Orientador: Carlos Aurélio Mota de Souza / Banca: Ruy Geraldo Camargo Vianna. / Banca: Celso Antonio Pacheco Fiorillo / Resumo: A qualidade dos Serviços Educacionais e a proteção do Código do Consumidor é o objeto de estudo nesta pesquisa. O binômio lucratividade X qualidade na educação nacional tem emergido como uma fonte de preocupação pelos órgãos normatizadores e fiscalizadores deste setor, bem como por toda sociedade civil. Face a esta constatação, pretende a presente pesquisa demonstrar que, o ensino privado, além de submeter-se à todas normativas da educação nacional e da autorização e avaliação da qualidade pelo Poder Público, como um imperativo constitucional e infra-constitucional, deve atender ainda aos princípios da ordem econômica e do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, posto que serviço remunerado. Considerando a extensa subjetividade do conceito "qualidade", a presente pesquisa busca nos indicadores Legais e Institucionais, a moderna concepção de "Qualidade de Ensino". Nesta esteira, o estudo apresenta suporte teórico para afirmar a possibilidade jurídica da aplicabilidade do Direito do Consumidor às relações de consumo do Ensino, não apenas no que se refere aos custos, preços e propaganda enganosa, mas sobretudo em relação à qualidade do Ensino ministrado, coibindo os excessos de lucratividade advindos da falta do comprometimento com o caráter social inerente à Educação. Desta forma, está o prestador de Ensino, a exemplo dos demais prestadores de serviços no mercado, obrigado a oferecer "serviços adequados para os fins que razoavelmente deles se esperam, bem como serviços que atendam as normas regulamentares de prestabilidade", sob pena da competente ação de responsabilidade pelos vícios de qualidade, conforme permissivo contido no Código de Defesa do Consumidor. / Abstract: The providing Education Services under The protection of the Consumer Rights Actwith the emphasis on responsibility for the imperfections of the Quality of education services is the objective of this research. The question of profit versus quality in the National Education System has emerged as a source of worry of the Education Agencies responsible for the regulation and control of this sector, as well as for society as a whole. Considering these facts is the intention of this research. We intend to demonstrate that the private educational system not only complies with all the regulations of the Official Educational System, but also with the authorization and evaluation of quality by the public Administration. Within the role of that body at a constitutional and sub-constitutional level as well as adhering to economic principles and Consumer Rights, as a paid service. Taking into consideration the subjective nature of the concept "quality", this research aims to present, using both legal and institutional indicators, a modern concept of "Teaching Quality". In this way, the study presents theoretical support to ratify the judicial possibility of the applicability of consumer rights in relation to the consumption of Education and Teaching. Not only related to costs, princes and deceptive advertising, but especially in relation to the quality of teaching administered. Restraining excessive profits that occur as a consequence of the lack of compromise with the social character inherent to Education. In this way the "education" service is, as much as any other service on the market, compelled to offer "appropriate services for the objectives within reasonably expected standards, as well as services that comply with the principles of services rendered regulations" by using competent action of responsibility in providing quality without viciousness in quality, according to directives included in the Consumer Rights Code. / Mestre

Ce mémoire porte sur le texte de Huon de Méry intitulé Le Tournoi de l’Antéchrist. Il s’agit d’un ouvrage de 3544 vers dont la date d’écriture est estimée à la première moitié du XIIIe siècle. Ce texte a retenu notre attention pour son utilisation de la psychomachia comme matrice principale et son écriture en langue vernaculaire. Le Tournoi relate l’aventure de Huon qui va assister à l’affrontement de l’armée du Christ, composée de vertus, contre celle de l’Antéchrist où s’alignent les vices. La narration conjugue écriture autobiographique, romanesque et récit allégorique, présentant ainsi une figure de narrateur-auteur intéressante. La singularité de l’écriture de Huon réside dans cette articulation d’éléments hétérogènes. L’auteur fait intervenir deux autorités littéraires, Chrétien de Troyes et Raoul de Houdenc, qui ont une influence majeure sur son oeuvre. L’univers romanesque et allégorique est combiné à des éléments mythologiques, littéraires et bibliques. Cette convocation de traditions différentes pose un problème de généricité qu’il faut adresser pour la compréhension du texte. C’est le point de départ de notre réflexion qui nous permettra d’exposer la relation entre la structure d’affrontement du texte, l’écriture allégorique et les visées didactiques de l’auteur. Ces trois éléments s’articulent autour d’un principe double, commun dans la pensée médiévale. Ce principe est à la base de notre hypothèse qui soutient l’idée selon laquelle la pensée du double permet de former une dynamique entre les éléments hétérogènes du Tournoi et met en lumière le message de conversion de l’auteur. / The subject of this master’s thesis is Huon de Méry’s Le Tournoi de l’Antéchrist. This book is composed of 3544 verses and the writing date is estimated to be around the first half of the 13th century. This subject caught our attention because of the author Huon de Mery’s unusual use of the psychomachia as the principal matrix of the text and because of his writing in vernacular. The Tournoi describes the adventures of Huon who in the story is destined to be the spectator of the confrontation between Christ’s army, which represents virtues, against the Antichrist’s which represents vices. The narrative achieves an interesting author-narrator representation by combining elements of autobiographica land Romanesque writing, along with an allegorical storyline. The singularity of Huon’s writing resides in the articulation of heterogeneous elements. Chrétien de Troyes and Raoul de Houdenc as literary authority are major influences for the book. The fictionaland allegorical universes combine, with mythological elements, different literary traditions and biblical influences. This diversity of traditions poses the question of the genericity which is essential to address for a better understanding of the text. This is the starting point of our reflection which allows us to expose the relationship between the text’s confrontational structures, its allegorical writing and the shared principle in medieval’s binary thinking culture. This articulation is the basis of our hypothesis which puts forward the idea that medieval binary thinking forms a dynamic among the elements of the Tournoi and highlights the religious conversion message of the author.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilea Giacomini Arruda.pdf: 652876 bytes, checksum: 4bfe744bd47933011a71157ed751a223 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-08 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This dissertation is situated in the research of Portuguese Language s History Description, and its theme is a study of the vices of language and its subject of the study it is a grammatical polemic between Rui Barbosa and Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro. This study aims to contribute to the linguistic studies of a past that is present in the portuguese language. Particulary: 1.depicting the political, social and cultural moment of in the beginning XIX century and in the ending XX century; 2. to examine the vices of language; 3. to describe the position of the grammarians. This essay is justified by the fact of the debaters have adopted a conception of language as a naturalist principle. The methodological procedure used was the theoretical descriptive and deductive. The theoretical support was sought and the analyse of the texts was followed according the linear reading of Réplica and Tréplica works. This research is grounded on the theoritical presuppositions on the Linguistic Ideas History as regards its purposes, the results pointed out that the historical, social, political and cultural moment influenced the polemists on the privileged theme vices of language. It has concluded that the studious have adopted a purist attitude resulting in the conception of language therefore they defending it of the vices that corrupt the Portuguese language / Esta dissertação situa-se na linha de pesquisa da História e Descrição da Língua Portuguesa, tendo por tema um estudo sobre os vícios de linguagem e por objeto de estudo a polêmica gramatical entre os estudiosos Rui Barbosa e Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro. O objetivo desta pesquisa visa contribuir com os estudos lingüísticos de um passado que se faz presente na língua portuguesa. Especificamente: 1. Descrever o momento político, social e cultural do final do século XIX e início do século XX; 2. Examinar os vícios de linguagem; 3. Descrever a posição dos gramáticos. Justificase esta investigação pelo fato de os debatedores adotarem uma concepção de língua enquanto princípio naturalista. O procedimento metodológico adotado para este trabalho foi o teórico-descritivo-dedutivo. Buscou-se o suporte teórico, selecionou-se o corpus, seguindo-se a análise de textos, de acordo com a leitura linear das obras Réplica e Tréplica. Este estudo, apoiado nos pressupostos teóricos da História das Ideias Linguísticas, obteve um resultado satisfatório, pelo fato de ter apontado que o momento histórico, social, político e cultural influenciou os polemistas no tema privilegiado, vícios de linguagem. Conclui-se que os estudiosos adotaram uma atitude conservadora e purista decorrente da concepção de língua, defendendo-a de vícios que corrompessem a língua portuguesa

This submission is based on a critical analytical literature review of the moral paradigm of virtue ethics and a specific application of this to social work value discourse in search of lost identity. It echoes the philosophical academy's paradigmatic wars between 'act' and 'agent' appraisals in moral theory. Act appraisal theories focus on a person's act as the primary source of moral value whereas agent appraisal theories - whether 'agentprior' or stricter 'agent-based' versions - focus on a person's disposition to act morally. This generates a philosophical debate about which type of appraisal should take precedence in making an overall evaluation of a person's moral performance. My starting point is that at core social work is an altruistic activity entailing a deep commitment, a 'moral impulse', towards the distressed 'other'. This should privilege dispositional models of value that stress character and good motivation correctly applied - in effect making for an ethical career built upon the requisite moral virtues. However, the neo-liberal and neo-conservative state hegemony has all but vanquished the moral impulse and its correct application. In virtue ethical language, we live in 'vicious' times. I claim that social work's adherence to act appraisal Kantian and Utilitarian models is implicated in this loss. Kantian 'deontic' theory stresses inviolable moral principle to be obeyed irrespective of outcome: Utilitarian 'consequentualist' theory calculates the best moral outcome measured against principle. The withering of social work as a morally active profession has culminated in the state regulator's Code of Practice. This makes for a conformity of behaviour which I call 'proto-ethical' to distinguish it from 'ethics proper'. The Code demands that de-moralised practitioners dutifully follow policy, rules, procedures and targets - ersatz, piecemeal and simplistic forms of deontic and consequentualist act appraisals. Numerous inquiries into social work failures indict practitioners for such behaviour. I draw upon mainstream virtue ethical theory and the emergent social work counter discourse to get beyond both code and the simplified under-theoretisation of social work value. I defend a thesis regarding an identity-defining cluster of social work specific virtues. I propose two modules: 'righteous indignation' to capture the heartfelt moral impulse, and 'just generosity' to mindfully delineate the scope and legitimacy of the former. Their operation generates an exchange relationship with the client whereby the social worker builds 'surplus value' to give back more than must be taken in the transaction. I construct a social work specific minimal-maximal 'stability standard' to anchor the morally correct expression of these two modules and the estimation of surplus value. In satisficing terms, the standard describes what is good enough but is also potentially expansive. A derivative social work practice of moral value is embedded in an historic 'care and control' dialectic. The uncomfortable landscape is one of moral ambiguity and paradoxicality, to be navigated well in virtue terms. I argue that it is incongruous to speak of charactereological social worker virtues and vices and then not to employ the same paradigm to the client's moral world. This invites a functional analysis of virtue. The telos of social work - our moral impulse at work - directs us to scrutiny of the unsafe household. Our mandate is the well-being of the putative client within, discoursed in terms of functional life-stage virtues and vicious circumstance. I employ the allegorical device of a personal ethical journey from interested lay person to committed social worker, tracking the character-building moral peregrinations. I focus on two criticisms of virtue ethics - a philosophical fork. It is said that virtue ethical theory cannot of itself generate any reliable, independently validated action guidance. In so far as it does, the theory will endorse an as-given, even reactionary, criterion of right action, making 'virtue and vice' talk the bastion of the establishment power holders who control knowledge. I seek to repudiate these claims. Given that this demands a new approach to moral pedagogy, the practical implications for the suitability and training of social workers are discussed.

Aujourd’hui, il n’est pas rare qu’une personne se trouve en position de faiblesse lorsqu’elle contracte. Une entreprise en situation de dépendance économique, un consommateur face à un professionnel, l’utilisation de plus en plus fréquente de contrats d’adhésion, sont autant de facteurs pouvant conduire à la vulnérabilité d’un contractant. Le risque est alors que la partie dite « forte » abuse de sa position pour pousser l’autre à s’engager dans une convention fortement déséquilibrée, profitant essentiellement à l’auteur de l’abus. Ce type blâmable de comportement se manifestant lors de la formation des contrats, la partie lésée devrait pouvoir trouver une protection à travers la théorie des vices du consentement. Toutefois, cette théorie se révèle aujourd’hui inadaptée pour protéger efficacement les contractants victimes d’abus. Ce constat s’explique principalement par le fait qu’elle est restée inchangée depuis 1804. Basée sur une conception individualiste du contrat, les conditions d’admission propres à chaque vice, que sont l’erreur, la violence et le dol, sont trop restrictives. Or, les inégalités contractuelles étant à ce jour plus prononcées, elles entraînent nécessairement davantage d’abus, c’est pourquoi il convient de restaurer une telle théorie pour protéger comme il se doit les contractants. C’est à travers la notion de dol que nous proposons de le faire. Ce choix n’est pas le fruit du hasard. Il se justifie par le fait que le dol est un délit civil, avant même d’être un vice du consentement. Plus précisément, il est la manifestation de la déloyauté précontractuelle. Le consacrer comme un fait altérant la volonté engendre alors deux effets négatifs. Le premier tient au fait qu’il apparaît, en droit positif, comme une notion complexe, source de contradictions. Le second consiste à ne pouvoir réprimer la malhonnêteté perpétrée lors de la formation des contrats que de manière imparfaite et ce, en raison du champ d’application trop restreint du dol, celui-ci étant cantonné à une erreur provoquée. En lui redonnant sa véritable nature, celle de délit civil viciant le contrat, id est d’atteinte à la bonne foi précontractuelle, on remédierait à ces deux imperfections. / Professional, or the increasing use of adhesion contracts (“take it or leave it agreements”), all are factors that can lead to the contractor’s vulnerability. The risk is, for the so-called “strong” party, to abuse its position in order to force the other party into a strongly unbalanced agreement, mainly in its own benefit. Since such a reprehensible behavior occurs during the contract formation, the weakened party should be able to find protection through the use of the defects of consent theory. However, this theory has proven inadequate to effectively protect abused contractors today. A major explanation is due to the fact that this theory remains unchanged since 1804. Based on an individualistic conception of the contract, conditions of admission of each defects of consent, such as error, abuse and fraud, are too restrictive. However, the more contractual inequalities exist, the more they will turn into abuse. Therefore, this is why such a theory should be restored in order to protect contractors. It is through the notion of “dol” (willful misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment) that we propose to do so. This choice is not a coincidence. It is justified by the fact that “dol” is a tort, even before being a defect of consent. Specifically, it is the manifestation of pre-contractual disloyalty. Its recognition as a fact altering willpower will generate two negative effects. The first is linked to the fact that “dol” appears to be a complex notion and a source of contradiction in substantive law. The second is not permitting to properly penalize the dishonesty perpetrated during the contract formation due to a too narrow scope of the “dol”, the latter being understood as an induced error. Giving it back its real nature of a civil tort defecting the contract and undermining the pre-contractual good faith, our work aims at finding a remedy to these two shortcomings.

[pt] O monaquismo antigo é um fenômeno de complexidade notável. Os Padres do Deserto foram homens e mulheres que viveram a vocação à perfeição deixada por Jesus de maneira bastante peculiar. O abandono dos centros urbanos para ir ao encontro do deserto marca a passagem de um cristianismo público, próprio dos mártires, ao cristianismo particular, próprio dos monges. No deserto, este espaço de solidão, silêncio e abnegação, homens e mulheres viveram em busca de seu aprimoramento, seja na busca de virtudes, seja no abandono dos vícios. Para os Padres do Deserto, as paixões são campo do combate em busca da perfeição, ideal herdado desde o testemunho dos mártires. A teologia dos Padres do Deserto trata com muita profundidade de temas relativos à vida interior. A recuperação da teologia destes autores é justificada pela relevância de suas análises das paixões humanas, para as quais a ascese e a oração serviram de remédio. / [en] Ancient monasticism is a phenomenon of remarkable complexity. The Desert Fathers were men and women who lived out the call to perfection left by Jesus in a very peculiar way. The abandonment of urban centers to go into the desert marks the transition from a public Christianity, characteristic of martyrs, to a private Christianity, characteristic of monks. In the desert, this space of solitude, silence, and self-denial, men and women lived in pursuit of their own improvement, whether in the pursuit of virtues or the abandonment of vices. For the Desert Fathers, passions are the field of combat in the pursuit of perfection, an ideal inherited from the witness of the martyrs. The theology of the Desert Fathers deals very deeply with themes related to the inner life. The recovery of the theology of these authors is justified by the relevance of their analysis of human passions, for which asceticism and prayer served as a remedy.

La responsabilité précontractuelle dérive de la transposition du devoir d'agir de bonne foi qui pèse sur les contractants au stade de l'exécution du contrat à celle de sa formation. En Colombie, cette transposition s'est faite en 1971 par voie législative dans le Code du commerce alors qu‟en France elle s'est produite grâce à la jurisprudence. Toutefois, le caractère répressif de la responsabilité au stade de la formation du contrat est encore conçu, au mieux, comme une simple réminiscence de la responsabilité délictuelle et, au pire, comme une sanction marginale à la responsabilité contractuelle. L'intérêt qui existe dans cette recherche en droit comparé consiste, en effet, à trouver le critère qui donne à la responsabilité précontractuelle son autonomie, sa spécificité. Ainsi, une observation attentive nous a permis de découvrir que ceux qui persistent à nier l‟existence de la responsabilité précontractuelle en la rattachant à la délictuelle se sont penchés sur un critère chronologique emprunté à l'ancienne notion du contrat : le moment de sa conclusion. En effet, d'après eux, l'absence de contrat justifie que l'on applique le principe général de responsabilité délictuelle. Pourtant, la comparaison des régimes colombien et français montre la fragilité de ce raisonnement face aux nombreuses victimes des vices du consentement qui, de plus en plus, préfèrent l'indemnisation du dommage à la nullité du contrat. Une fragilité qui se révèle d‟autant plus évidente face aux dommages-intérêts qui sont accordés par les juges dans des contrats bel et bien formés, mais qui ne correspondent pas aux fautes dans l'exécution des obligations qui en découlent, mais aux fautes au stade de sa formation. En essence, l'identification des points de convergence ou de divergence de ces droits au stade de la formation du contrat, et leur comparaison par rapport aux mutations du régime de la bonne foi semblent, en effet, contribuer au renforcement de la responsabilité précontractuelle en tant qu'institution autonome. / Pre-contractual liability is derived from the transfer of the duty of the contracting parties to act in good faith from the contract performance phase to the contract formation phase. This transfer was carried out in Colombia by legislative action through the 1971 Commerce Code and in France, by jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the repressive nature of liability during contract formation is still interpreted as simply a reminiscence of delictual liability, at best, and as a marginal sanction for contractual liability, at worst. The goal of this study in comparative law is to find a criterion that confers autonomy and specificity to pre-contractual liability. Therefore, careful analysis by the author led to the discovery that those who insist on denying the existence of pre-contractual liability by linking it to delictual liability have based their argument on a chronological perspective taken from the old notion of contract, i.e., the time of execution. Furthermore, in their view, the absence of a contract justifies the application of the non-contractual liability regime. However, a comparison of the Colombian and French systems on this matter shows the fragility of the argument when faced with the large number of victims of defects of consent who, day after day, prefer indemnification of damages instead of a ruling of nullity of contract. This fragility is much more evident when judges order the indemnification of damages in well-formed contracts, due not to faults related to failure to meet any of the obligations that are derived from them, but to faults originating in the contract formation phase. In essence, finding common ground and discrepancies between the Colombian and French law systems regarding the contract formation phase and comparing them with the mutations of the good faith regime seem to actually contribute to consolidating pre-contractual liability as an autonomous institution.