This paper will explore how portrayals of male violence against female characters in film and television have affected the way in which women navigate through society. Images of exploitation, degradation, and violence towards females are constantly presented in television and film, creating an over saturation in the media market and fostering a sense of normalcy the extremely problematic issue of violence. Often, these images are internalized by women to the extent that their view the men around them becomes as distorted as the men who view them as nothing more than sex object. Men become their source of fear and what was carried out on television becomes an accepted possibility and expectation in reality, regardless of whether these men actually pose of threat. Through examining television shows and news broadcasts, the paper reveals how media serves to perpetuate traditional notions of gender, power, and assault created in American society and offers solutions to rework the traditional systems or thought.

Intimate partner violence is one of the most common forms of violence againstwomen and is a widespread social problem that affects women among allsocioeconomic, religious and cultural groups. It is the social services responsibilityto meet these women and to especially consider the well-being of women who havebeen exposed to violence or abuse by a partner. Research within the field shows thatthere are several reasons why it may be difficult for abused women to break therelationship with the abuser. One reason is the feelings of guilt and shame thatcommonly submerge in an abusive relationship. Research suggests that women whohave been victims to domestic abuse may need informal support before they seekfurther support from professionals. How this first uncovering of the violence isreceived may be crucial to the woman's further actions and reasoning about hersituation. In today's society we live a big part of our lives online where we interactwith each other on a daily basis. Several people turn to digital platforms to receiveadvice and support for their real issues when they may feel like they can't turn topeople around them in real life. These digital platforms have been seen gettingincreasingly used by survivors of intimate partner violence to share theirexperiences as well as seek support and advice. This study is a netnographic study about women exposed to intimate partnerviolence and their help seeking behaviors on the Swedish online forums Flashbackand Familjeliv. The aim of this study is to explore the responses these women getwhen they seek support and advice about their situation online. The results of thisstudy shows that women who seek support online receive a wide range of responseswhere we could identify stigmatizing as well as destigmatizing elements. Thestigmatizing responses consisted mainly of victim blaming where the woman wastold she had herself to blame whereas the destigmatizing responses consisted ofemotional support and practical advice.

Despite the extensive research conducted on sexual harassment, very little work has focused on the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment. In exploring the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment, we are confronted with salient issues pertaining to the determination of the welcomeness requirement which call for a reflection. A key characteristic of sexual harassment is that it is unwanted by the recipient. It is for each person to decide what behaviour is acceptable to them and what they regard as offensive. Thus, although there is general agreement about what can constitute sexual harassment, the experience of sexual harassment is subjective in nature and the precise quantification of workplace sexual harassment is problematic. The present study aims to: (a) identify the reasoning/history behind the "unwelcomeness/unwanted" requirement, (b) assess the reasonableness of· the requirement of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct, taking into account the various pieces of legislation and case law, (c) determine how the courts have interpreted this requirement and what factors are looked at, (d) determine whether the test is subjective or objective, (e) identify the struggle and debilitating effects sexual harassment has on women in the workplace. The results of this study will assist in gaining knowledge and understanding of the concept of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct in sexual harassment cases and the effects it has on the victim which will go a long way in assisting management in any business to effectively implement strategies and disciplines to manage the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace. / Private Law / LLM (Labour Law)

Despite the extensive research conducted on sexual harassment, very little work has focused on the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment. In exploring the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment, we are confronted with salient issues pertaining to the determination of the welcomeness requirement which call for a reflection. A key characteristic of sexual harassment is that it is unwanted by the recipient. It is for each person to decide what behaviour is acceptable to them and what they regard as offensive. Thus, although there is general agreement about what can constitute sexual harassment, the experience of sexual harassment is subjective in nature and the precise quantification of workplace sexual harassment is problematic. The present study aims to: (a) identify the reasoning/history behind the "unwelcomeness/unwanted" requirement, (b) assess the reasonableness of· the requirement of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct, taking into account the various pieces of legislation and case law, (c) determine how the courts have interpreted this requirement and what factors are looked at, (d) determine whether the test is subjective or objective, (e) identify the struggle and debilitating effects sexual harassment has on women in the workplace. The results of this study will assist in gaining knowledge and understanding of the concept of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct in sexual harassment cases and the effects it has on the victim which will go a long way in assisting management in any business to effectively implement strategies and disciplines to manage the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace. / Private Law / LLM (Labour Law)

Les recherches montrent que les clients ne prennent guère de mesures pour se protéger des crimes qui peuvent découler d’une brèche de renseignements confidentiels au sein d’une entreprise. Plutôt, ils considèrent que la firme — hébergeuse de leurs informations personnelles — a la responsabilité absolue en matière de la confidentialité continue de leurs données. Les commerces qui manquent de protéger adéquatement les informations clients risquent en contrepartie de subir des torts réputationnels ruineux. Cela dit, peu de travaux explicatifs sont effectués sur la résilience des entreprises face à la réaction négative du public après un vol de données. Ainsi, une étude expérimentale basée sur des vignettes de cas a été menée à l’aide du modèle de la victime « idéale ». Les mises en situation illustrent : (1) une entreprise victime décrite comme ayant une forte posture de cyber-résilience ; (2) une entreprise victime décrite comme ayant une faible posture de cyber-résilience. Un échantillon final de 664 participants a été aléatoirement affecté à l’une des deux conditions expérimentales principales. Les résultats révèlent que, comparativement à une faible posture de cyber-résilience, une bonne posture de cyber-résilience minimise les attitudes négatives des clients et favorise leurs intentions comportementales positives vis-à-vis la firme victime. À la lumière de ces résultats, la cyber-résilience, qui a principalement fait l’objet d’une attention conceptuelle, acquiert un fondement empirique. Par ailleurs, ce projet de recherche contribue plus généralement au développement de la victimologie des entreprises. / Research shows that customers take few measures to protect themselves from crimes that may follow data theft at a business. They rather consider that the firm—the host of their personal information—holds exclusive responsibility over the continued confidentiality of their data. Companies that fail to properly secure customer information may, in return, risk experiencing ruinous reputational harm. That said, little explanatory research is done on the resilience of businesses to negative public reaction after data theft. Consequently, a vignette-based experimental study was conducted using the “ideal” victim model. The scenarios feature: (1) a breached business described as having a strong cyber-resilience posture; (2) a breached business described as having a weak cyber-resilience posture. A final sample of 664 participants was randomly assigned to one of the two main experimental conditions. Results reveal that compared to a weak cyber-resilience posture, a good cyber-resilience posture minimizes negative customer attitudes and promotes positive customer behavioural intentions towards the company. Considering these results, cyber-resilience, which has mainly received conceptual attention, gains empirical support. Furthermore, this research project contributes more broadly to the evolution of the victimology of businesses.