Aufbauend auf historischen Anwendungen von Holzwerkstoffen in der Technik werden Vor- und Nachteile aus der Sicht des Maschinenbaus dargestellt sowie eine aktuelle Eignung dahingehend diskutiert. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfährt der integrative Leichtbau mit Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoffen (Wood Veneer Composite, WVC). Durch deren modifizierbares Eigenschaftsprofil, in Verbindung mit einer an den Anwendungsfall angepassten Bauweise, ist eine zusätzliche Funktionsintegration möglich. Das Potenzial der Holzwerkstoffe wird an verschiedenen Konstruktionsbeispielen erläutert. Ergänzend werden Biege-Ersatz Emodul und Bauteilverformung eines Strukturelementes sowie Ergebnisse aus Ermüdungsversuchen der Verbindungstechnik dargestellt. Abschließend werden Probleme beider Umsetzung verschiedener Prototypen beschrieben und deren Lösung aufgezeigt. / Based on several historical applications of Wood Veneer Composites (WVC) the advantages and disadvantages of wood materials in today`s mechanical and plant engineering are discussed. Integrated WVC lightweight structures are especially taken into account. The highly modifiable mechanical properties of WVC’s allow application-adapted integration of further technical functions. The capabilities of integrated lightweight structures based on wood materials are demonstrated on several technical applications. Furthermore results of flexural tests, precisely the retrieved substitutet bending modulus and the maximal deflection as well as results of fatigue testing of the connecting components are given. Finally problems occurring during realization of WVC lightweight prototypes and their potential solutions are shown.

Durch die Entwicklung der vorgestellten modularen Bauweise ist es möglich, Maschinengestelle aus Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoff (WVC) einfach herzustellen und technisch sinnvoll einzusetzen. Die modulare Bauweise kann sowohl für statische als auch dynamische Beanspruchungen im Allge-meinen Maschinenbau angewendet werden. In einem Baukastensystem werden Maschinenteile aus WVC durch geeignete Verbindungsmittel lösbar zusammengesetzt. Damit ist es möglich, eine hohe Flexibilität in der späteren Nutzung mit einer hohen Variantenvielfalt des Aufbaus durch entsprechend verschiedene Bauteile zu kombinieren. Im Vortrag werden die verschiedenen Belastungen des Holzverbundes im Maschinenaufbau charakte-risiert und auf Probleme bei der Konstruktion eingegangen. Abschließend werden Ergebnisse zu Dau-eruntersuchungen der Verbindungstechnik und des gesamten Maschinenaufbaus vorgestellt und diskutiert. / The development of the presented modular construction allows to manufacture wood veneer compos-ite (WVC) machine racks easily in a technical reasonable way. The modular construction can be used for both static and dynamic loading conditions in mechanical engineering. In the modular construction system the WVC machine components are connected detachable with adequate fasteners. This leads to high flexibility during the construction and assembly process of machine components. In the current presentation the different loading conditions of WVC profiles are characterized and the problems during construction described. Finally the results of the long term testing of the connection technique are presented and the complete machine system is discussed.

In der technischen Logistik bieten Bauweisen aus Holzverbundwerkstoffen, speziell aus schichtförmigen aufgebauten Halbzeugen (WVC – Wood-Veneer- Composites), eine Alternative zu Konstruktionen aus Metallwerkstoffen, vor allem aufgrund ihrer guten spezifischen mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie ihrer günstigen Korrosionseigenschaften. Benötigte Verbindungsmittel entstammen dabei dem Bau- oder Möbelsektor und sind vorrangig statischen Belastungen angepasst. Der Vortrag gibt einen kurzen Einblick in Bauweisen mit WVC und stellt dabei Forschungsergebnisse zu statischen und dynamischen Untersuchungen an prinzipiell geeigneten Verbindungselementen in den Vordergrund. Dabei wird vor allem auf holztypische Problemstellungen im Zusammenhang mit dynamischen Belastungen eingegangen. An Funktionsmustern werden mögliche Anwendungen in der Fördertechnik, speziell für den Stückguttransport, dargestellt.

Aufbauend auf historischen Anwendungen von Holzwerkstoffen in der Technik werden Vor- und Nachteile aus der Sicht des Maschinenbaus dargestellt sowie eine aktuelle Eignung dahingehend diskutiert. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfährt der integrative Leichtbau mit Holzfurnierlagenverbundwerkstoffen (Wood Veneer Composite, WVC). Durch deren modifizierbares Eigenschaftsprofil, in Verbindung mit einer an den Anwendungsfall angepassten Bauweise, ist eine zusätzliche Funktionsintegration möglich. Das Potenzial der Holzwerkstoffe wird an verschiedenen Konstruktionsbeispielen erläutert. Ergänzend werden Biege-Ersatz Emodul und Bauteilverformung eines Strukturelementes sowie Ergebnisse aus Ermüdungsversuchen der Verbindungstechnik dargestellt. Abschließend werden Probleme beider Umsetzung verschiedener Prototypen beschrieben und deren Lösung aufgezeigt. / Based on several historical applications of Wood Veneer Composites (WVC) the advantages and disadvantages of wood materials in today`s mechanical and plant engineering are discussed. Integrated WVC lightweight structures are especially taken into account. The highly modifiable mechanical properties of WVC’s allow application-adapted integration of further technical functions. The capabilities of integrated lightweight structures based on wood materials are demonstrated on several technical applications. Furthermore results of flexural tests, precisely the retrieved substitutet bending modulus and the maximal deflection as well as results of fatigue testing of the connecting components are given. Finally problems occurring during realization of WVC lightweight prototypes and their potential solutions are shown.

This Ph.D. thesis represents a summative report detailing research processes and outcomes from investigating the ultimate and serviceability limit state short- and long-term behaviour and design of timber-concrete composite floors. The project enables the realization of a semi-prefabricated LVL-concrete composite floor system of up to 15 m long using 3 types of connection. Design span tables which satisfy the ultimate and serviceability limit state short- and long-term verifications for this system form the novel contribution of this thesis. In quantifying the behaviour of timber-concrete composite floors, 5 different experimental phases have been carried. 9 major achievements in meeting 9 sub-objectives have been concluded: 1) Three best types of connection system for timber-concrete composite floors have been identified; 2) The characteristic strength and secant slip moduli for these connections have been determined; 3) The short-term behaviour of the selected connections defined by their pre- and post-peak responses under collapse load has been established; 4) An analytical model for the strength evaluation of the selected connections based on the different possible modes of failure has been derived; 5) Easy and fast erected semi-prefabricated timber-concrete composite floor has been proposed; 6) The short-term ultimate and serviceability limit state behaviour of timber-concrete composite floor beams under collapse load has been investigated; 7) The long-term behaviour of chosen connections defined by their creep coefficient has been determined; 8) The long-term behaviour of timber-concrete composite floor beams under sustained load at serviceability limit state condition has been investigated; and 9) Design example and span tables for semi-prefabricated timber-concrete composite floors that satisfy both the ultimate and serviceability limit state in the short- and long-term using the gamma-method have been developed.

Det här examensarbetet kretsar kring mina experiment med parkettläggningstekniker, och mina försök att bygga en möbel som ser ut som att den har tagits över av ett mönster eller en struktur. En övergång till någonting mer skulpturalt. Jag använder träbitar som blivit över från andra projekt för att tillverka dessa dekorationer. Min utgångspunkt är traditionella parkettläggningstekniker, men jag arbetar också med en slags mer tredimensionell parkettläggning, med tjockare, vinklade bitar, för att skapa djup och ett intryck av växande. / This thesis work revolves around my experiments with parquetry and my attempts to build a piece of furniture that appears to have been taken over by a pattern or structure. A transition into something more sculptural. I use pieces of wood left over from other projects to create these decorations. My basis is traditional parquetry techniques, but I also work with a type of more three dimensional parquetry, with thicker, angled pieces, to create depth and an impression of growing.

Nachwachsende Rohstoffe stellen in zunehmendem Umfang eine sinnvolle Alternative zu herkömmlichen Konstruktionswerkstoffen im Maschinen- und Anlagenbau dar. Speziell Lagenholzwerkstoffe bieten enormes Potential, den Anforderungen an Nachhaltigkeit und Ressourceneffizienz gerecht zu werden, ohne auf eine entsprechende technische Leistungsfähigkeit verzichten zu müssen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird im Vortrag ein an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz entwickeltes Konzept vorgestellt, Metallwerkstoffe (Stahl und Aluminium) im Maschinenbau durch nachwachsende Rohstoffe zu substituieren. Am Beispiel eines in der Automobilproduktion eingesetzten Fördersystems aus Holzwerkstoff wird dieses Konzept erläutert. Dabei handelt es sich um ein im Karosserierohbau bei Volkswagen verwendetes Skidfördersystem. Anhand einer Anforderungsliste wird im Vortrag schwerpunktmäßig der konstruktive Aufbau des Förderers vorgestellt, wobei vor allem die Unterschiede und Besonderheiten zur herkömmlichen Metallbauweise im Vordergrund stehen. Die Berechnung und Auslegung der Transporteinheit erforderte besondere Rechenmodelle, die für die verwendeten Insertverbindungen hergeleitet wurden und im Vortrag kurz erläutert werden. Speziell das dynamische Anforderungsprofil der Anwendung an die Struktur sowie die Verbindungstechnik ist durch bekannte Berechnungsgrundlagen (Bauwesen, Eurocode 5) nicht abgedeckt. Aus diesem Grund werden dem Maschinenbau entstammende Dauerfestigkeitsbetrachtungen speziell für Verbindungen des Ingenieurholzbaus genutzt. Zum Abschluss des Vortrages wird auf den mittlerweile eineinhalb jährigen, störungsfreien Praxiseinsatz bei der Volkswagen AG in Wolfsburg eingegangen und die Vorteile zum herkömmlichen Stahlfördersystem aufgezeigt. / Renewable resources become more and more a useful alternative to conventional construction materials in machine and plant construction. Especially wood veneer composites offer an enormous potential to meet the requirements of sustainability and resource efficiency without having to give up appropriate technical and mechanical capabilities. In this context the University of Technology in Chemnitz has developed a concept to replace metal materials such as steel or aluminum in mechanical engineering by renewable resources. A skid conveyor system made of wood veneer composites in automotive production used by Volkswagen will give a further explanation of this concept. Based on a list of requirements the lecture focuses the structural design. Especially the most notably differences and peculiarities to the conventional metal construction will be shown. The calculation and dimensioning required special calculation models, which have been derived for the used insert joints. Especially the dynamical requirement specifications of the application concerning the structure itself and the joints are not covered by computational models from civil engineering (Eurocode 5). Therefore fatigue strength examinations originated from mechanical engineering were adapted for joints usually used in timber engineering. The speech closes by summarizing the 18 month failure-free operation of totally five conveyor units at Volkswagen in Wolfsburg as well as their advantages compared to the conventional steel conveyor system.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de utilização da madeira do híbrido Pinus elliottii var. elliottii x Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis para a produção de lâminas e manufatura de painéis compensados. Para realização do estudo foram utilizadas 10 toras de 1,30 m de comprimento, provenientes de 5 árvores coletadas aos 7 anos e 10 meses de idade nos plantios da empresa Pinus Brasil, localizada em Buri - SP. O rendimento do processo de laminação das toras e a qualidade das lâminas produzidas foram avaliados. O delineamento para a produção experimental e avaliação dos painéis compensados constituiu-se de 8 tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial, através dos quais foram analisados os efeitos de duas posições de retirada da tora no tronco (A e B), duas gramaturas de adesivo (380 e 420g/m²) e dois tempos de prensagem (8 e 12 minutos). Para cada tratamento foram produzidos 3 painéis compensados, cada qual com 5 lâminas coladas entre si com adesivo à base de fenol-formaldeído. O rendimento médio do processo de laminação das toras, sem casca, foi de aproximadamente 53%, podendo ser considerado bom e compatível com outros resultados encontrados na literatura. As toras A, mais próximas da base das árvores, produziram maior número de lâminas, no entanto, de qualidade inferior em relação às lâminas das toras (B). A massa específica aparente dos painéis estudados foi relativamente baixa em comparação a outros compensados de Pinus, cuja propriedade apresentou valor médio estatisticamente superior para os compensados confeccionados com lâminas das toras A. Os painéis apresentaram boa estabilidade dimensional, sendo que o tempo de prensagem de 12 minutos para a produção dos compensados resultou em diminuição estatisticamente significativa do inchamento em espessura. O tempo de prensagem, gramatura de adesivo e posição da tora influenciaram os valores de resistência da colagem dos painéis, sendo que os maiores valores foram observados para os painéis produzidos com lâminas das toras B, tempo de prensagem de 12 minutos e gramatura de 420g/m². Os valores médios do módulo de ruptura (MOR) e do módulo de elasticidade (MOE) à flexão estática dos painéis foram, respectivamente, compatíveis e inferiores quando comparados com os do Catálogo Técnico n°1 Compensados de Pinus (ABIMCI, 2002). Houve efeito do fator posição da tora no MOR paralelo dos painéis e o maior valor médio foi observado para os compensados confeccionados com lâminas das toras da posição A. Houve interação entre os fatores posição da tora e tempo de prensagem para o MOR e MOE perpendiculares, sendo que, de modo geral, os menores valores foram observados para os compensados confeccionados com lâminas das toras B e prensados no tempo de 12 minutos. Conclui-se que a madeira do híbrido estudado apresenta bom potencial para a produção de lâminas e manufatura de compensados. Porém, o emprego desses painéis em produtos que requeiram elevados valores do MOR e do MOE, por exemplo, em formas de concreto, não é aconselhável, porque esses painéis não satisfariam tais requisitos. / The main objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of wood utilization from Pinus elliottii var. elliottii x Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis hybrid for veneer production and plywood manufacturing. This study used 10 logs measuring 1.30m in length, obtained from 05 trees, 07 years and 10 months of age, from plantations located in Buri SP, Brazil. Peeling process yield and quality of veneers produced were evaluated. The experimental design consisted of eight treatments, arranged in a factorial way, being the effects of two log positions (A and B) on the trunk, two adhesive spread rates (380 and 420g/m²) and two press times (8 and 12 minutes). Three plywood panels were produced for each treatment and each panel was constituted of 05 veneers glued with an adhesive based on phenol-formaldehyde. The peeling process yield was approximately 53%, based on logs without bark, and can be considered good and compatible with other results found in the literature. The logs A, closer to the base of the tree, produced a greater number of veneers, but of inferior quality compared to the logs B veneers. The apparent specific mass of the plywood panels was relatively low, compared to other Pines plywood available in the literature, with a superior mean value for the plywood made with veneers of logs A comparing to logs B. The plywood panels showed good dimensional stability. The press time of 12 minutes resulted in significant thickness swelling decrease and the press time, adhesive spread rate and log position, influenced the bonding line strength. The best results of bonding line strength were obtained for the plywood produced with logs B veneers, press time of 12 minutes and spread rate of 420g/m². The static bending properties of the plywood panels studied, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE),were compatible and inferior, respectively, compared to other Brazilian-pines plywood. There was an effect of the log position factor on the MOR-parallel-to-grain with best results obtained for plywood panels produced with veneers of logs A. There was interaction between the log position and press time factors on the MOR and MOE, both perpendicular-to-grain, with the lowest values observed for plywood panels produced with log B veneers and press time of 12 minutes. The hybrid pine wood studied has good potential for veneer production and plywood manufacturing. However, the use of these panels in products that require high values of MOR and MOE, for example, in formwork is not advisable, because these panels do not satisfy these requirements.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar in vitro a dissipação de tensões em incisivos centrais superiores humanos restaurados com facetas de cerâmica feldspática, através da análise do método dos elementos finitos, considerando cargas funcionais de mastigação e corte dos alimentos, em função de três tipos de preparos utilizados: sem proteção incisal; com proteção incisal em ângulo e com proteção incisal em degrau palatino. Foram utilizadas modelagens bidimensionais de um incisivo central superior e suas estruturas de suporte, simulando três situações: (Primeira modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular (em forma de janela); (Segunda modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular e proteção incisal em plano inclinado; (Terceira modelagem) incisivo central superior com desgaste vestibular, e proteção incisal com degrau palatino. Foi considerada uma carga (P=100N) com uma inclinação de 45 concentrada, simulando a região de contato do incisivo central inferior com o superior durante a mastigação e uma na região de contato topo a topo dos incisivos superior e inferior, simulando o corte dos alimentos. Após a análise dos dados obtidos pela distribuição de tensões, pode-se concluir que quanto à dissipação das tensões em todo o sistema proposto, com a aplicação de carga em 45, não foram observadas mudanças no estado tensional nos três diferentes preparos. Quando foi aplicada carga vertical, simulando o contato de topo, houve variação no estado tensional no sistema do dente com preparo em janela. Nas facetas, com a aplicação de carga em 45, nos preparos em janela e com proteção incisal em plano inclinado o resultado foi semelhante nos valores tensionais enquanto, nas facetas em dentes preparados com proteção incisal com degrau palatino, a distribuição foi mais homogênea tendo valores superiores, mostrando que o abraçamento do dente diminuiu a flexão. / The aim of this study is to analyze in vitro stress dissipation on human maxillary central incisors restored with ceramic feldspathic veneers, through the finite element method. Functional chewing and food cutting loads were evaluated in three types of preparations of teeth: preparation without incisal protection, with incisal angle protection and with incisal protection with palatal step. Two-dimensional modeling of a maxillary central incisor and its supporting structures were used, simulating three conditions: 1) First modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation (window shape); 2) Second modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation and incisal protection on an inclined plane; 3) Third modeling - maxillary central incisor with facial preparation and incisal protection with palatal step. The chosen load (P = 100N) was applied to two different points: one of them to the palatal aspect with an inclination of 45 in order to simulate the contact area of the mandibular and the maxillary central incisors during chewing and the other one to the region of contact with edge-to-edge upper/lower central incisors, simulating food cutting. After analyzing the data obtained from the stress distribution it is possible to conclude that there are no alterations in tensional characteristics of the three different preparations concerning the stress dissipation on the whole proposed system, considering the application of load in 45. When the vertical load was applied, simulating an edge-to-edge contact, a variation in the stress state of tooth with window preparation was observed. For veneers with 45 load application, both the window preparation teeth and teeth with incisal protection on an inclined plane presented similar tensional values. For veneers of prepared teeth with incisal protection with palatal step, the stress distribution was more homogeneous with higher values, showing that tooth embracement reduced flexion.

Growing environmental awareness has led to developments within landfill engineering, increasing the amount of research with the aim of constructing safe, stable landfills with optimal geometry. EU member states are forced to improve waste disposal policies through directives (Council of the European Union 1999) enforced in member countries through local legislation (in the UK, The Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations 2002). This research focuses on several aspects of waste barrier in situ performance. A field study was conducted on a landfill side slope to investigate geosynthetics mechanical behaviour in service conditions and on a landfill capping to investigate capping geosynthetic drainage system performance in situ conditions and pore water distributions along the capping. Further site derived data were collected in order to validate numerical modelling approaches, to increase confidence in a design processes and to investigate mechanisms incorporated in the liner s performance. The side slope studies revealed an additional factor affecting lining components displacement along the slope: geomembrane and geotextile response to atmospheric conditions. The capping study allowed production of recommendations for future capping designs. These can be used to considerably enhance capping stability.