200 mg, while the homogeneity between bottles was confirmed for twenty elements. Stability studies in the short and the long term demonstrated that the material was stable in the three conditions used (40°C with a relative humidity of 100%, 20°C and 20°C). The final characterization of the candidate material was performed at NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States, where values were assigned for eighteen elements with respective expanded uncertainties: Al, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc, Sm, Th, and Zn. In addition, estimated values were also assigned for Hf, N, P, Sb, Sr and V determined by the Kjeldahl method and INAA

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les propriétés de variétés toriques particulières. La thèse est divisée en trois parties, les deux premières étant fortement liées. Dans la première partie, nous étudions des variétés algébriques associées aux processus de Markov sur les arbres. A chaque processus de Markov sur un arbre on peut associer une variété algébrique. Motivé par la biologie, nous nous concentrons sur les processus de Markov dé finis par une action de groupe. Nous étudions les conditions pour que la variété obtenue soit torique. Nous donnons un résultat où les variétés obtenues sont normales, ainsi que des exemples où elles ne le sont pas. L'une des principales méthodes que nous utilisons est la généralisation des notions de prises et de réseaux introduites dans [BW07] à des groupes abéliens arbitraires. Dans notre contexte, les réseaux forment un groupe qui agit sur la variété. Par ailleurs, l'espace ambiant de lavariété est la représentation régulière de ce groupe. Le principal problème ouvert que nous essayons de résoudre dans cette partie est une conjecture de Sturmfels et Sullivant [SS05, Conjecture 2] indiquant que le schéma a fine associé au modèle 3-Kimura estdé fini par un idéal engendré en degré 4. Notre meilleur résultat dit que le schéma projectif associé peut être dé fini par un idéal engendré en degré 4. Avec Maria Donten -Bury, nous proposons une méthode pour engendrer l'idéal associé à la variété pour tous les modèles. Nous montrons que notre méthode fonctionne pour de nombreux modèles ainsi que pour les arbres si et seulement si la conjecture de Sturmfels et Sullivant est vraie. Nous présentons quelques applications, par exemple au problème d'identi abilité en biologie. La deuxième partie concerne les variétés algébriques associées aux graphes trivalents pour le modèle de Jukes-Cantor binaire. Il s'agit d'un travail en commun avec Weronika Buczyńska, Jarosław Buczyński et Kaie Kubjas. La variété associée á un graphe peut être représentéevpar un semi-groupe gradué. Nous étudions les liens entre les propriétés du graphe et le semigroupe. Le théorème principal borne le degré en lequel le semi-groupe est engendré par le premier nombre de Betti du graphe, plus un. Dans la dernière partie, nous étudions la structure de la catégorie dérivée des faisceaux cohérents des variétés toriques lisses. Dans un travail commun avec Michał Lasoń [LM11], nous construisons une collection fortement exceptionnelle complète de fi brés en droites pour une grande classe de variétés toriques complètes lisses dont le nombre de Picard est égal á trois. De nombreuses questions concernant le type de collections auxquelles on peut s'attendre sur les variétés toriques de certains types sont encore ouvertes. A ce titre, nous prouvons que Pn éclaté en deux points ne possède pas de collection fortement exceptionnelle complète de fibrés en droites pour n assez grand. Ceci fournit une collection infi nie de contre-exemples à la conjecture de King. Le premier contre-exemple est dû à Hille et Perling [HP06]. Récemment, des contre-exemples ont également été trouvés par E mov [E ] dans le cadre des variétés de Fano. Nous allons travailler sur le corps des nombres complexes C. Toutes les variétés considérées sont des variétés algébriques dans le sens de [Har77]. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the properties of special toric varieties. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first two of them are strongly related to each other.In the fi rst, main part we study algebraic varieties associated to Markov processes on trees. To each Markov process on a tree one can associate an algebraic variety. Motivated by biology, we focus on Markov processes de fined by a group action. We investigate underwhich conditions the obtained variety is toric. We provide conditions ensuring that the obtained varieties are normal, as well as give examples when they are not. One of the main tools we use is the generalization of the notions of sockets and networks introduced in [BW07] to arbitrary abelian groups. In our setting the networks form a group, that acts on the variety. Moreover the ambient space of the variety is the regular representation of this group. The main open problem that we address in this part is a conjecture of Sturmfels and Sullivant [SS05, Conjecture 2] stating that the afi ne scheme associated to the 3-Kimura model is de fined by an ideal generated in degree 4. Our strongest result states that the associated projective scheme can be generated in degree 4. Together with Maria Donten -Bury we also propose a method for generating the ideal defi ning the variety for any model. We prove that our method works for many models and trees if and only if the conjecture of Sturmfels and Sullivant holds. We present some applications, for example to theidenti ability problem in biology. The second part concerns algebraic varieties associated to trivalent graphs for the binary Jukes-Cantor model. It is a joint work with Weronika Buczyńska, Jarosław Buczyński and Kaie Kubjas. In case of the graph, the associated variety can be represented by a graded semigroup. We investigate the connections between properties of the graph and the semigroup. The main theorem bounds the degree in which the semigroup is generated by the first Betti number of the graph plus one. Due to connections with the first part much of the terminology that we use is either a specialization or generalization of previous de finitions. From the one hand, as we are working with graphs with possible loops the notions of leaves, nodes and valency are more subtile than for trees. From the other hand, as we are dealing only with the binary Jukes-Cantor model, sockets and networks have got a very special form. In the last part we study the structure of the derived category of coherent sheaves for smooth toric varieties. As a result of a joint work with Michał Lasoń [LM11] we construct a full, strongly exceptional collection of line bundles for a large class of smooth, complete toric varieties with Picard number three. Many questions concerning what kind of collections should be expected on toric varieties of certain types are still open. As a contribution we prove that Pn blown up in two points does not have a full, strongly exceptional collection of line bundles for n large enough. This provides an in finite collection of counterexamples to King's conjecture. The first such counterexample is due to Hille andPerling [HP06]. Recently also counterexamples in the Fano case were found by E mov [E ].

Orientador: Fernando Braz Tangerino Hernandez / Resumo: A citricultura brasileira exerce participação importante no mercado internacional agrícola. Atualmente o país é o maior exportador do suco destas frutas no mundo. A participação dos sistemas de irrigação na citricultura vem sendo cada vez mais acentuada, entretanto pesquisas com as aplicações do sensoriamento remoto, especialmente do algoritmo SAFER (Simple Algorith for Evapotranspiration Retrieving), e análises comparativas entre sistemas de irrigação em citros são escassas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram detectar diferenças de temperatura de superfície entre os sistemas de irrigação (autopropelido, pivô central, microaspersão e gotejamento) e verificar a evapotranspiração atual de diferentes copas dos citros, utilizando o sensoriamento remoto, com o algoritmo SAFER, aplicado a fazendas comerciais cultivadas em diferentes idades - diferenciadas em adultas (plantas com 3 ou mais anos desde o plantio) e jovens (inferiores a 3 anos de plantio) - e tipos de copas de citros - laranjeiras, tangerineiras e limeira ácida Thaiti - no Noroeste Paulista. Após a aplicação da metodologia, foi verificada diferença significativa na temperatura de superfície dos pomares irrigados por diferentes sistemas de irrigação e encontrou-se uma copa com maior potencial para consumo de água entre os cítricos. / Abstract: Brazilian citriculture has a significant stake in the international agricultural market. Currently the country is the biggest exporter of the juice in the world. The participation of irrigation systems in citriculture has been increasing steadily. However, research with the applications of remote sensing, especially the SAFER algorithm, and comparative analyzes between irrigation systems in citrus are scarce. The objective of this work was to detect differences in surface temperature between irrigation systems (self-propelled, center pivot, micro sprinkler and drip) and to verify the current evapotranspiration of different citrus canopies, using remote sensing with the SAFER algorithm applied to farms (plants with 3 years or more since planting) and young (less than 3 years of planting) - and citrus canopy types - orange, tangerine and Thaiti acid lime trees - in the Northwest region of São Paulo. After the application of the methodology, a significant difference in the surface temperature of orchards irrigated by different irrigation systems was verified, and a canopy with greater potential for water consumption among citrus was found. / Mestre

Exploring the construct of social-responsibility orientation across three Asian and two Western societies (Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and the United States), we show evidence that top-level executives in these societies hold fundamentally different beliefs about their responsibilities toward different stakeholders, with concomitant implications for their understanding and enactment of responsible leadership. We further find that these variations are more closely aligned with institutional factors than with cultural variables, suggesting a need to clarify the connection between culture and institutions on the one hand and culture and social-responsibility orientations on the other.

A polyhedron P is a subset of a rational vector space V bounded by hyperplanes. If we fix a lattice in V , then we may consider the exponential integral and sum, two meromorphic functions on the dual vector space which serve to generalize the notion of volume of and number of lattice points contained in P, respectively. In 2007, Berline and Vergne constructed an Euler-Maclaurin formula that relates the exponential sum of a given polyhedron to the exponential integral of each face. This formula was "local", meaning that the coefficients in this formula had certain properties independent of the given polyhedron. In this dissertation, the author finds a new construction for this formula which is very different from that of Berline and Vergne. We may 'perturb' any polyhedron by tranlsating its bounding hyperplanes. The author defines a ring of differential operators R(P) on the exponential volume of the perturbed polyhedron. This definition is inspired by methods in the theory of toric varieties, although no knowledge of toric varieties is necessary to understand the construction or the resulting Euler-Maclaurin formula. Each polyhedron corresponds to a toric variety, and there is a dictionary between combinatorial properties of the polyhedron and algebro-geometric properties of this variety. In particular, the equivariant cohomology ring and the group of equivariant algebraic cycles on the corresponding toric variety are equal to a quotient ring and subgroup of R(P), respectively. Given an inner product (or, more generally, a complement map) on V , there is a canonical section of the equivariant cohomology ring into the group of algebraic cycles. One can use the image under this section of a particular differential operator called the Todd class to define the Euler-Maclaurin formula. The author shows that this formula satisfies the same properties which characterize the Berline-Vergne formula.

In the last few decades, a rise in Korean speakers’ borrowing from English has led to a rich pool of contemporary Anglo-Korean vocabulary, also known as English loanwords. Despite the English roots of these borrowed words, their usage in a Korean context is often non-uniform and non-traditional; this process of borrowing, reshaping, and dispersing borrowed vocabulary provides insights on the dynamics of Korean society and its relationship to global English-speaking communities. In order to investigate the variations on Korean speakers’ use of Anglo-Korean words and their potential correlations with various factors, I conducted interviews with 24 native Korean speakers in Seoul, Korea in the summer of 2018. Subjects were diverse in their age, gender, and occupation. I analyzed the r speakers with a preference of Sino-Korean words, speakers with a preference of Anglo-Korean words, and speakers with a speech mixed of Korean, Korean English, and American English. I identified two variables as the most significant causes of diversity of speech: 1) age and 2) exposure to English. I established that 80% of my subjects over the age of 60 fell into the Sino-Korean-dominant category, and the best indicator of a subject being a translingual speaker was an increased exposure to English. In order to expand on evidence from my interviews, I historically contextualize Korean language in society alongside current ideologies related to language in Korea. In so doing, I explore the relationship between these variables and the language varieties of individual speakers. I argue that because a speaker’s age and exposure to English shapes the language variety they use and the language ideology in Korea touches individual speakers in different ways, native speakers in today’s Korea use several language varieties. These findings challenge the notion of a linguistically and ethnically homogeneous Korea and shed light on the current status of Korean English and American English in Korea.

Algebraic geometry is the study of systems of polynomial equations in one or more variables. Thinking of polynomials as functions reveals a close connection between affine varieties, which are geometric structures, and ideals, which are algebraic objects. An affine variety is a collection of tuples that represents the solutions to a system of equations. An ideal is a special subset of a ring and is what provides the tools to prove geometric theorems algebraically. In this thesis, we establish that a variety depends on the ideal generated by its defining equations. The ability to change the basis of an ideal without changing the variety is a powerful tool in determining a variety. In general, the quotient and remainder on division of polynomials in more than one variable are not unique. One property of a Groebner basis is that it yields a unique remainder on division. To prove geometric theorems algebraically, we first express the hypotheses and conclusions as polynomials. Then, with the aid of a computer, apply the Groebner Basis Algorithm to determine if the conclusion polynomial(s) vanish on the same variety as the hypotheses.

One of the limiting factors associated with seed production of alfalfa and certain clovers is a small jet-black wasp commonly known as the clover seed chalcid, Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman). In alfalfa seed producing areas this insect is often referred to as the alfalfa seed chalcid or the alfalfa seed chalcis-fly. In local areas of Utah, farmers often refer to this insect as simply "the fly."

High quality seed is of first importance in efficient crop production. Seed is one of the major factors affecting yield and quality of the crop. High quality seed is of adapted varieties, has high gemination, and is free of foreign material and weed seeds. Crop seed containing weed seeds may be the means of infesting farm land with weeds. Such seed is expensive at any price.