In the last few decades, a rise in Korean speakers’ borrowing from English has led to a rich pool of contemporary Anglo-Korean vocabulary, also known as English loanwords. Despite the English roots of these borrowed words, their usage in a Korean context is often non-uniform and non-traditional; this process of borrowing, reshaping, and dispersing borrowed vocabulary provides insights on the dynamics of Korean society and its relationship to global English-speaking communities. In order to investigate the variations on Korean speakers’ use of Anglo-Korean words and their potential correlations with various factors, I conducted interviews with 24 native Korean speakers in Seoul, Korea in the summer of 2018. Subjects were diverse in their age, gender, and occupation. I analyzed the r speakers with a preference of Sino-Korean words, speakers with a preference of Anglo-Korean words, and speakers with a speech mixed of Korean, Korean English, and American English. I identified two variables as the most significant causes of diversity of speech: 1) age and 2) exposure to English. I established that 80% of my subjects over the age of 60 fell into the Sino-Korean-dominant category, and the best indicator of a subject being a translingual speaker was an increased exposure to English. In order to expand on evidence from my interviews, I historically contextualize Korean language in society alongside current ideologies related to language in Korea. In so doing, I explore the relationship between these variables and the language varieties of individual speakers. I argue that because a speaker’s age and exposure to English shapes the language variety they use and the language ideology in Korea touches individual speakers in different ways, native speakers in today’s Korea use several language varieties. These findings challenge the notion of a linguistically and ethnically homogeneous Korea and shed light on the current status of Korean English and American English in Korea.

Orientador: Kanavillil Rajagopalan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T01:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zaidan_JuniaClaudiaSantanadeMattos_D.pdf: 1280397 bytes, checksum: b31cb87dd36efd7f2cfe5be493a149b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nesta tese, discute-se a difusão mundial do inglês, apresenta-se uma crítica da base conceitual sobre a qual se constitui o discurso a respeito deste fenômeno, bem como uma proposta de conceituação articulada entre a Nova Pragmática (RAJAGOPALAN, 2010) e a filosofia da linguagem. O objeto deste estudo é o World English (WE, RAJAGOPALAN, 2004), utilizado por falantes de línguas nativas diversas. Com o objetivo de apontar a insuficiência da base epistemológica para o WE, volta-se primeiramente para a sociolinguística (JENKINS, 2003, SCHNEIDER, 2007) que, embora reconheça a inerente variabilidade da língua, produz discursos comprometidos com o universalismo ao insistir na busca de padrões constantes no uso e ao furtar-se a tratar a língua como categoria política e não ontológica. Na Linguística, o falante nativo idealizado e a língua como estrutura (BLOOMFIELD, 1933; CHOMSKY, 1965) também produzem um WE que fortalece o fundacionismo, mantendo as práticas linguageiras (uso, descrição e ensino) atreladas aos padrões anglo-americanos. Na Linguística Aplicada, apesar das contribuições de Kachru (1985), com a proposição dos Círculos Concêntricos; de Phillipson (1992), com a crítica ao 'imperialismo linguístico', e de Jenkins (2003), com o estudo da variação do WE, mantém-se o centramento, privilegiando supostas essências. Valorações de desempenho linguístico, segregação de profissionais, políticas de publicação restritivas - todas referendadas pelo eurocentrismo - são discutidas como efeitos materiais das invenções naturalizadas por este regime metadiscursivo (MAKONI & PENNYCOOK, 2007) criticado nesta investigação em face da demografia do inglês, que hoje inclui apenas um falante nativo entre quatro não nativos. Ilustra-se este estudo com dados do International Corpus of English, e com as regularidades detectadas por Seidlhofer (2004) no Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English e aquelas propostas por Jenkins (op.cit.) através do Common Core. A partir do conceito de literatura menor (DELEUZE & GUATTARI, 1977), ancoramos a tese de um inglês menor no postulado da Nova Pragmática, segundo o qual a linguagem e a ação humana pressupõem-se reciprocamente (AUSTIN, 1962), o que expõe i- a indissociabilidade entre a linguagem e a metalinguagem e, portanto, a intervenção da teorização na ontologia que a tradição platônica fez crer como existente a priori; e ii- a natureza ético-política da teorização, uma vez que este exame do WE assume sua inscrição no social. Tem-se, pois, que o inglês menor, ao invés de apontar para um quantitativo reduzido de usuários, indica um uso não amparado pelo poder das instituições, um uso que se detecta como potência de variação e não como poder das constantes; um uso que não opera como raiz de árvore, mas por rizoma, a desterritorializar-se em seu devir, escapando à palavra de ordem ratificadora de fundacionismos e universais. Como micropolítica linguística, propõem-se os seguintes princípios para uma pedagogia menor do WE: privilegiar o híbrido, o repertório de línguas - incluída a língua mãe - e de estratégias; rejeitar toda sorte de prescrição metodológica; fomentar a consciência metalinguística, a noção de opacidade do texto e de gramática como epifenômeno, o pertencimento provisório a comunidades de prática, o uso da língua como ação política e a negociação interacional / Abstract: This thesis discusses the spread of English worldwide and presents both, a critique of the conceptual framework on which the discourse about this phenomenon rests, and an alternative theoretical proposal grounded on New Pragmatics (RAJAGOPALAN, 2010) and on the philosophy of language. Our object of study is, thus, the English used by speakers of distinct native languages, i.e., World English (WE, RAJAGOPALAN, 2004). Sociolinguistic accounts of WE are revised (JENKINS, 200, SCHNEIDER, 2007) and presented as evidence of a resilient universalist orientation reflected on the insistent quest for and reification of patterns of use. Both, the idealized native speaker and the construct 'language', as defined by Linguistics (BLOOMFIELD, 1933; CHOMSKY, 1965) are examined as part and parcel of the foundationism which keeps language practices (use, description and pedagogy) still attached to angloamerican standards. As for Applied Linguistics, even though contributions from several studies (KACHRU, 1985; PHILLIPSON, 1992; and JENKINS, 2003) have shed light on the phenomenon, thus providing a more pluralistic view of the spread and an increasing political awareness in its study, centralization and the pervasive essentialism in the field are still strong, as the analysis shows. Value judgments of linguistic performance, restrictive publishing policies and the segregation of professionals are, it is argued, the material effects of the naturalized inventions perpetrated by the metadiscursive regimes (MAKONI & PENNYCOOK, 2007) criticized in this research. This enterprise is undertaken mainly in view of the demography of English in the contemporary scenario, which displays native speakers and nonnative speakers in a ratio of 1 to 4, respectively. Data from The International Corpus of English, as well as from the patterns identified by Seidlhofer (2004) in the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English, and by Jenkins (op.cit.) in the Common Core are used as a resource for the investigation we set out to pursue. The precept of New Pragmatics (Cf. AUSTIN, 1962), namely that language and human action are mutually inclusive, is understood as implying that i- since language and metalanguage cannot be set apart, theory-building is but neutral in affecting ontology, which contradicts the platonic tradition; ii- theory-building is ethical-political by nature, thus compelling us to acknowledge the study of WE as inscribed in social reality. Our proposal of minor English is based on the concept of minor literature, as put forward by Deleuze and Guattari (1977). Minor does not refer to the quantity of users, but to the use they make of language. In other words, by distancing itself from the rigid standards of institutionalized power, a minor English escapes from the constraints of supposedly permanent regularities and induces an imbalance in its components, taking advantage of its rhizomatic design to deterritorialize the major uses of language through its ongoing process of becoming. Not subject to an arborescent structure, a minor English is rid of the order word that ractifies universalism and purism, thus calling for a minor pedagogy for WE, which involves: privileging hybridity and the repertoire of strategies/languages - including the mother tongue; rejecting methodological prescriptivism; raising metalinguistic awareness; fostering interactional negotiation, an understanding of texts as opaque, of grammar as epiphenomenal, of language use as political action, and of communities as practice / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

According to critical scholars there is a global education policy community that contributes to the increasing convergence of national education policies (Rizvi & Lingard, 2010). Key players in this community include the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Although the scholars point out that global education policies are not uniformly copied or implemented, missing from the literature on globalization and education are the voices of the students and educators impacted by them. The process of policy implementation is neither seamless nor mechanical. The intended impact of a policy is not necessarily its outcome. Not only may there be unanticipated consequences, but educators and students may also resist, adapt, or transform practices suggested by the policies. This study examines international influence on the classroom practices of educators in one high school in northern Mexico by tracing the implementation of a recent national high school reform. Mexican education officials drew on the examples of recent high school reforms in Europe in designing the reform and, in addition, borrowed money from the World Bank for its implementation. Analysis of key official documents related to the reform along with participant observation and interviews of teachers, students, parents, a union representative, and education officials reveal that although just like the policies of the global education policy community the reform promotes neoliberal and human capital views of schooling, these views are not shared by all of the participants in this study. In addition, participants do not believe that the reform is adequately adapted to the context of Mexican schools. Judging from the teachers participating in this study, Mexican schools and educators have strengths that were overlooked in the development of the reform.

Language is a personal process, a product of not only our development, but of one’s culture. Yet in the United States, an actor must be able to speak without a detectable dialect to be competitive in the entertainment world. How can voice teachers in a multi-cultural society, train students with more attention to the individuality of the students we educate? In this thesis, I present the information I have found important in my development as a voice teacher that has influenced my approach to training actors to use the Neutral American dialect. I begin by outlining human language acquisition and the behavior of code-switching to establish an understanding of how communication is developed. Next, the journey of voice and dialect training in the United States is traced from the 19th century to the present so that we may understand who shaped our speech standards and the motivations behind their efforts. Lastly, I outline how I incorporated my knowledge of language acquisition and code-switching into the sophomore Voice and Speech For the Actor class I taught at VCU in the Spring of 2013 which introduced students to the International Phonetic Alphabet and the Neutral American Dialect. I hope this information inspires other 21st century educators to embrace an inclusive approach to dialect training in a multi-cultural classroom.

Today, English is a world language and more English accents have appeared. Today it is more difficult to teach English in Sweden due to the fact that we do not know when, where or how we are going to use English in the future. This study therefore focuses on how English teachers in Swedish upper secondary school teach and assess students’ accents and the challenge of working with the multitude of accents of the English-speaking world. This study is based on a questionnaire that was sent electronically to English teachers. The results from this study show that English teachers in Swedish upper secondary schools work with different English accents in class. The results also show that over fifty percent of the teachers do not let students choose accents for them to work with; most of the teachers’ choose which accents should be introduced and worked with in class. Moreover, students’ grades are not affected by the accent they speak, which is in line with the English syllabus. In conclusion, it is clear that British and American English are still dominant in Swedish school today. / Idag är engelska ett världsspråk och fler engelska dialekter har dykt upp. Idag har det blivit svårare att undervisa engelska i Sverige, då vi oftast inte vet när eller hur vi kommer använda det engelska språket i framtiden. Denna studie inriktar sig på hur engelskalärare i den svenska gymnasieskolan undervisar och bedömer elevers uttal, samt den utmaning som finns idag med att arbeta med de många dialekter som finns i den engelsktalande världen. Denna studie är baserad på en enkät som skickades elektroniskt till engelskalärare. Resultatet av denna studie visar att engelskalärare i svenska gymnasieskolan arbetar med olika engelska dialekter. Resultatet visar också att över femtio procent av lärarna inte låter eleverna välja själva vilka dialekter som ska introduceras, utan de flesta lärare väljer själva vilka engelska dialekter de ska arbeta med i undervisningen. Elevernas betyg är inte heller påverkade av deras val av engelsk dialekt, vilket är i linje med den engelska kursplanen. Slutligen visar det sig att brittisk och amerikansk engelska fortfarande dominerar i den svenska skolan idag.

Speech work, as it relates to actor training, has undergone many important changes since its formal introduction to the field over a century ago by Edith Skinner. Unfortunately, there are many who hold on to antiquated, misinformed and often harmful approaches to this kind of training. This thesis questioned the traditional models of speech pedagogy by creating a narrative for its development, questioning its efficacy, and exploring the alternatives that have developed over the years. I looked at the texts and approaches of Edith Skinner, Patricia Fletcher, Louis Coliaini, and Dudley Knight/Phil Thompson. I acknowledge that each practitioner has made a substantial contribution to the field. In this thesis I question what place each has in the future of speech pedagogy in America. I gathered opinions from both critics and proponents of each work in the hopes of creating a more cohesive understanding of how speech pedagogy should be handled in the future according to those who will be teaching it. This thesis includes considerable usage of phonetic symbols found on the International Phonetic Alphabet establish by the International Phonetic Association.

This study investigates whether students of year three get the chance to learn about cultures in places and contexts where English is used, through textbooks. The focus is whether the diversity of the English speaking cultures is shown or if a western centered image dominates. Postcolonial theory is the base of the investigation. As an analysis method, content analysis has mostly been used but also critical discourse analysis. The results show that Great Britain is the country that is most frequently represented in all books, but also that in general few cultures are brought up or explained. The purpose of this study is to investigate how English speaking parts of the world and contexts are represented in English books for year three.

No description available.