The purpose of this mini-dissertation is to determine whether and to what extent contractual freedom are infringed and/or obviated by the Consumer Protection Act and to establish if the limitation created by the CPA is the answer to the problem of inequality of bargaining powers of contracting parties. A fundamental concept of law of contract is freedom of contract: the idea that the parties are free to decide whether or not to contract; with whom to contract; and on what terms to contract. Despite the fact that freedom of contract is deeply engrained in our society it has a rather shaky foundation based on multiple assumptions and when objectively viewed the truth is that when making a contract there is always social and economical pressure that is implied in negotiating each and every contract. Having regard to the above it can be said that realistically speaking the fundamental concept of equality in the bargaining powers of contacting parties is the exception rather than the rule and that this unequal position has without a doubt undermined the true notion of freedom of contract. Our Common law has developed many rules and principles to curb this unfairness in the making of contracts. The CPA has praiseworthy intentions such as the promotion of fair business practice and the protection of the vulnerable from exploitation and unsafe and hazardous goods and/or products. Despite the good intentions of the CPA and every other aspect that might have an influence the problem remains enforcement of these principles. Thus despite the infringement of contractual freedom by the regulations of the CPA it appears not to be the answer to the problem of inequality in the bargaining power of parties negotiating a contract. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lmchunu2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Every law in the Czech legal system regulates social relations. This adjustment serves to protect and determine values in society. Important role in this process hold the basic legal principles. Private law is no exception. Probably the most important principle of private law is the principle of autonomy of will. Its expression in the law of business oblagations is the principle of contractual freedom, which is the main theme of this work. The principle of freedom to contract is quite crucial for the functioning of the modern principle of contract law, which regulates relations arising in a market economy. The aim of this work is to describe the principle of freedom to contract and its manifestation in the legal standards, which governs business obligations. Finally, this work discusses restrictions of freedom to contract, since it is clear that this can not be applied without some correctives. Keywords: contractual freedom restrictions of contractual freedom commercial contractual relations

This thesis is focused on a contractual freedom in employment relations, especially upon formation, changes and termination of the employment relationship. The contractual freedom is the key principle of private law, therefore also of labor law, and the expression of the contractual freedom is the freedom of an individual in his choice whether to enter into an employment relationship, who to enter with, what content would the employment relationship have and when and how to terminate this relationship. The contractual freedom upon formation, changes and termination of an employment relationship is necessary to be limited due to protection, safety and certainty of employees and also in the public interest. One of the objectives of this thesis is to think about how should be this restriction of the contractual freedom limited. In this work there is also a description of a historical development of a regulatory autonomy of the will of the parties and a description of a statutory regulation of the formation, changes and termination of an employment relationship. Another objective of this thesis is to reflect on the impact of extensive recodification of private law, that occurred in recent years, on the formation, changes and termination of the employment relationship. This thesis consists of an introduction, 8...

This diploma thesis deals with the problematics of the contractual freedom and the protection of employees in labour law relations and the concept of flexicurity which seeks to find balance between these two opposing notions. Its main objective is to evaluate the applicable Czech legislation regulating formation and termination of an employment relationship from the view of flexicurity, including by proposing possible changes of legal instruments within the framework of reflections de lege ferenda. The first part characterizes the contemporary Czech labour law legislation and the concept of flexicurity, followed by its reflection into the Czech Labour Code. This part concludes with an introduction of successful flexicurity models. The following part analyses both development and understanding of flexicurity at European level with the focus on impacts of EU strategy for the Member States. The key parts of this thesis are parts number three and four which deal with the legislation regulating formation and termination of the employment relationship in the Czech Republic. In these parts, relevant legal instruments are first defined and then evaluated with respect to their flexibility and security. The third part defines the course of formation of the employment relationship, particularly on the basis...

The central theme of this diploma thesis is the mutual relationship between the employee protection and the contractual freedom as legal principles standing against each other. This relationship must be balanced as much as possible within the framework of legislation on labour law relationships, which is the task of labour law. This diploma thesis deals with the assessment of the level of flexibility against the legal instruments used to protect the employee. In other words, this diploma thesis attempts to outline the operation of the modern principle of flexicurity in the Czech law, while also explaining what the flexicurity itself means. The first part of this diploma thesis describes labour law in general terms as a legal branch, its aims and its object. At the same time, it outlines the historical development of labour law relationships with a focus on the operation of the contractual freedom and the employee protection in order to better understand the whole matters. The second part deals with the explanation of the concept of flexicurity and the meaning of its particular parts, which form this concept. The notional first half of this work dealing with the general definition of flexibility and the employee protection is then completed by the third and fourth parts dealing with both the concept...

The author begins this article focusing on how historically the contract has reached such binding; from its philosophical origins, through his word to a matter of loyalty to Christian morality; to attribute the quality of certainty as contribution to the economy and become an indispensable legal instrument of forecasting for relations between individuals. Finally, in the second part of this article, essential applications mainly include contract between both parties and to third parties, also seeking the role of judge. / El autor inicia el presente artículo centrándose en cómo históricamente el contrato ha alcanzado dicha fuerza obligatoria; desde sus orígenes filosóficos, pasando por la palabra empeñada a una cuestión de fidelidad en la moral cristiana; hasta atribuirle la calidad de certeza como aporte en la economía y convertirse en un instrumento jurídico indispensable de previsión para las relaciones entre los particulares. Finalmente, en la segunda parte de este artículo, destacan principalmente las aplicaciones esenciales del contrato tanto entre las partes como frente a terceros, tratando también el rol del juez.

In any contractual operation, risks are presented, which have a significant cost in economic operations. In view of this, the parties, in exercise of their contractual freedom, regulate the allocation of risks in the most appropriate way to their needs, seeking efficiency. In this article, the author explains the importance of risks in contractual operations, the reason for the modification of legal provisions of risk allocation, and why contracts should be interpreted literally. / En toda operación contractual, se presentan riesgos, los cuales tienen un costo significativo en las operaciones económicas. Ante ello, las partes, en ejercicio de su libertad contractual, regulan la asignación de los riesgos de la forma más acorde a su necesidad, buscando la eficiencia. En el presente artículo, el autor explica la relevancia de los riegos en las operaciones contractuales, la razón de la modificación de las disposiciones legales de asignación de riesgo y por qué los contratos deben interpretarse literalmente.

The name of the thesis - Employee benefits The thesis deals with employee benefits, conditions and rules of their provision. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive view of important aspects related to all benefits in general and their provision and then focus on several specific benefits and point out their specific issues, practical problems as well as possible solutions to these problems. The secondary goal of the thesis is to define the phenomenon consisting in the growing intervention of the state in the field of labor relations, especially in the provision of employee benefits, including thought of this phenomenon and its further development. This thesis is divided into five main parts, each of which is further divided into further chapters. The first part of this work deals with the concept itself and then the division of employee benefits into individual groups from different perspectives. It describes their functions and possible ways in which employee benefits can be provided. The second part addresses the issue of legal regulation of employee benefits, while pointing out the fact that there is currently no comprehensive legal regulation for employee benefits. However, there are some legal regulations that more or less affect employee benefits. How specifically is the content...

Tout entier empreint de la question de la relation entre volontarisme et justice contractuelle, le droit des contrats a forgé son édifice sur le principe d’équilibre. La tentative de conciliation trouve ses limites : les notions d’économie du contrat ou de contrats relationnels ont fait leur apparition. Certaines notions prennent plus d’importance telles les obligations essentielles, la protection de la partie faible ou encore la bonne foi. Pour intéressantes qu’elles soient, en ce qu’elles proposent une conception plus poussée de l’équilibre, ces approches sont-elles satisfaisantes ? L’analyse des mutations jurisprudentielles et législatives conduit sans cesse à remettre l’ouvrage sur le métier. Ces évolutions ne seraient-elles que de surface ? Ne traduisent-elles pas la nécessité de revisiter plus profondément le droit des obligations ? La question est posée : qu’est-ce qu’un contrat ? Pragmatiquement et sans dogmatisme, il s’agit d’une relation donnant-donnant. Sous cet angle, la relation contractuelle appelle l’équivalence et non l’équilibre. Ainsi, l’équilibre ne serait que l’abstraction de l’équivalence, conçue comme une donnée concrète. L’objet de l’étude consiste à interroger la place de l’équivalence dans le droit des contrats. Plus, il s’agit de savoir comment de postulée, elle peut se transfigurer en notion opérationnelle. / As far as the question of the relationship between voluntarism and contractual justice is concerned, contract law has built its structure on the principle of balance. Attempts at conciliation has its limits: the notions of economy of contracts and relational contracts have appeared. Some notions take on more importance such as essential obligations, protection of the weaker party or even good faith. However interesting they are, in that they propose a more in depth notion of balance, are these approaches satisfactory ? The analysis of jurisprudential and legislative changes constantly leads to re-workings being done. Are these developments only superficial? Do they not convey the need to re-examine in more detail the law of obligations? The question is asked: what is a contract? Pragmatically and without dogmatism, it is a two-way relationship. From this perspective, the contractual relationship calls for equivalence and not balance. In this way, balance would only be an abstract of equivalence, conceived as a concrete fact. The object of this study is to ask the place of equivalence in contract law. Furthermore, it is to know how it can be transformed from the hypothetical to an operational notion.

L’objet de cette thèse est « la gouvernance de la société par actions simplifiée (SAS) ». La SAS vient de fêter ses 20 ans. Par ailleurs, la gouvernance est un thème qui prend de plus en plus de place dans le milieu des entreprises. Ce sont deux notions récentes qu’il convient de définir. La SAS, ne connait pas de modèle unique puisque son régime souple lui donne la possibilité d’avoir une multitude d’organisations en son sein. Elle varie en fonction de la taille et de l'activité de la société. La gouvernance, peut être traitée sous deux angles. Le premier est le sens classique de la gouvernance, qui se limite à l’étude de la direction au sens strict du terme. Le second, est le sens moderne de la gouvernance, à savoir le nouveau thème de gouvernement d'entreprise. Cette dernière notion est plus large et comprend un ensemble de principes issus autant du droit dur que du droit souple. Elle a trouvé un cadre au sein des sociétés cotées avec le développement de codes de gouvernement d'entreprise. Ce cadre n’existant pas dans les sociétés non cotées, il convient de le définir. La SAS est, à cet égard, un excellent outil d'adaptation puisque la flexibilité de son régime permet d'ajuster son organisation dans la recherche d’une « bonne gouvernance ». L'objet de cette thèse est de proposer un modèle de gouvernance propre au caractère "protéiforme" de la SAS. / The subject of this thesis is « the governance of the « société par actions simplifiée » (SAS) ». The SAS has just celebrated its 20 years old. The governance is also a new concept which is growing within companies. Both concepts must be defined. The “SAS” has no single model. Its flexible legal structure allows different types of organisation. Its organisation varies throughout the activity and the size of the company. The governance, can be approached from two perspectives: the first one is a traditional approach which is the study of the management of the company, in its strictest definition. The second one is a modern approach, meaning the new concept of “corporate governance”. The latter is a wilder concept and includes legal (hard law) and non-legal (soft law) principles. This new concept has already its framework within listed companies (i.e Corporate Governance Code). However, within non listed companies such framework does not exist. In this context, the flexibility of the “SAS” is an excellent tool to adapt its organisation in the quest of a “good corporate governance”. This study proposes a governance model adapted to the SAS which is a "multifaceted" company.