No description available.

Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential blood-clotting protein and mutations in the FVIII gene are the cause of hemophilia A, a severe inherited bleeding disorder. FVIII synthesis has been observed in discreet endothelial sub-populations including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and in selected microvascular beds. The mechanistic basis for this differential expression is unknown. Differences in shear stress are believed to play an important role in determining endothelial heterogeneity. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of various shear stress conditions on FVIII expression in blood outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (BOECs) with an in vitro flow system. Under static conditions, BOECs do not express FVIII. In contrast, after exposure to laminar shear stress for 48 hrs, a significant increase in FVIII expression was documented by qRT-PCR, regardless of the magnitude of shear stress studied (1, 5, 15 and 30 dynes/cm2). To determine the effect of prolonged shear stress, laminar flow was applied over 120 hrs and FVIII mRNA levels returned to static levels. Induction of gene expression by laminar shear stress followed by repression after longer durations is common to other pro-coagulant genes induced by non-laminar or oscillatory flow (eg. tissue factor). BOECs exposed to 15 dyne/cm2 of shear stress, oscillating every 0.5 sec for 120 hrs, had FVIII mRNA levels 4.7-fold that of cells in static conditions. This was significantly higher than FVIII expression in BOECs exposed to 15 dyne/cm2 of laminar shear stress for the same duration. Expression of KLF2, a transcription factor that suppresses endothelial pro-coagulant gene expression under laminar shear stress, was significantly reduced in BOECs exposed to oscillatory as opposed to laminar shear stress. Finally, in BOECs exposed to oscillatory shear stress, FVIII protein was synthesized and co-localizes with its carrier protein VWF in Weibel-Palade bodies. These studies show that shear stress is a significant regulator of FVIII expression in BOECs, that FVIII expression is inversely correlated with that of KLF2, and that FVIII protein co-localizes with VWF in these cells. / Thesis (Master, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2013-03-04 17:00:27.994

King Henry VIII (1487-1547) famously severed ties with Roman Catholocism and nationalized the church in England in order to secure an annulment from his wife. His decision instigated the Henrician Reformation (1527-1547), a subset of the English Reformation. The king assumed the title 'Supreme Head of the English Church' and vested himself with the power to reform his country's church/ Occasional liturgies - the formal religious ceremonies surrounding birth, marriage, and death - were prime opportunities to publicly display new doctrines and procedures. Instead, these rituals changed surprisingly little and largely mirrored the pageantry performed by his parents. Two conclusions are drawn from the results. First, the modern perception of Henry VIII as an all-powerful rebel is challenged due to his careful observance of the liturgy in order to achieve a desired outcome, whether it be a proper christening, wedding, or state funeral. Second, these royal rituals are shown to not only demonstrate religious beliefs, but also social and political realities as well. These two principles add complexity to understanding the course of the Henrician Reformation.

Bei einem kleinen Prozentsatz (2–3 %) aller molekulargenetisch untersuchten Hä-mophilie-A-Fälle konnte bislang keine kausale Mutation innerhalb der F8-Gen-Region aufgedeckt werden. Die molekularen Ursachen der Hämophilie dieser Patienten sollten im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit mittels zusätzlicher Methoden aufgeklärt werden. Bei zwei Patienten mit milder Hämophilie A konnte je ein Basenaustausch im Promotorbereich des F8-Gens identifiziert werden. Um die Kausalität dieser Austausche zu überprüfen, wurden für diese und zwei weitere bereits publizierte Promotor-Mutationen Luciferase-Assays durchgeführt. Diese Ergebnisse machten deutlich, dass die nachgewiesenen Promotor-Mutationen die Aktivität des Promotors deutlich herabsetzen und daher als ursächlich einzustufen sind. Weiterhin wurden die übrigen Patienten auf epigenetische Veränderungen in fünf CpG-Inseln im 5’UTR und Intron 1 des F8-Gens untersucht. Hierbei konnten bei drei Patienten auffällige Methylierungsmuster nachgewiesen werden, wobei diese auf ein Klinefelter-Syndrom und genomische Veränderungen im Intron 1 zurückzuführen sind, nicht jedoch auf einen aberranten Methylierungsstatus, der die FVIII-Expression beeinflussen könnte. Mit Hilfe von mRNA-Untersuchungen konnten bei vier Patienten mit mutmaßlichen F8-Spleißmutationen aberrante F8-Transkripte nachgewiesen werden und somit die Kausalität der Mutationen geklärt werden. Des Weiteren wurden aus der Literatur alle bisher als kausal identifizierten stillen Mutationen und Spleißmutationen zusammengestellt, um mit diesen Ergebnissen die Spleißvorhersage-Software Alamut zu validieren. Die große Mehrzahl (78 %) der Spleißvorhersagen stimmte mit den Resultaten der mRNA-Untersuchungen (zumindest im Trend) überein, während es bei 22 % der Vorhersagen und mRNA-Analysen zu unterschiedlichen Resultaten kam. Innerhalb einer vorangegangenen Diplomarbeit konnten zehn Duplikationsbruch-punkte im F8-Gen von nicht verwandten Hämophilie-A-Patienten aufgeklärt werden. Diese wurden nun mit verschiedenen in-silico-Programmen analysiert, um die Sequenzumgebung der Bruchpunkt genauer zu beschreiben. Die Untersuchung ergab, dass verschiedene Mechanismen zur Entstehung von Duplikationen führen können und vermutlich mehrere Sequenzmotive in direkter Nähe der Bruchpunkte hierzu beitragen. Im Rahmen der molekulargenetischen Hämophilie-A-Diagnostik zum Nachweis von Intron-1- bzw. Intron-22-Inversionen sind einige Patienten mit schwerer Hämophilie A aufgefallen, welche ungewöhnliche Bandenmuster in den analytischen PCRs bzw. Southern-Blots aufwiesen. Mittels MLPA-Analysen wurden bei diesen Patienten Deletionen oder Duplikationen (CNVs) aufgedeckt, die meist allein die auffälligen Bandenmuster nicht erklären konnten. Weitere Long-Range-PCR-Untersuchungen belegten dagegen, dass fünf der untersuchten Fälle auf ein kombiniertes Inversions- und Duplikations- bzw. Deletionsereignis zurückzuführen sind. Als zweiter Teil der Arbeit wurden Transkriptions- und Translationsuntersuchungen von Nonsense-Mutationen des F8-Gens in einem zellulären Expressionssystem durchgeführt. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass trotz Nonsense-Mutation eine komplette F8-Tran¬skrip¬tion stattfindet. Antigenanalysen konnten die Expression von trunkierten Proteinen nachweisen, wenn die Nonsense-Mutationen in der leichten Kette, d.h. den distalen Domänen A3, C1 oder C2, lag. Bei Nonsense-Mutationen in der schweren Kette (den proximalen Domänen A1, A2 oder B) war keine Proteinexpression nachweisbar. Diese Daten konnte durch intrazelluläre Immunlokalisation der trunkierten Proteine bestätigt werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die B-Domäne eine wichtige Rolle bei der Proteinprozessierung spielt, vermutlich indem sie die Bindung von Chaperonen ermöglicht und das FVIII-Protein vor Degradation schützt. / Molecular F8 gene diagnostic procedures fail to reveal any causal mutation in 2–3 % of haemophilia A patients. In the first part of this thesis, DNA samples from these patients were analyzed to identify ‘non canonical’ F8 gene mutations. Two of these patients showed single base substitutions in the promoter region of the F8 gene. These two and two further previously reported nucleotide substitutions were analyzed by luciferase assays for their promoter activities. F8 promoter activity levels were clearly reduced due to the base substitutions illustrating the causality of these promoter mutations. The remaining patients were investigated for methylation aberrations in five CpG is-lands in the 5’UTR and intron 1 of the F8 gene. Three samples with aberrant meth-ylation status were detected, of which one was caused by the second X chromosome in a haemophilia patient with Klinefelter syndrome and the other two were caused by as yet undefined genomic alteration in intron 1. No aberrant methylation status was detected which could have influenced FVIII expression. In four patients with presumptive splice site mutations, mRNA analysis demonstrated the presence of aberrant F8 transcripts and therefore mutation causality could be confirmed. In addition, all experimentally proven silent and splice site mutations were extracted from the literature and the experimental results were compared to those of splice site prediction tools of the software Alamut. In 78 % of cases, splice prediction was found in good agreement with mRNA analyses. In my previous diploma thesis, the duplication breakpoints of ten unrelated haemo-philia A patients with duplications in F8 gene were characterized by PCR and se-quencing. The sequence data flanking the breakpoints were now analyzed with in silico tools in order to identify sequence motifs which could suggest mechanisms for the generation of duplications. These analyses identified several sequence motives which are assumed to contribute to DNA-repair-related rearrangements and sug¬ge-sted different mechanisms to be involved in the origin of duplications. Upon routine molecular diagnostic analysis of F8 intron 1 and intron 22 inversions by PCR or Southern blotting, a few haemophilia A patients with severe phenotype had revealed inconsistent band patterns. Subsequent MLPA analysis in five of these patients identified additional deletions or duplications (CNVs) which could not fully explain the abnormal band patterns. Further long range PCR experiments provided hints to a combination of CNV and inversion events. In the second part of this thesis, in vitro FVIII expression analyses were performed to investigate the impact of nonsense mutations in the F8 gene on transcription and translation. F8 mRNA analyses of both wild type and mutated constructs showed transcription of full-length mRNA. Polyclonal antigen assays were able to detect truncated proteins in cell lysates transfected with F8 constructs carrying nonsense mutations in the distal light chain, i.e. domains A3, C1 or C2. No protein expression was detectable from F8 constructs harbouring nonsense mutations in the proximal heavy chain, i.e. domains A1, A2 or B. These data were confirmed by intracellular immune localization of the truncated proteins. These results suggest an important role of the B domain during intracellular protein processing: it likely enables chaperone binding and thus protects the FVIII protein from degradation.

No description available.

München, Techn. University, Diss., 2007.

Thesis (M.Med.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, 2000. / Bibliography: leaves 115-125.

Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009--München.

A deficiência parcial ou total ou defeitos funcionais no fator VIII (FVIII) resultam na doença hereditária hemofilia A (HA), geralmente causada por mutações heterogêneas no gene do FVIII (F8). Embora mais de 1200 mutações no gene do F8 tenham sido descritas, dados sobre o espectro dessas mutações na população do Sul do Brasil são insuficientes e o estudo das mesmas possibilita uma melhor compreensão da genética molecular da doença nessa população. Além disso, ao estimar o efeito que uma mutação exerce em uma proteína, obtem-se subsídios para uma melhor avaliação de sua função, bem como das interações entre ela e estruturas afins. Os objetivos desse estudo foram identificar as mutações gênicas em pacientes com HA leve ou moderada do Rio Grande do Sul e posterior análise do papel dessas mutações na determinação da doença e presença de inibidores. Um total de 76 pacientes não-relacionados do sexo masculino, com HA leve (n=55) ou moderada (n=21) foram incluídos no estudo. Todos os 26 éxons do F8, as regiões 5’não-traduzida e 3’não-traduzida, as junções éxon-intron e a região promotora foram amplificadas por PCR e analisadas por sequenciamento direto. Foram examinados também 100 cromossomos normais de doadores de banco de sangue para excluir mudanças polimórficas como causadoras da doença. Todas as sequências do F8 dos pacientes foram comparadas com a sequência referência (NCBI: NG_005114.1), utilizando o software CodonCode Aligner implementado no Mega 5.04. As mutações encontradas foram comparadas com as do banco de dados The Haemophilia A Mutation, Structure, Test and Resource Site (HAMSTeRS) e a conservação dos aminoácidos mutados também foi verificada. A detecção de mutações em sítios de processamento foi realizada pelo programa de predição de sítios de processamento (Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project) e para a análise do efeito das mutações de sentido trocado foram utilizados três preditores: PolyPhen-2 (Polymorphism Phenotyping), Site Direct Mutator (SDM) e Have yOur Protein Explained (HOPE). A localização das mutações na estrutura do FVIII foi realizada no programa PyMol e para a visualização da superfície eletrostática dos domínios A foi utilizado o programa GRASP2. Quando nenhuma mutação foi encontrada, foi executada a análise de Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). Quanto às mutações recorrentes, a análise de haplótipos foi feita a fim de investigar se elas surgiram nessa população através de vários eventos mutacionais distintos ou através de efeito fundador. Foi identificada a mutação causadora da doença em 69 (91%) pacientes, que apresentaram 33 mutações diferentes: 27 de sentido trocado, uma pequena deleção, duas pequenas duplicações e três mudanças em sítios de processamento. Sete mutações de sentido trocado e duas em sítios de processamento não tinham sido previamente descritas no HAMSTeRS e não foram identificadas na literatura. Todas as últimas foram consideradas patogênicas; a mutação p.Val266Met, muito próxima a um sítio de ligação ao cobre, pode diminuir a interação entre os domínios A2 e A3 do FVIII; a mutação p. Met567Lys pode afetar um sítio de ligação ao fator IX; as mutações p.Arg1764Gly, p.Tyr1786Phe e p.Tyr1792Cys podem afetar a ligação ao fator IX e ao Fator von Willebrand. Nove mutações recorrentes foram encontradas, uma delas nunca descrita anteriormente (p.Tyr1786Phe). A análise de haplótipos sugere que essa mutação tenha se originado na população brasileira como um único evento em um ancestral comum. Um dos indivíduos desenvolveu inibidores. Foi feita, também, uma avaliação geral sobre o papel das mutações no F8 na formação de inibidores em pacientes graves estudados em investigação anterior, verificando-se associações significativas tanto no que se refere aos domínios em que as mutações ocorreram, quanto aos tipos de mutações encontrados. Os dados desses estudos são úteis no diagnóstico e prevenção precoce de inibidores na hemofilia A, bem como na detecção de mulheres heterozigotas na população do sul do Brasil. Espera-se oferecer um melhor manejo aos pacientes, fornecer aconselhamento genético e suporte psicológico/emocional para as famílias dos afetados. / Factor VIII (FVIII) partial or total deficiency, or functional defects, result in the hereditary disease haemophilia A (HA), generally caused by heterogeneous mutations in the FVIII gene (F8). Although more than 1200 F8 mutations have been reported, data regarding these mutations are insufficient in southern Brazilian populations and their study provides a better understanding of the molecular genetics of the disease in this population. Furthermore, after evaluating the effect that a mutation has on a protein, we can do a better assessment of its function, as well as of the interactions between the mutated protein and related structures. The objectives of this study were to identify gene mutations in patients with mild and moderate HA living in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and to analyze the role of these mutations in disease determination and presence of inhibitors. A total of 76 unrelated male patients with mild (n = 55) or moderate (n = 21) HA were included in the study. All F8 26 exons, the 5 'UTR and 3' UTR, intron-exon junctions and the promoter region were amplified by PCR and analyzed by direct sequencing. We also examined 100 blood bank donors’ normal chromosomes to exlude polymorphic changes as causal to the disease. F8 patients’ sequences were compared with the reference sequence (NCBI: NG_005114.1) using the CodonCode Aligner software implemented in Mega 5.04. The mutations found were compared with those present in The Haemophilia A Mutation, Structure, Test and Resource Site (HAMSTeRS) database and the conservation of the mutated amino acids was also verified. Splice site mutations were detected using the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project splice site prediction program, and for the analysis of missense mutation effects three predictors were used: PolyPhen-2 (Polymorphism Phenotyping), Site Direct Mutator (SDM) and Have yOur Protein Explained (HOPE). The mutations were localized in the FVIII structure by PyMOL and the FVIII A domains eletrostatic surface was visualized using GRASP2. When no mutation was found, the Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) analysis was performed. As for the recurrent mutations, haplotype analyses were conducted to investigate whether they emerged in this population through several distinct mutational events or from a founder effect. We identified the disease causing mutation in 69 (91%) patients, who showed 33 different mutations: 27 missense, one small deletion, two small duplications and three splice site changes. Seven missense and two splice site mutations had not been previously reported in HAMSTeRS and were not identified in any literature search. The latter were all considered pathogenic; p.Val266Met is located near a copper binding site and may decrease the interaction between the FVIII A2 and A3 domains; p. Met567Lys can affect a factor IX binding site; p.Arg1764Gly, p.Tyr1786Phe and p.Tyr1792Cys can affect factor IX and von Willebrand Factor binding sites. Nine recurrent mutations were found, one of them (p.Tyr1786Phe) never described before. Haplotype analysis suggests that this mutation originated in the Brazilian population as a single event in a common ancestor. One of the subjects developed inhibitors. A general evaluation was also made about the role of F8 mutations in the development of inhibitors in severe patients studied in a previous investigation, and significant associations were found both in relation to the domains where the mutations occurred, as well as in the mutations found. The data of these studies will be useful in the diagnosis and early prevention of inhibitors in haemophilia A, and in the detection of female carriers in the southern Brazilian population. We hope to offer a better monitoring to the patients, to give genetic counseling, and psychological/emotional support to the families of affected persons.

Thesis (MTech(Medical Technology))--Cape Technikon, 1997 / Cryoprecipitates are used as the raw material for the preparation of Factor VIII (FVIIIl) for replacement therapy for haemophiliacs. Routinely, cryoprecipitate only recovers 50% of the Factor VIII in the plasma. The purpose of this study, production of cryoprecipitate, was to investigate those variables which play a key role in determining the yield of Factor VIII present in cryoprecipitate. Cryoprecipitate production involves a wide range of variables which could effect the final outcome of the product. These vary from the donor blood group, time of donation, exercise levels of the donor, to a time delay prior to processing, temperature storage conditions, to the method utilised for plasma freezing and thawing. The objective was to explore which combination of variables in the procedure would lead to a process which would optimize the preparation of cryoprecipitate in a routine environment, to yield the highest levels of Factor VIII. Frequently in scientific investigations, particularly when a practical approach has to be adopted, questions arise in which the effects of a number of different variables in a process, require evaluation. Such questions can usually be most economically investigated, by arranging the analysis according to an ordered plan in which all the factors are viewed in a regular way. Provided the plan has been correctly chosen, it is possible to determine not only the effect of each individual variable, but also the way in which each effect depends on the other factor, by means of an interaction. This makes it possible to obtain a more complete picture of what is happening, than would have been obtained by varying each of the variables one at a time while keeping the others constant. Designs of this sort lend themselves well to statistical analysis, and provide their own estimates of experimental error. This type of statistical analysis called, 2K Fractional Factorial Experimental Design, forms the basis of this study in which 14 key variables in the production process of cryoprecipitate were defined as possible areas in which Factor VIII levels in the cryoprecipitate are effected. Key variables have been identified on an individual basis in previous studies (Burka et al., 1975), however this blended approach to optimise the key variables within the production environment, and define further combinations which could be incorporated into the production, has never been attempted. The statistical design used in the study was compiled by the Institute for Biostatistics of the Medical Research Council (MRC). Units of blood were collected and processed, from blood donors under the stipulated criteria, corresponding to the study design.