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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Six groups each with six Friesian bull calves were used in this investigation and slaughtered at 20 weeks of age. Calves received a low- (LD) or high (HD) degradable protein diet, each with or without rumen inert fat supplementation. Two commercial fat sources were used, Morlae (m) and Golden Flake (gf), included at 2.5% of the diet. A commercial milk replacer (Denkavit) was fed at 4L for 42 days, followed by 2L until weaning at 49 days of age. The starter diets were fed ad lib. from day 14 to 10 weeks of age and finishing diets ad lib. from 11 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences in body mass gain or dry matter intake over the entire 20 week period. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved significantly (P=0.0032) when fat was supplemented to LD, but not to HD diets. The FCR (kg dry matter/ kg gain) ofLD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgfdiets were 3.45,3.44,3.07, 3.81, 3.02 and 3.43, respectively. All 36 calves were used in a digestibility trial, using chromium oxide (Cr203) as a marker, during week 18 of the investigation. Digestibility values (%) for the six diets (LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgf) were 61.74, 65.91, 75.44, 69.00, 75.54 and 67.15 for dry matter, 61.44, 61.60, 71.33, 68.23, 75.44 and 66.12 for crude protein and 58.56, 66.45, 75.98, 70.92, 78.43 and 70.79 for fat, respectively. The dry matter (P=O.OOOl)and fat (P=O.OOOl) digestibilities were only significantly higher when fat was added to LD diets. The crude protein (CP) digestibilities were significantly higher when fat was added to either the LD (P=0.0001) or the HD (P=0.0488) diets. All the calves were slaughtered at 20 weeks of age and the fatty acid content of the meat (m. longissimus) and subcutaneous fat layer adjacent to the 12th rib as well as the meat colour, was determined. The fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle was changed by feeding the rumen inert fat sources. The three predominant fatty acids found were palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. The palmitic acid (CI6:0) content of the muscle and diet was 24.44 & 20.47,25.97 & 22.57,31.06 & 33.23, 30.98 & 37.91, 34.94 & 31.77 and 29.71 & 32.88 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf and HDgf diets, respectively. The C16:0 content was significantly higher in the muscle of the calves receiving the LD diets supplemented with fat (P=0.0008). There was also a significant interaction between the two fat sources and protein degradability (P=0.0065), but only in the LD diets. The stearic acid (CI8:0) content of the muscle and diet was 14.35 & 5.22, 19.65 & 8.61, 17.29 & 4.68, 22.59 & 5.78, 22.27 & 15.54, and 26.48 & 20.15 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgfdiets, respectively. The C18:0 content was significantly higher in the muscle of calves receiving the HD (P=O.OOOl)compared to LD diets. The stearic acid content was also significantly higher when fat was added to LD (P=0.0042) or HD (P=0.0073) diets. The oleic acid (CI8:1) content of the muscle and diet was 36.06 & 21.51,39.99 & 21.11,32.21 & 23.67, 29.13 & 24.59, 25.23 & 18.68 and 35.93 & 16.02 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf and HDgf diets, respectively. The linolenic acid (CI8:3) content of the muscle was significantly higher (P=0.0038) when fat was added to LD diets compared to no fat supplementation (0.87 vs. 0.15). The CIELAB values indicated that LD diets resulted in more pink meat. Mean values ofL* =-32.61, 34.19; a* = 7.08, 7.91 and b* = 3.18 and 4.07 were observed for the LD and HD diets, respectively. Meat from the LD diets had significantly lower L*-(P=0.0252), a*-(P=0.0283) and b*-(P=0.0109) values compared to meat from the HD diets. It was concluded that there was a positive response in CP digestibility when rumen inert fats were supplemented to LD or HD diets, although a greater response was shown in the LD diets. The FCR, dry matter and fat digestibility were only increased when fat was added to the LD and not to the HD diets. Similarly, the fatty acid contents of the longissimus muscle of veal calves can be manipulated with the supplementation of rumen inert fat sources, but only when combined with a low protein degradable diet. The low degradable protein diets also produce a more attractive meat colour for the potential veal consumer. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ses behandelings, lae- (LD) of hoë (HD) degradeerbare diëte, elk met of sonder rumeninerte vetsupplementering, is geëvalueer met ses kalwers in elke groep. Twee kommersiële vetbronne is gebruik, nl. Morlae (m) en Golden Flake (gf) teen 'n 2.5% insluitingspeil. 'n Kommersiële melksurrogaat (Denkavit) is aangebied teen 4L1dag tot 42 dae ouderdom, gevolg deur 2L/dag tot speenouderdom op 49 dae. Aanvangsdiëte is ad lib. aangebied vanaf 14 dae tot 10 weke ouderdom en die groeidiëte ad lib. vanafweek 11 tot 20. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille in die totale massatoename of die droëmateriaalinname nie. Die voeromsettingsverhouding is betekenisvol verbeter (P=0.0032) in die behandelings waarin rumeninerte vette by LD diëte ingesluit is, maar nie by die HD diëte nie. Die voeromsettingsverhouding (kg droëmateriaalinname / kg massatoename) van die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte was 3.45, 3.44, 3.07, 3.81, 3.02 en 3.43, onderskeidelik. Al 36 kalwers is in 'n verteringsproef gebruik gedurende week 18 van die proef. Chroomoksied (Cr203) is as merker gebruik. Verteerbaarheidswaardes vir die ses diëte was 61.74, 65.91, 75.44,69.00,75.54 en 67.15 vir droëmateriaal, 61.44, 61.60, 71.33, 68.23, 75.44 en 66.12 vir ruproteïen en 58.56, 66.45, 75.98, 70.92, 78.43 en 70.79 vir vet, onderskeilik. Die droëmateriaal- (P=O.OOOl) en vetverteerbaarheid (P=O.OOOI) was slegs betekenisvol hoër wanneer vet by LD diëte gevoeg is en nie by HD nie. Die ruproteïen (RP) verteerbaarheid Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za VI was betekenisvol hoër (P=0.0002) by LD en HD (P=0.0488) diëte met vet supplementering, teenoor geen vet insluiting. Die kalwers is op 20 weke ouderdom geslag en die vetsuursamestelling van die vleis (m. longissimus) en die subkutane vetlaag teenaan die 12de rib, asook en die vleiskleur, is bepaal. Die vetsuursamestelling van die longissimus spier is deur die supplementering van rumeninerte vet verander. Die drie primêre vetsure wat in die vleis voorgekom het, was palmitiensuur, steariensuur en oleïensuur. Die palmitensuur (CI6:0) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 24.44 & 20.47, 25.97 & 22.57, 31.06 & 33.23, 30.98 & 37.91, 34.94 & 31.77 en 29.71 & 32.88 van die totale vet van die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeilik. Die C16:0 was betekinisvol hoër in die spiere van kalwers wat die LD diëte met vet supplementering (P=0.0008) ontvang het. Die steariensuur (CI8:0) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 14.35 & 5.22, 19.65 & 8.61, 17.29 & 4.68, 22.59 & 5.78, 22.27 & 15.54, en 26.48 & 20.15 van die totale vet vir die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeidelik. Die C18:0 inhoud was betekinisvol hoër in die spiere van die kalwers wat die HD (P=O.OOOI),teenoor LD diëte ontvang het. Die steariensuur inhoud was ook betekenisvol hoër wanneer vet by LD (P=0.0042) of HD (P=0.0031) diëte gevoeg word. Die oleïensuur (CI8:1) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 36.06 & 21.51, 39.99 & 21.11, 32.21 & 23.67, 29.13 & 24.59, 25.23 & 18.68 en 35.93 & 16.02 van die totale vet vir die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeidelik. Die linoleensuur (CI8:3) inhoud van die spier was betekinisvol hoër (P=0.0038) in die LD diëte met vet teenoor LD met geen vet supplementering (0.87 vs. 0.15). Die CIELAB waardes van die LD diëte dui op 'n pienker vleiskleur. Gemiddelde waardes van L* = 32.61 & 34.19, a* = 7.08 & 7.91 en b* = 3.18 & 4.07 is vir die LD en HD diëte, onderskeidelik, waargeneem. Die vleis van die LD diëte het 'n betekenisvol laer L*-(P=0.0252), a*-(P=0.0283) en b*-(P=0.0109) waarde in vergelyking met die HD diëte getoon. Die resultate dui daarop dat daar 'n positiewe respons in die ruproteïenverteerbaarheid by die supplementering van rumeninerte vette by LD en HD diëte voorkom, maar die response op die LD diëte is groter. Die voeromsettingsverhouding, droëmateriaal- en vetverteerbaarheid is egter net bevoordeel in die LD met vet en nie in die HD diëte nie. Die vetsuursamestelling van die longissimus spier in die kalf kan gemanipuleer word met die supplementering van rumeninerte vetbronne, maar slegs wanneer dit gekombineer word met lae degradeerbare proteïen diëte. Die lae degradeerbare proteïen diëte produseer ook die mees aanloklike vleiskleur vir die potensiële kalfsvleisverbruiker.

This study traces the annual average prices received per hundredweight for veal calves at the Chicago market and the annual average weekly earnings of employees in all manufacturing industries. The period of time covered by the study is 1900 to 1951.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:02:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 513185 bytes, checksum: a769a2b12d668daa1ba2be501db4dcdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-27 / This work was conducted on the basis of data collection through the Federal inspection service (S.I.F) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) in a refrigerator located in the Zona of Mata of Minas Gerais, with a capacity of 100 daily slaughter bovine animals, on average, in the period from 2007 to 2012 as the presence of cysticercosis. It was adopted the post-mortem examination as method of diagnosis according to the standards advocated by the S.I.F (BRAZIL, 1971, 1980, 1988, 2006). It was aimed to register the occurrence of cysticercosis in bovine animals examined in the routine inspection. It may be noted that in the biennium 2008-2009, recorded-if an increase in the relative risk at 22% for cysticercosis and in 2009-2010 was an increase of 14% of this parasitosis. From 2010, a 50% reduction in the relative risk and the 2011- 2012 biennium a 59% risk reduction. When analysing the period of 2007 to 2012, there has been an 80% reduction in relative risk of cysticercosis. Tuberculosis is a zoonosis of great impact in terms of public health, as well as cysticercosis, performed analogously to the same, an increase of 4.98 percent to 10.37% from 2007 to 2008, and even in the last year, had an prevalence (1.47%) above the national average (1.3%), according to data from Brazil, 2006. Despite the fall of cysticercosis from the year 2010, this zoonosis should not be disregarded by public agencies and consumers. / Este trabalho foi conduzido com base em levantamento de dados por meio do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (S.I.F), do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) em frigorífico localizado na zona da mata mineira, com capacidade de matança diária de 100 bovinos, em média, no período de 2007 a 2012 quanto a presença de cisticercose. Foi adotado o exame post-mortem como método de diagnóstico de acordo com as normas preconizadas pelo S.I.F (BRASIL, 1971, 1980, 1988, 2006). Objetivou-se registrar a ocorrência de cisticercose em bovinos examinados na rotina de inspeção. Pode-se notar que no biênio 2008-2009, rigistrou-se um aumento do risco relativo em 22% para a cisticercose e em 2009-2010 ocorreu um aumento de 14% desta parasitose. A partir de 2010, observou-se uma redução de 50% no risco relativo e no biênio 2011- 2012 uma redução do risco de 59%. Ao analisar o período de 2007 a 2012, verificou-se uma redução de 80% no risco relativo da cisticercose. A tuberculose por ser uma zoonose de grande impacto em termos de saúde pública, assim como a cisticercose, apresentou de forma análoga, um aumento de 4,98% para 10,37% de 2007 para 2008, sendo que inclusive neste último ano, teve uma prevalência (1,47%) acima da média nacional (1,3%), segundo dados de BRASIL, 2006. Apesar da queda de cisticercose a partir do ano de 2010, esta zoonose não deve ser desconsiderada pelos órgãos públicos e pelos consumidores.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da dieta, grupamento genético e sexo na produção de vitelões mantidos em pastagens de Brachiaria sp. e criados em Sistema Orgânico, analisando desempenho e características físico-químicas da carne. Cinqüenta e um bezerros Nelore e Limousin x Nelore foram suplementados em cocho privativo até a desmama. Os tratamentos foram: MSC, suplemento à base de milho+farelo de soja+ complexo mineral para lactentes; MSAC, suplemento à base de milho+farelo de soja+farelo de amendoim+ complexo mineral para lactentes; CMF, complexo mineral para lactentes. Após a desmama (aos 260 dias), os animais foram recriados à pasto, recebendo dois tratamentos (1 kg/animal/dia): MAP, ração à base de milho+farelo de soja e sal mineral à vontade; MASP, ração à base de milho+farelo de soja+farelo de amendoim e sal mineral à vontade. Foram mensurados o peso ao nascer (PN), peso de entrada no creep (PEC), peso de saída do creep (PSC), peso a desmama ajustado (PD), peso à fazenda (PFZ). Também foram determinados o ganho de peso do nascimento ao desmame (GNDA) e ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD). Os animais foram abatidos com idade média de 401 dias e PV médio de 227,75 kg. Após o abate, foram determinados o pH inicial (pH1) e peso da carcaça quente (PCQ). Após o resfriamento, determinaram-se o pH final (pH24), peso da carcaça fria (PCF), rendimento da carcaça fria (RC) e perdas por resfriamento (PR e PPR). Mensurou-se a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) no Longissimus dorsi. Em amostras maturadas por 7 dias, foram avaliadas a cor (L*a*b*), perda de água por descongelamento (PAD), perda de água por cocção (PAC), perdas totais (PT) e força de cisalhamento (FC). Também se determinou o perfil dos ácidos graxos, colesterol e composição centesimal (CS) da carne. Houve interação entre sexo e grupo genético para PN (P<0,01); dieta e sexo para PCQ (P<0,05) e FC (P<0,01) e dieta, sexo e grupo genético para FC (P<0,05). Não foram observardas diferenças entre MSC, MSAC e CFM para nenhum dos caracteres até o abate. A EGS foi influenciada pela ração (P<0,01). O sexo influenciou PD (P<0,05), GPMD (P<0,01), GPDA (P<0,05), EGS (P<0,05) e CS (P<0,05), com exceção de matéria mineral. O grupamento genético, por sua vez, influenciou PEC (P<0,01), PD (P<0,01), GPM (P<0,01), GPDA (P<0,01), PSC (P<0,01), PFZ (P<0,01), PCQ (P<0,01), PCF (P<0,01), RC (P<0,05), PR (P<0,05), pH24 (P<0,01), AOL (P<0,01) e CS (P<0,05), com exceção de extrato etéreo e matéria mineral. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as suplementações podem ser utilizadas na produção de vitelões orgânicos sem detrimento ao desempenho e características físico-químicas da carne. Por outro lado, o grupamento genético, bem como o sexo do animal, podem influenciar características importantes dentro do Sistema de Produção. Em se tratando de produto orgânico, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados na tentativa de conciliar as exigências mercadológicas necessárias para comercialização e as normas exigidas para a sua produção. / The objective of this study was to evaluated the effect of creep fed, gender and breed on the performance and physical chemical composition of &#34;vitelão&#34; meat raised under organic condition on pastures of Brachiaria sp. Fifty one Nellore and Limousin x Nellore calves were fed until wean with different creep feeding: ground corn+soybean meal+special mineral complex for suckling calves (C1); ground corn+soybean meal+peanut meal+special mineral complex for suckling calves (C2); special mineral complex for suckling calves (C3). After weaning (260 days), the calves were maintained on pasture and distributed in two treatments: ground corn+soybean meal+ mineral salt (R1); ground corn+soybean meal+peanut meal+mineral salt. There were determinate the born weight (BW), initial creep weight (ICE), end creep weight (ECE), average daily gain (ADG), weaning weight (WW) and farm weight (FW). The animals were slaughtered at 401 days old and 227,75 LW. After slaughter, there were determinate the pH (pH1) and hot carcass weight (HCW). After cooling, there were determinate the parameters: cold carcass weight (CCW), carcass dressing (CD), ultimate pH (pH24) and refrigerated losses (RL). At 12th and 13th ribs on Longissimus dorsi were obtained rib eye area (REA), thickness of subcutaneous fat (TSF), shear force (SF), drip loss (DL), cooking loss (CL), instrumental colour (IC), fatty acid profile, cholesterol and chemical composition (CC). The results showed that there were not significant differences (P>0.05) between the diets for the parameters, except for TSF (P<0.01). The gender influenced the BW (P<0.05), ADG (P<0.01), TSF (P<0.05) and CC (P<0.05). The breed influenced the ICE (P<0.01), WW (P<0.01), ADG (P<0.01), ECE (P<0.01), FW (P<0.01), HCW (P<0.01), CCW (P<0.01), CD (P<0.05), RL (P<0.05), pH24 (P<0.01), REA (P<0.01), CC (P<0.05). The results showed that all diets can be use in &#34;vitelão&#34; system production without detriment of their performance or physical chemical characteristics. In despite of this, the gender and breed can influence important characteristics of the Production System. In organic foods, more study need to be done to conciliate the market requirements and the norms for Organic production.

Free-access acidified milk feeding is increasingly being adopted to feed dairy and veal calves. Acidification is used to preserve milk and facilitate free-access feeding. There is, however, little controlled research to support the adoption of free-access acidified milk feeding over traditional feeding programs. The objectives of this thesis were to describe the preweaned calf management and feeding practices used on dairy farms in Ontario, Canada, and to investigate the effects of milk replacer acidification and free-access feeding on the productivity and welfare of calves. A total of 140 Ontario dairy producers participated in a cross-sectional study and were surveyed about on-farm calf management and feeding practices. Results from this study documented that there are currently a range of management practices and several different feeding programs being used on farms. Colostrum and milk feeding management are the areas where the most progress has been made in recent years; however, several other aspects of calf management and feeding still warrant improvement. A pilot study was conducted to examine the effects of milk replacer acidification and free-access feeding on the nutrient intake, growth, rumen papillary development and behaviour of calves. A field study was designed to evaluate the effects of a free-access acidified milk replacer feeding program on the pre and postweaning health and growth of dairy and veal calves. A randomized controlled study was completed to investigate how milk replacer acidification, under free-access feeding conditions, affects the pre and postweaning performance and health of veal calves. Results from these studies demonstrated that milk replacer acidification limited calves’ intake of milk replacer by approximately 1 L/d, resulted in more fragmented feeding behaviour, promoted earlier solid feed intake and tended to support improved respiratory health, but had little impact on rumen development or long-term calf performance. Moreover, free-access feeding facilitated larger intakes of milk, resulted in fewer signs of hunger or frustration, and supported greater preweaning growth, but delayed the onset of solid feed consumption and appeared to negatively affect rumen development, compared to restricted feeding. Collectively, these results demonstrate that free-access acidified milk feeding promotes greater early life productivity and enhances calf welfare. / Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Dairy Farmers of Ontario, Ontario Veal Association, National Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Grober Nutrition and 3M Canada

Les bovins sont porteurs de souches d'Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC), pathogènes pour l'homme et également de souches d'E. coli résistantes aux antibiotiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué la fréquence de ces souches dans les effluents de station d'épuration des eaux usées de deux abattoirs, l'un de bovins adultes et l'autre de veaux de boucherie. Les pourcentages d'E. coli antibiorésistantes et porteuses d'intégrons de résistance de classe 1 étaient significativement plus élevés dans les effluents et boues d'abattoirs de veaux (87,5%, 56,2%) par rapport aux bovins adultes (5,0%, 0%). Ces pourcentages n'étaient pas modifiés par le traitement épuratoire. Le traitement épuratoire n'a également eu aucun impact sur les pourcentages de souches d'E. coli productrices de shigatoxines (STEC). Une souche STEC O157:H7 hautement pathogène a été isolée des boues destinées à l'épandage agricole dans la station d'épuration d'abattoir de bovins adultes. Ces résultats ont confirmé qu'il existe des risques de dissémination environnementale d'E. coli antibiorésistantes et/ou pathogènes via les effluents d'abattoir de bovins et ont mis en évidence que ce risque était différent selon la catégorie de bovins abattus. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons évalué la résistance de souches STEC du top 5 (O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, O145:H28 et O157:H7) isolées de fèces de bovins adultes. Sept des 39 souches STEC testées étaient résistantes, dont 6 à au moins 3 classes d'antibiotiques. Les souches non-STEC et aEPEC du top 5 d'E. coli de la flore fécale de ces mêmes bovins étaient toutes sensibles, indiquant un possible lien génétique entre gènes de résistance et virulence. Nous avons mis en évidence que le gène ehxA, marqueur fiable du plasmide de virulence des EHEC, et les gènes de résistance blaTEM, strA-strB, tet(A), sulII étaient localisés sur un même plasmide de grande taille pour 4 souches STEC (1 O26:H11, 1 O103:H2 et 2 O111:H8). Cette association génétique soulève la problématique de la sélection clonale de ces souches pathogènes lors du traitement des bovins porteurs avec des antibiotiques. / Cattle are known to be reservoir of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), pathogenic for humans and antibiotic resistant E. coli as well. In a first stage, we assessed frequencies of these strains in two bovine slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plants, one slaughtered only adult cattle and the other only veal calves. Percentages of resistant and class 1 integron-bearing E. coli were significantly higher in veal calves effluents and thickened sludges (87.5%, 56.2%) compared to those of adult cattle (5.0%, 0%). These percentages were not impacted by treatment process. The treatment had no impact on percentages of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) either. A STEC O157:H7 highly pathogenic for humans was isolated from the thickened sludge of the adult cattle slaughterhouse, intended to be spread on agricultural lands. These results confirmed that bovine slaughterhouse effluents might contribute to the environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistant and/or pathogenic E. coli and underlined that the risks of dissemination differ according to slaughtered bovine category. In a second stage, we assessed the antibiotic resistance of top 5 STEC (O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, O145:H28 and O157:H7) isolated from adult cattle fecal samples. Seven of the 39 top 5 STEC were resistant, of which 6 resistant to at least 3 classes of tested antibiotics. Non-top 5 STEC and aEPEC E. coli strains from fecal flora of the same bovine carriers were all susceptible to the tested antibiotics, indicating a possible link between EHEC-associated virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes. We showed that ehxA gene, which is a reliable marker of the EHEC virulence plasmid, and antibiotic-resistance genes blaTEM, strA-strB, tet(A), sulII were located on a same large plasmid in 4 antibiotic-resistant top 5 STEC strains (1 O26:H11, 1 O103:H2 and 2 O111:H8). This genetic association raises the concern about the clonal selection of such pathogenic strains by antibiotic use in bovine carriers.