This thesis deals with the experimental description of friction between steel and wood materials, specifically laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and pine wood with two types of annual rings. It studies the influence of a number of different parameters on the coefficient of friction such as contact pressure, moisture content, fiber orientation in relation to the load direction, steel surface roughness, and horizontal load rate. First, the theoretical mechanical and physical properties as well as the coefficient of friction itself are described. This is followed by the description of the test setup including the test method and how the obtained data is exported, handled and processed and how the coefficient of friction is determined. The results study the influence of different parameters and show that the coefficients of friction for the smooth sliding plate tests vary in between 0.1 and 0.3, whereas tests with the rough sliding plate vary around 0.7. Factors influencing the coefficient of friction were found to be the different moisture content under all tested pressures, the different fiber direction under low contact pressure, the contact pressure itself, though under higher pressures the influence was found to be low, and the horizontal load rate under low pressures. The outcomes are further discussed in the discussion chapter.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1978.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1978.

Waste management has been considered as a significant challenge for sustainable development. From EPA report, furniture is the number one least-recycled item in a household. In current markets, much of furniture is made of composite material, which isn’t feasible to separate. This design project is based on the trend of sustainable furniture as well as the rapid expansion of recycling culture. It contains both tangible furniture design and intangible metadesign thinking. Here it comes with thesis statement: In order to raise public awareness of sustainability, how to design a furniture product with metadesign thinking? The content of the project is a modular table design that combines both recycle material and mass-producible ready-to-assemble furniture (RTA). This table design is including freehand sketches, hand-made models, Rhinoceros 3D modeling and short instruction movie.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gabriel_msc_dr_botfca.pdf: 1180497 bytes, checksum: 085b8faebf17cf90ae8156081b18fb02 (MD5) / Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal a avaliação do desempenho físico-mecânico de painéis de lâminas paralelas LVL (Laminated venner lumber) de Pinus tropicais, classificando-se as lâminas em classes de qualidade (baixo e alto módulos de elasticidade), usando-se para isto métodos não-destrutivos, como ultra-som e ondas de tensão. As avaliações foram realizadas em painéis com lâminas de espessura de 2,2 mm, provenientes da Indústria de Madeiras Caribea Ltda., localizada no município de São Manuel, SP. Foram confeccionados painéis LVL de 13 e 25 lâminas, com quatro tipos de tratamento, com as lâminas previamente classificadas: a) T1-LVL homogêneo 1 (produzido somente com lâminas classificadas com alto módulo de elasticidade dinâmico) b) T2-LVL homogêneo 2 (produzido somente com lâminas classificadas com baixo módulo de elasticidade dinâmico ) c) T3-LVL com lâminas combinadas (lâminas de alto módulo de elasticidade dinâmico na capa e contracapa e baixo módulo de elasticidade dinâmico no miolo) d) T4-LVL não homogêneo (com lâminas alternadas – uma com alto módulo, e outra com baixo módulo de elasticidade alternadamente) As propriedades dos painéis foram avaliadas pelos métodos nãodestrutivos de ondas de tensão (stress wave method) e ultra-som, determinando-se, respectivamente, o módulo dinâmico (Ed.) e a constante dinâmica (CLL) de cada painel. Com os corpos-de-prova retirados dos painéis foram realizados ensaios de flexão estática, 2 cisalhamento longitudinal, compressão paralela e perpendicular às fibras, resistência da colagem ao esforço de cisalhamento, teor de umidade e densidade, seguindo-se as recomendações das normas ASTM 5456 e o Projeto 31:000.05-001/3 para Painéis de madeira compensada, da ABNT. Na avaliação da qualidade dos painéis os valores médios das propriedades do LVL foram comparados... / This paper had the main objective of evaluating physical and mechanical performance of LVL panels made from tropical pinus, with the previous classification of the veneers according to its MOE (high and low modulus of elasticity), obtained from non-destructive tests (ultrasound and stress wave methods). Evaluations were carried in commercial dimension panels made with 2,2 mm thick veneers from “Industria de Madeiras Caribea Ltda”, located at Sao Manuel, São Paulo State, southeast of Brazil. Panels with 13 and 25 veneer were made considering four distinct treatments (three boards for each thickness and treatment) as follows: a) T1 (homogeneous superior) – LVL made entirely of higher MOE veneer; b) T2 (homogeneous inferior) – LVL made entirely of low-grade MOE veneer; c) T3 (rational) – LVL made with higher MOE in face veneer and lower MOE in core veneer; d) T4 (combined) – boards made with combined and alternated veneer with higher and lower MOE. Panels were submitted to non-destructive evaluation, in order to obtain their dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed – stress wave method) and dynamic constant (CLL – ultrasound method). Specimens of the boards were tested under static bending, longitudinal shear, compression parallel and normal to the grain. For all specimens were evaluated density and humidity. All physical and mechanical tests were done according to ASTM D 5456 Code and CE 31:000.05-001/1 – First draft of the new Brazilian Code for Plywood...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal a avaliação do desempenho físico-mecânico de painéis de lâminas paralelas LVL (Laminated venner lumber) de Pinus tropicais, classificando-se as lâminas em classes de qualidade (baixo e alto módulos de elasticidade), usando-se para isto métodos não-destrutivos, como ultra-som e ondas de tensão. As avaliações foram realizadas em painéis com lâminas de espessura de 2,2 mm, provenientes da Indústria de Madeiras Caribea Ltda., localizada no município de São Manuel, SP. Foram confeccionados painéis LVL de 13 e 25 lâminas, com quatro tipos de tratamento, com as lâminas previamente classificadas: a) T1-LVL homogêneo 1 (produzido somente com lâminas classificadas com alto módulo de elasticidade dinâmico) b) T2-LVL homogêneo 2 (produzido somente com lâminas classificadas com baixo módulo de elasticidade dinâmico ) c) T3-LVL com lâminas combinadas (lâminas de alto módulo de elasticidade dinâmico na capa e contracapa e baixo módulo de elasticidade dinâmico no miolo) d) T4-LVL não homogêneo (com lâminas alternadas - uma com alto módulo, e outra com baixo módulo de elasticidade alternadamente) As propriedades dos painéis foram avaliadas pelos métodos nãodestrutivos de ondas de tensão (stress wave method) e ultra-som, determinando-se, respectivamente, o módulo dinâmico (Ed.) e a constante dinâmica (CLL) de cada painel. Com os corpos-de-prova retirados dos painéis foram realizados ensaios de flexão estática, 2 cisalhamento longitudinal, compressão paralela e perpendicular às fibras, resistência da colagem ao esforço de cisalhamento, teor de umidade e densidade, seguindo-se as recomendações das normas ASTM 5456 e o Projeto 31:000.05-001/3 para Painéis de madeira compensada, da ABNT. Na avaliação da qualidade dos painéis os valores médios das propriedades do LVL foram comparados...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This paper had the main objective of evaluating physical and mechanical performance of LVL panels made from tropical pinus, with the previous classification of the veneers according to its MOE (high and low modulus of elasticity), obtained from non-destructive tests (ultrasound and stress wave methods). Evaluations were carried in commercial dimension panels made with 2,2 mm thick veneers from "Industria de Madeiras Caribea Ltda", located at Sao Manuel, São Paulo State, southeast of Brazil. Panels with 13 and 25 veneer were made considering four distinct treatments (three boards for each thickness and treatment) as follows: a) T1 (homogeneous superior) - LVL made entirely of higher MOE veneer; b) T2 (homogeneous inferior) - LVL made entirely of low-grade MOE veneer; c) T3 (rational) - LVL made with higher MOE in face veneer and lower MOE in core veneer; d) T4 (combined) - boards made with combined and alternated veneer with higher and lower MOE. Panels were submitted to non-destructive evaluation, in order to obtain their dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed - stress wave method) and dynamic constant (CLL - ultrasound method). Specimens of the boards were tested under static bending, longitudinal shear, compression parallel and normal to the grain. For all specimens were evaluated density and humidity. All physical and mechanical tests were done according to ASTM D 5456 Code and CE 31:000.05-001/1 - First draft of the new Brazilian Code for Plywood...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Adriano Wagner Ballarin / Coorientador: Hernando Alfonso Lara Palma / Banca: Takasho Yojo / Banca: Luiz Antonio Vasques Hellmeister / Banca: Mascos Antonio Rezende / Banca: Vladimir Eliodoro Costa / Doutor

Tendo em vista a freqüente constatação clínica da reprodução protética inadequada da face vestibular dos dentes permanentes, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a reconstrução anatômica do perfil de emergência vestibular do canino superior esquerdo, após confecção, por técnica indireta, de faceta estética executada por três técnicos em prótese dentária. Para este fim, foram fornecidos a cada um dos profissionais quatro modelos obtidos a partir da moldagem de um de arco superior de um manequim odontológico. Cada modelo continha uma réplica do canino superior esquerdo com preparo protético para faceta estética, em forma de troquel removível, para que fossem confeccionadas as facetas em resina. Numa segunda etapa, cada profissional recebeu outros quatro modelos idênticos, porém acompanhados do dente artificial removido do manequim odontológico, que serviu de referência para a reconstrução do elemento dentário. Após a confecção destas outras facetas, todas foram cimentadas nos troquéis e suas faces vestibulares submetidas a traçados de perfil, em aparelho para medição tridimensional. Os traçados obtidos foram comparados ao traçado previamente realizado sobre a face vestibular do dente artificial, objetivando verificar se os técnicos reproduziram o perfil de emergência de forma fiel e se houve diferença entre as facetas confeccionadas com e sem o modelo anatômico de referência. Os dados obtidos foram estatisticamente analisados com o uso dos aplicativos Bioestat 2.0 e SPSS 11.0, por meio dos testes: 1) teste t; 2) ANOVA e teste t de student. Foi utilizado nível de significância de 5%. / In view of the frequent clinical evidence of inadequate prosthetic reproduction of the buccal face of permanent teeth, the present study aimed to evaluate the anatomical reconstruction of the buccal emergence profile of the left upper canine, after confection, for indirect technic, of aesthetic veneer restoration executed by three dental prosthetic technicians. For this, the professionals received four casts gotten from the molding of an odontologic dummy of superior arch. Each model contained a reply of the left upper canine prepared for receive an aesthetic veneer restoration, in form of removable die, for that were confectioned veneers in resin. In one second stage, each professional received others four models identicals, however followed of the artificial tooth removed of the odontologic dummy, that served of reference for the reconstruction of the dental element. After the confection of these others veneers, all were cemented in the dies and its buccal faces submitted the tracings of profile, in device for three-dimensional measurement. The gotten tracings were compared with the tracing previously carried on the buccal face of the artificial tooth, objectifying to verify if the technician they had reproduced the emergence profile of faithful form and if occurred difference between the veneers with and without the anatomical model of reference. The gotten data were submitted to the analysis statistics, using t test, ANOVA and t Student test. Level of significance of 5% was used.

This thesis focuses on stress-strain analysis of the upper central incisor with applied veneer and its variations with proximal fillings and endodontic treatment. The basic materials and veneer types are introduced at the beginning. Next chapter describes the creation of geometric models of a healthy tooth, veneers and fillings. The veneer geometry model has been done in several variants, taking different thickness values, veneer ranges and used materials into account. A finite element mesh was applied to the models. The computation model was solved using the finite element method using the ANSYS 14.0 software in the Workbench graphics environment. The results of the analysis show that the composite material is more suitable for veneers placed partially in the dentin - either with proximal fillings or without them. The ceramic material is a better option for endodontic treatment. Veneers located in the enamel are not significantly affected by the choice of material and the ceramic material is more appropriate only when proximal fillings are applied.

The aim of this PhD project was to transfer the remarkable mechanical properties of compression wood to technical applications. Compression wood can be strongly deformed because of its high cellulose microfibril angle and allows permanent plastic deformation without significant damage. These special features of compression wood make this material particularly suitable for the three-dimensional processing of veneers. By applying advanced technologies high deformation levels were achieved. / Das Anliegen dieses Promotionsprojektes bestand in der Überführung der beachtenswerten mechanischen Eigenschaften von Druckholz in eine technische Anwendung. Druckholz kann aufgrund seines großen Cellulose-Mikrofibrillenwinkels stark verformt werden und erlaubt eine permanente plastische Verformung ohne signifikante Materialschädigung. Insbesondere diese Eigenschaften lassen Furniere aus Druckholz für eine dreidimensionale Verarbeitung geeignet erscheinen und führen unter Verwendung neuartiger Verformungstechnologien zu hohen Verformungsgraden.

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the color of porcelain veneers with try-in paste in relation to porcelain veneers with permanent cement. Also, to evaluate and compare combinations of three different shades and thicknesses of porcelain veneers and three cement shades before and after final cementation. Additionally, to evaluate and compare the color of porcelain veneers with cured permanent cement before and after aging. Background: Porcelain veneers and ceramic restorations have become one of the most popular approaches in the anterior area due to their natural appearance and esthetics. However, more conservative approaches have led to thinner restorations with increased translucency. A potential drawback to these restorations is that any color change in the luting cement can become clinically visible, and possibly affect esthetic appearance. Methods: One hundred and eight specimens were cut from feldspathic porcelain blocs (Vitablocs Mark II for CEREC). Three different Vita 3D- Master 1M1, 2M2, and 3M1 shades were assessed. All specimens were 12 x 14 mm, with three different thicknesses of 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mm. Light-cured resin cement (Variolink Veneer, Ivoclar Vivadent) with three different shades was used. The specimen color alone, with the try-in paste, and with pre-cured and post-cured resin cement was measured using a spectrophotometer (Color Eye 7000A), which measures CIE-L*a*b* values. Specimens were subjected to 30,000 cycles of accelerated aging (Themo-cycling, Sarbi Dental Enterprises Inc.). Color measurement for all specimens was performed again and ∆E values between groups been calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way and three-way ANOVA, with level of significant set at α=0.05, to assess differences between groups. This was followed by post hoc Tukey's tests. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between try-in paste and corresponding cured resin cement. Pre-cured and post-cured resin cement values showed a significant difference between cement shades. Moreover, statistically significant differences were found between post-cured cement and after 30,000 cycles of thermo-cycling. Conclusions: The final color of porcelain veneers was highly affected by the different shades of resin cement and by the thicknesses of the porcelain veneer. The use of higher ceramic thickness decreased the ∆E values when compared to thinner veneers. Also, color stability of ceramic veneer restorations luted with resin cement, was significantly influenced by the aging.