After teaching in High school for six years, I was frustrated to see the institutional action on the issue of school violence. The creation of a climate conducive to teaching and learning has become a serious challenge to many educators. Through research, it became clear that enough has not yet been done. Therefore, an empirical investigation into this problem was necessary to determine the nature of violence in order to enhance better understanding of the phenomenon under study. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to the prevalence of violence in rural secondary schools in the Bushbuckridge (Bohlabela) district in Mpumalanga province. This research employed a qualitative research approach to answer the research question. The study aimed to provide an accurate, objective, representative and empirically sound body of data on the extent of violence within schools in the Ximhungwe circuit in Bohlabela district, Mpumalanga. The research design comprised a case study that included focus group interviews with six participants in each group. In addition, I employed participant observation and document analysis. The study focused on four rural secondary schools that were purposefully selected in the Ximhungwe circuit in Bohlabela district, Mpumalanga. Ethical issues were taken into consideration while conducting the sampling and the selection of learners was based on their accounts of frequent violence against learners or teachers, and because they were considered knowledgeable and informative about the phenomenon under study. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

La politique criminelle est liée à un mode de fonctionnement particulier rattaché aux différences conceptuelles et structurelles des systèmes pénaux. Ainsi les solutions au phénomène criminel sont spécifiques à un mode de construction sociale dont la cohérence et l’efficience exigent la compatibilité de la conception de la politique criminelle avec le système pénal.La construction d’une justice pénale se distingue par sa configuration exclusive et par une lecture particulière des institutions qui la compose. Elle se réalise à travers un enchainement intellectuel spécifique qui intègre sa filiation historique, politique et sociale pour former un ensemble de références communes. / The conceptual and structural differences between penal systems and the operating mode of the criminal policies linked to these differences.The solutions to the criminal phenomenon are specific to a social construction model, which its consistency and efficiency require the compatibility of the criminal policy and the penal system.The construction of a criminal justice is distinguished by the exclusivity of its configuration and by a particular lecture of its institutions. It is performed throw an intellectual chaining that incorporates its historical, political and social filiations to realize a set of common references.

This diploma thesis focuses on the topic of women as victims of home violence in crisis intervention. The aim of the theoretical part is to point out basic characteristics typical for an abused woman, with the support of professional literature and further on to be used as the basis for empirical investigations. The theoretical part further aims to show the specifics of social pedagogical work with the victims of home violence by presenting an example from good practice. The empirical part is elaborated in the form of a collective case study, individual cases are described in a casuistic form. The practical part follows three main lines. First aim is to find out whether an image of a woman as a victim of home violence presented in professional literature corresponds with the knowledge from the practice of The Crisis Center in Chrudim. The second examines to what extent it is possible to implement the recommendation from experts in providing crisis intervention to women at risk. The third aim is to answer the question whether it is possible to use the education of victims as an effective tool in social pedagogical work. These aims of the practical part relate to the answering of one main and three partial research questions. The main research question: Does the typical image of an abused woman...

Depuis plusieurs années, la perte de chance suscite l’intérêt du juge administratif et de la doctrine publiciste. Le premier, qui en a largement développé le champ dans le contentieux de la responsabilité administrative, a fait évoluer la méthode de réparation de cet instrument en s’inspirant de l’exemple judiciaire. La seconde a tenté d’identifier les justifications de l’emploi de la perte de chance en s’appuyant sur l’incertitude du préjudice et sur celle du lien de causalité. Or l’analyse de la jurisprudence montre qu’en dépit de la pluralité des aléas justifiant l’usage de la perte de chance, celui-ci s’inscrit dans un cadre unique, caractérisé par une incertitude causale. La diversité apparaît ailleurs, au stade de l’indemnisation. Selon la méthode retenue – la logique du tout ou rien ou la réparation proportionnelle – la perte de chance change d’apparence. Prenant la forme tantôt d’une présomption de causalité, tantôt d’un préjudice spécifique, elle permet de surmonter l’incertitude causale de deux manières différentes. Les hésitations actuelles du juge administratif autour de l’indemnisation de la perte de chance témoignent de la difficulté à trancher entre l’une ou l’autre des deux possibilités de réparation et, partant, entre les deux outils qui y sont attachés. Toutefois, le type d’aléa sous-tendant l’emploi du mécanisme est en mesure de fournir une clé de répartition de ces deux modalités de réparation. / For several years, loss of chance has interested administrative judges and legal writing in public law. The former, who have widely developed its area in law of administrative liability, have changed the method of compensation of this instrument, by using the example of private law. The second has tried to identify the justifications of the use of loss of chance by using the uncertainty of prejudice and the one of causal relationship. But the analysis of jurisprudence shows that, despite the diversity of risks justifying the use of loss of chance, this is in keeping with a unique scope which is characterized by causal uncertainty. The variety is to be found elsewhere, at the stage of compensation. According to the selected method – the all or nothing approach or proportional compensation – the face of the loss of chance changes. It sometimes forms a presumption of causation, sometimes a prejudice, and so overcomes the causal uncertainty in two different ways. The current hesitations of administrative judges prove that it is difficult to choose between one or the other of two methods of compensation, and therefore, between the two instruments which are linked to them. However, the type of risks which underlies the use of mechanism can give a key to repartition of these two methods of compensation.

1. ABSTRACT § Key words: violence, conflict, aggression, cruelty, abuse, neglect, bullying, the perpetrator, the victim, children, adults, seniors, self-harm, suicide In this thesis I would like to focus on how children define violence, what violence includes, how to represent both the offender and victim, what is the difference in the perception of violence against various age groups and how to prevent possible violence. The theoretical part is firstly devoted to the notion of violence or similar terms synonymous to this and to explain them according to Czech and foreign authors. I have then proceeded to topics such as violence against children, adults and seniors, self-harm, suicide and the consequences of violence. In the practical section, I examined the perception of violence among students in primary school compared with students of the same age at a grammar school. I focused on the students of class sixth / ninth grade and first and fourth year of an eight-year grammar school). The survey was not only carried out in schools in the capital city but also in a smaller town.

After teaching in High school for six years, I was frustrated to see the institutional action on the issue of school violence. The creation of a climate conducive to teaching and learning has become a serious challenge to many educators. Through research, it became clear that enough has not yet been done. Therefore, an empirical investigation into this problem was necessary to determine the nature of violence in order to enhance better understanding of the phenomenon under study. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to the prevalence of violence in rural secondary schools in the Bushbuckridge (Bohlabela) district in Mpumalanga province. This research employed a qualitative research approach to answer the research question. The study aimed to provide an accurate, objective, representative and empirically sound body of data on the extent of violence within schools in the Ximhungwe circuit in Bohlabela district, Mpumalanga. The research design comprised a case study that included focus group interviews with six participants in each group. In addition, I employed participant observation and document analysis. The study focused on four rural secondary schools that were purposefully selected in the Ximhungwe circuit in Bohlabela district, Mpumalanga. Ethical issues were taken into consideration while conducting the sampling and the selection of learners was based on their accounts of frequent violence against learners or teachers, and because they were considered knowledgeable and informative about the phenomenon under study. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Våld i nära relation och grov kvinnofridskränkning är aktuella frågor som har fått stort utrymme i media på senare år. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om det framkommer mönster och beskrivningar av hur målsäganden (brottsoffren) och de tilltalade (gärningspersonerna) framställs och beskrivs i förundersökningsprotokoll med tillhörande domar avseende grov kvinnofridskränkning. Tidigare forskning förklarar orsakerna till mäns våld mot kvinnor utifrån olika vetenskaper, så som socioekologiska faktorer, biologiska förklaringar och ur ett könsmaktsperspektiv. Teorierna som använts i den här studien är Nils Christies teori om det ideala brottsoffret och den ideala gärningspersonen samt teorin om genus. Förundersökningsprotokollen och domarna har textanalyserats och diskursanalys har använts för att fokusera på diskurserna och maktrelationerna inom den. Resultatet bekräftar mycket av tidigare forskning främst att majoriteten av gärningspersonerna tenderar att ha ett kontrollerande och svartsjukt beteende och att brottsoffren kunde beläggas skuld för våldet. Samtidigt som teorin om det ideala offret och gärningsperson inte uppfylldes på alla kriterium. En majoritet av brottsoffren hade nämligen det ekonomiska överläget över gärningspersonerna som i flera fall var arbetslösa. Flera av brottsoffren försökte att rädda relationen för att de älskade sina män så innerligt. Kontrollerande gärningspersoner och kärleksfulla brottsoffer.

This study aimed to gain insight into the nature and extent of traditional and cyberbullying among Grade Six and Seven learners in four public primary schools in Benoni. Using the Social Learning Theory as a basis for understanding bullying as a learned behaviour (socially learned through the observation of authoritarian parents), a quantitative research method was applied which utilised an online self-report questionnaire to examine the relationship between bullying and the Authoritarian parenting style. Results indicate that 50.4% of learners had been victimised, while 31.6% and 8.8% had engaged in perpetrating traditional and cyberbullying, respectively at least once (N = 279). Further results revealed that the Authoritarian parenting style is significantly related to the perpetration of both types of bullying. These results bring to the fore the reciprocal relationship between both types of bullying, and indicate a need for systemic intervention at the primary school level (involving parents/caregivers). Interventions should therefore not seek to separate types of bullying into discreet problems, but rather focus on their common underlying aspects, including parenting behaviours / Psychology / M. A. (Psychology)

The doctoral thesis focuses on the part of criminal proceedings in which the court adjudicates the injured person's private claims which arose in connection with a criminal act (so-called collateral proceedings). The importance of collateral proceedings lies in the fact that by using it the injured party may avoid time-consuming, financially as well as procedurally demanding civil proceedings. However, the institute of collateral proceedings comprises a number of specific issues since a criminal court adjudicates the private claims of the injured party in compliance with substantive law rules being outside of the scope of criminal law (mainly civil law and labour law regulations) but, still, within the framework of criminal proceedings. The basic source of the submitted thesis is the Czech legal order. However, it is not the only one taken into consideration. The doctoral thesis also contains comparative analysis of legal regulation of collateral proceedings from the point of view of the German and Swiss legal orders. Following the analysis of collateral proceedings de lege lata, as well as the comparison with foreign models I am submitting proposals for the improvement of legislation that could be used in connection with the planned recodification of the Czech Criminal Procedure.

Misconduct, antisocial and offending (criminal) behaviour is becoming a problem in South African schools and maintaining discipline in schools is facing many challenges. Current practices do not solve disciplinary challenges. This study reflects upon the discipline system in South African schools as well as risk factors playing a role in possible offences, by means of a case study. An enormous number of learners are still experiencing difficulties concerning their education because of their disadvantaged position in South Africa. In cases where there are disruptions of the learning process due to ill-discipline and antisocial behaviour, it leads to unsuccessful education in a country where there are already obstacles underlying the foundation of the education system. It is important to have an effective disciplinary system implemented in schools. The discipline system in South African schools, currently, views a learner as an offender, when behaviour is such that it is against the school’s rules. The focus is then on proving the offender guilty and then punishing him/her in order to proof that responsibility is taken by the school for his/her actions. The learner punished, in some cases rebel and this leads to further divergent behaviour. In the current school discipline system, the victim plays no role in the process and the changes needed in the discipline process should include the victim. The discipline process should move from a punitive to a restorative system. In a restorative discipline system, intervention plays an important role. The study also places focus on identifying possible risk behaviour at an early age and explored risk factors that may play a role in the management of discipline related concerns and conduct. This process plays a significant role in the intervention process, as learners can be identified and counselled before offending behaviour takes place or intervention can take place the moment that the learner is involved in deviant behaviour. Dynamic risk factors, for example antisocial friends, antisocial behaviour and lack of respect for authority can be addressed through restorative rather than punitive intervention. This study was also directed to develop a South African theoretical framework to be used by schools and the Department of Education, as an alternative to the current punitive system through the application of restorative practices as a support to troubled learners. / Criminal and Procedural Law