Clothing, together with other bodily adornments, is a valuable tool for communicating loyalty, identity and status. The coded messages inherent in the interplay between garments, bodies and society play a fundamental role in political culture, and the early modern era was no exception. The example of Mary I of England and her wardrobe choices demonstrates precisely how useful this tool could be. Through examination of previously-unpublished warrants, information from Privy Purse records, contemporary accounts and portraiture, this thesis analyzes the contents of and changes in Mary I’s wardrobe through the course of her adult life. By examining what the queen wore and when, patterns emerge that correlate with important parts of her political strategies. The first queen regnant, Mary used her wardrobe as a vital tool in the construction of her identity and self-representation, and as a means of navigating through the political and domestic upheavals that threatened her authority. / A work discussing Mary Tudor (Mary I)'s use of clothing as a political tool in mid-sixteenth century England. Includes transcriptions of warrants from the wardrobe of the robes from 1547, 1557, 1558.

This ethnographic study of nurses at King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, South Africa was designed to seek insights into the lives of women as nurses during the socio-political transition of the 1990's. It suggests that this period of dramatic political change in the country created spaces for redressing uneven social relations and chronic disparities faced by nurses in their personal and professional lives, particularly those constructed through the social engineering of apartheid policies. The study describes the particular evolution of nursing in South Africa, the process undertaken to unify the professional nursing associations formed through the 1980's and the national labour unrest that rippled through the health care system between 1994 and 1996. It considers the diverse locations of nurses as the backbone of the healthcare system, primarily in their capacities as professionals, managers, care-providers, team-players and colleagues and describes practices that operate to constrain nurses as women and health care practitioners. Feminist, post-structural perspectives framed the theoretical approach taken in this qualitative study. These were guided by Foucauldian theories of knowledge, power and discourse, and feminist contributions regarding resistance and agency. Over the course of four years in the field, methods of participant observation and in-depth interviews were employed to develop insights into the subject locations of nurses in their private and public lives. Twenty-six nurses of the professional and subprofessional categories contributed to the main narratives. In addition, a series of interviews were undertaken with key informants from the medical, paramedical, nursing and administrative services. The study illustrates the practices of patriarchal, institutional and organisational relations of power that intersected and dominated the realities of the nurses in all spheres of their day-to-day lives. Within the post-colonial moment in South Africa, these were conceptualized as subaltern institutional relations. The study found that as a consequence of their subjugation within the subaltern institutional relations, the realities of nurses were diverse, divergent, and fragmented. It argues that these relations imbued a lack of professional and personal coherence that impaired the capacity of nurses to contest the chronic professional and work place disparities. Often multiple and compounding in their manifestation, these relations and practices reinforced the isolation of nurses, compounding their incapacity to meaningful challenge professional and personal obstacles during the socio-political transition of the 1990's. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

The increasing frequency of enterococci as a major cause of nosocomial infections and the transmission of these organisms amongst hospital patients demands a greater awareness of the Enterococcus. Therapy of enterococcal infections is complicated by the pathogens continually changing resistance patterns to many broad-spectrum antibiotics. In addition, the ability of enterococci to cause serious invasive infections including endocarditis and septicaemia with associated high mortality rates; prompted this study which was aimed at identifying the biological properties of enterococci isolated from blood cultures of patients admitted at King Edward VIII hospital, Durban. Enterococci were identified to species level by the API 20 Strep system which identified 68% and a conventional biochemical system of Facklam and Collins which identified 100% of the isolates.The emergence of beta-Iactamase producing enterococci in other countries encouraged the testing of all isolates for this enzyme. All were beta-Iactamase negative. The reported false susceptibility for aminoglycosides and cephalosporins with blood enriched media encouraged the testing of these antibiotics with and without the supplementation of 5% lysed blood. The results showed that an average false susceptibility of 55 % occurred for gentamicin and 35% for tobramycin and netilmicin. The cephalosporins affected, cefotaxime and cefuroxime showed a false susceptibility of 28% and 17% respectively. The choice of treatment for serious enterococcal infections is a syllergistic combination of a beta-Iactam antibiotic plus an aminoglycoside for enterococci with intrinsic low-level resistance. The development of high-level aminoglycoside resistance, MIC 22000,ug/ml results in loss of synergism. This study showed that 26.4 % of enterococcal isolates displayed high level aminoglycoside resistance i.e. to gentamicin and streptomycin. Time-kill study showed reduced killing rate for these organisms for the beta-Iactams and glycopeptides with low-level gentamicin resistance. The results confirmed that a cell-wall active agent combined with gentamicin can be successfully used for enterococcal therapy if the organism has intrinsic low-level resistance to this amino glycoside. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) carried out on a selected number of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium with high-level aminoglycoside resistance showed a variability in the restriction endonucelase digestion patterns. This suggests independent development of high-level gentamicin resistance and not clonal expression. The ease and reliability with which enterococcal isolates may be typed using this technique to compare different strains represent a significant advance. / Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1999.

This thesis argues for the centrality of the Howard women to their family's political fortunes by exploring key dynastic episodes, themes, and events of Henry VIII's reign from a new female perspective. The Howards were England's premier aristocratic dynasty during this period. However, existing narratives have prioritised the careers of the Howard men, notably the two Dukes of Norfolk and the Earl of Surrey. Here, the family's women are foregrounded. They are not considered in isolation, but discussed alongside their male relations in order to create a fuller, more complex dynastic picture than currently exists. Themes of rebellion, dynastic identity, matriarchy, patronage, treason and religion are woven through events of familial and national importance, allowing new conclusions to be drawn regarding the Howard women and the Howard narrative itself; the way that aristocratic dynasties operated; the activities of women within the political sphere; and the relationship between this family and the Henrician state. This thesis draws its conclusions from new archival research into the activities of five Howard women: Agnes Tylney (c. 1477-1545) and Elizabeth Stafford (c. 1497-1558), the wives of the 2nd and 3rd Dukes of Norfolk respectively; Agnes' daughters Anne, Countess of Oxford (c. 1498-1558) and Katherine, Countess of Bridgwater (d. 1554); and Elizabeth's daughter Mary, Duchess of Richmond (c. 1519-1557). These five women cover three generations and two concurrent branches of the Howard family across the entirety of Henry's reign. The thesis differs from traditional gender studies by focusing on women all from one family rather than those of particular court status or geographical location, as this facilitates exploration of the relationship between kinship networks and politics. Thus it also builds on recent scholarship emphasising the role of the family in early modern politics, and reveals the Howard women as important actors on a public, political stage.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2008--Frankfurt (Main). / Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache.

Orientador : Profª Drª Fátima Regina Fernandes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História. Defesa: Curitiba, 03/05/2017 / Inclui referências : p. 264-275 / Área de concentração / Resumo: A presente tese tem por objetivo a análise de escritos do frade agostiniano Egídio Romano (1243-1316) e sua contribuição na defesa do pensamento hierocrático frente a teoria conciliarista, concedendo maior importância ao tratado De ecclesiastica potestate, escrito em 1301-02, ápice do conflito entre o papa Bonifácio VIII e o rei Felipe IV da França. Nascido em Roma, em meados do século XIII, inicia seus estudos na Universidade de Paris, tornando-se discípulo de Tomás de Aquino durante a segunda estadia deste nessa instituição. O contexto de formação universitária, assim como as disputas teóricas ocorridas durante seus estudos, auxiliaram na formação de um pensador que defende em seus escritos a supremacia do poder espiritual, em especial do sumo pontífice, frente ao poder temporal, e a própria instituição eclesiástica, afirmando assim que o papa possuí a plenitudo potestate em ambos os meios. Assim, além de combater o fortalecimento do regnum e o movimento de regionalização do clero, principalmente na França, o galicanismo, o tratado De ecclesiastica potestate busca definir qual o papel do sumo pontífice no interior da Igreja. Dessa forma, afirmamos que além da defesa do poder espiritual sobre o temporal, Egídio escreve seu tratado com o intuito de defender a plenitude do poder papal frente ao movimento conciliarista, movimento este que contesta a autoridade máxima do papa na instituição eclesiástica e defende a formação de um concílio de caráter colegiado, que possuiria uma autoridade superior a pontifícia. O período em questão estende-se do nascimento do autor (entre 1243 e 1247) e a data de sua morte em 1316, onde encontramos transformações nos âmbitos temporais e espirituais, como a mudança da sede do papado de Roma para Avignon, episódio conhecido como Exílio de Avignon. Palavras-chave: Egídio Romano, plenitudo potestate, Bonifácio VIII, conciliarismo. / Abstract: The present tesis have per objective the analisis of the written work of the agostinian friar Gil of Rome (1243-1316) and his contribution in the defense of the hierarchical thought front of conciliatory theory, conceiveing its major importance to De ecclesiastica potestate treaty, written in 1301-02, the apex of the conflict between the pope Boniface VIII and the king of France Philip IV. Born in Rome, circa XIII century, he begun his studies in the university of Paris, being disciple of Thomas Aquinas during its stay in the very same institution. The context of the academical education, as theoretical dispute accuring in the period of his studies, auxiliate in the education of a thinker that defends on his written work the supremacy of a spiritual power, specially the high pontiff, front of temporal power, and the very own eclesiastical institution, afirming that the pope possess the plenitudo potestate in both ways. Therefore, apart of fighting the strenght of the regnum and the movement for the regionalization of the clergy, specially on France, the galicanism, the treaty De ecclesiastica potestate look to define which is the role of the high pontiff in the church structure. This way, its afirmed that apart the defense of the spiritual power over the temporal, Gil write on his treaty the intent to defend the plenitude of the pope's power front to the conciliarist movement, which movement that contest the maximum authority of the pope in the eclesiastic institution and defend the formation of a council with a collegiate character, that possess greater pontiffic authority. The period in matter extend from the birth date of the author (between 1243 and 1247) to the date of his death in 1316, in which is found transformations in the temporal and spiritual scopes, with the change of the seat of papacy from Rome to Avignon, known as Exile of Avignon. Keywords: Gilles of Rome, plenitudo potestate, High Middle Ages, Boniface VIII, conciliarism.

Orientador: Haquira Osakabe / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T00:34:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soda_Nahomi_M.pdf: 3780593 bytes, checksum: 69ffc1e683ec031ff11be8d87de7224c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: A dissertação compara um grupo de poemas associados ao gênero de lamentação fúnebre, presentes na lírica galego-portuguesa da Idade Média e na literatura japonesa da antigüidade. Na parte galego-portuguesa foram escolhidos poemas produzidos nas cortes feudais da Península Ibérica nos séculos XIII e XIV e conservados nos Cancioneiros. Na parte japonesa, foram estudados os poemas que figuram em três obras, a saber, duas historiografiasde caráter mítico-Iendárioe uma antologia lírica chamada Man' yõshú. Essas três obras japonesas foram compiladas nos séculos VII e VIII, quando o Japão se organizava em um Estado. Quanto à organização do trabalho, primeiramente as características de cada cultura lírica foram examinadas em separado e, na conclusão, foi realizado seu confronto. Embora duas manifestações líricas não tenham pertencido à mesma civilização nem a período idêntico, o gênero de lamentação, em ambas, mostra uma grande similaridade. No trabalho, discute-se sobretudo a função geral do gênero de lamentação nas sociedadese nos períodos focalizados / Abstract: This work examine one group of poetry associated to funeral lamentation, existing in the middle age of Galician-Portuguese lyric and in the antiquity of Japanese literature. Some poems realized in the feudal courts during the XII and XIVth century and preserved in the collective anthologies were picked up from the Galician-Portuguese literature. Fromthe Japanese literature, poems figured in three works, two historiography of mythical-legendary character called Kojild e Shoki, and one lyric anthology called Manyoshu, were chosen. These three works were prepared in the VIIth and VIIIth century while Japan was being organized into State. The characteristics of chosen poems of Galician-Portuguese literature and the Japanese literature, were studied separately and then were compared. The two literaturedid not belong to the same civilization nor the same period and thus, no direct relationshipwas found. However, their funerall amentation show a great similarity. This study might help to understand the general role of the lamentation in the focused society or period / Mestrado / Literatura Geral e Comparada / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Manejo de Suelos y Aguas

L’hémophilie A est une maladie hémorragique rare liée au chromosome X qui se traduit par un déficit en facteur VIII (FVIII) fonctionnel. Chez les patients atteints de la forme sévère de l’hémophilie A, l’apparition d’hémorragies incontrôlées augmente la morbidité et affecte leur qualité de vie. Le traitement de choix permettant de prévenir ou de traiter les saignements consiste en l’injection intraveineuse de FVIII thérapeutique. Cependant, chez 5 à 30% des patients, une réponse immunitaire dirigée contre le FVIII se développe. La réponse anti-FVIII est caractérisée par l’apparition d’anticorps qui inhibent l’activité pro-coagulante du FVIII. Ainsi l’apparition de ces anticorps, appelés « inhibiteurs » représente-t-elle la complication majeure du traitement des patients hémophiles A. Plusieurs facteurs de risque ont été suggérés ou proposés comme affectant le développement de la réponse anti-FVIII. Parmi eux, supporté par la théorie du « danger », la présence de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires générés par les épisodes de saignement est considérée comme adjuvant dans la réponse immunitaire anti-FVIII. Cependant, les saignements induisent de nombreux mécanismes pro mais aussi anti-inflammatoires. Ainsi, l’activation de l’endothélium vasculaire induit-elle le recrutement et l’activation des cellules effectrices appartenant aux compartiments innés et adaptatifs du système immunitaire. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis concentré sur le rôle des saignements dans le développement de la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre le FVIII. Ainsi, ai-je découvert une association entre la présence d’un polymorphisme dans un gène induit par les saignements et la présence d’inhibiteurs du FVIII dans une cohorte de patients hémophiles A sévères. J’ai également étudié le développement de la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre le FVIII thérapeutique dans un modèle murin qui mime les saignements locaux observés chez les patients hémophiles A sévères. Finalement, j’ai caractérisé l’effet des formes réactives de l’oxygène (FRO), qui sont générées au niveau du site de saignement, sur la structure, la fonction et l’immunogénicité du FVIII. Les résultats obtenus au cours de ma thèse démontrent que les saignements ne sont pas associés à un risque plus élevé de développer des inhibiteurs dans le modèle murin largement utilisé d’hémophilie A sévère, contrairement à ce qui est communément admis. De plus, j’ai démontré une association entre un polymorphisme présent dans le promoteur du gène HMOX1 et la survenue d’inhibiteurs dans une cohorte de patients atteints d’hémophilie A sévère. En parallèle, je décris pour la première fois une altération du statut oxydatif chez les souris déficientes en FVIII et je démontre que le contrôle du statut oxydatif in vivo permet de moduler la réponse immunitaire anti-FVIII. Au contraire, l’exposition du FVIII aux FRO augmente son immunogénicité. De fait, mes résultats suggèrent que, bien que les molécules pro-inflammatoires libérées suite aux saignements puissent affecter positivement la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre le FVIII, de puissants médiateurs anti-inflammatoires sont générés in vivo et amenuisent l’effet potentiellement adjuvant des saignements. Également, ces résultats soulignent la balance complexe entre les médiateurs pro- et anti-inflammatoires qui sont générés consécutivement aux saignements ainsi que leurs effets sur la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre le FVIII thérapeutique. / Hemophilia A is a rare X-linked hemorrhagic disease consecutive to the lack of functional pro-coagulant factor VIII (FVIII). In patients with the severe form of hemophilia A, uncontrolled hemorrhages increase the morbidity and affect the quality of life. To prevent or treat bleeding episodes, therapeutic FVIII is administered intravenously. However, an anti-FVIII immune response develops in 5 to 30% of the patients. The anti-FVIII immune response is characterized by the development of anti-FVIII IgG antibodies that inhibit FVIII activity. These antibodies, referred to as “FVIII inhibitors” represent the major complication in the treatment of hemophilia A patients. Several risk factors have been suggested or proposed to predispose to the development of FVIII inhibitors. Amongst them, inspired by the “danger” theory, the presence of inflammatory mediators released upon bleeding episodes is thought to adjuvant the anti-FVIII immune response. Bleeding episodes trigger several pro and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, damage to the endothelium triggers the recruitment and activation of effector cells from the innate and adaptive compartments of the immune system. During my PhD, I investigated the role of bleedings in the development of the anti-FVIII immune response. Thus, I discovered an association between a polymorphism in the promoter region of a gene that is induced in response to bleedings, and the presence of FVIII inhibitors in a cohort of patients with severe hemophilia A. I followed the development of the immune response to therapeutic FVIII in a mouse model that mimics the localized bleedings found in patients with severe hemophilia A. Ultimately, I characterized the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are potentially released at the bleeding site in view of the structure, function and immunogenicity of the FVIII molecule. The results I obtained during my PhD demonstrate that bleedings are not associated with a higher risk for FVIII inhibitor development in the commonly used mouse model of severe FVIII deficiency. Additionally, I demonstrated an association between a polymorphism in the promoter of the HMOX1 gene and the presence of FVIII inhibitors. In parallel, I report for the first time an exacerbated oxidative status in FVIII-deficient mice as compared to control mice, and demonstrate that the control of the oxidative status in vivo reduces the anti-FVIII immune response. Conversely, the exposure of FVIII to ROS ex vivo increases the immunogenicity of the FVIII molecule. Taken together, my results suggest that, although the pro-inflammatory molecules released upon bleeding may positively affect the anti-FVIII immune response, several strong anti-inflammatory compounds are generated in vivo that dampen the potential adjuvant effect of bleedings. Ultimately, these results highlight the complex balance between the pro and anti-inflammatory mediators generated upon bleeding and their effect on the anti-FVIII immune response.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011 / INTRODUCTION: The human immune deficiency virus (HIV) leads to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS was first identified in the 1980’s and since then has spread globally causing one of the most dreaded pandemics of modern time. The issue of stigma is very important in the battle against HIV/AIDS as it affects attendance at health centres for obtaining ARV and regular medical check-ups, adherence of patients to ARV treatment. The fear of stigma further helps to fuel a culture of secrecy, silence, ignorance, blame, shame and fear of victimization. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine if there was any external stigmatization of HIV positive patients by health care workers (HCWs) at King Edward VIII Hospital. OBJECTIVES: To determine if the knowledge of HCWs regarding HIV/AIDS and its transmission affect the way they supply a service towards HIV positive patients at King Edward VIII Hospital and to determine the comfort level and the attitude of the HCWs in rendering care to a HIV positive patient. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross sectional survey where data was collected using an anonymous selfadministered structured questionnaire with closed ended questions on personal and professional characteristics, disease knowledge, and discriminatory practices such as attitudes and comfort levels towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). A total of three hundred and thirty four HCWs from different units at the King Edward VIII hospital participated in this study. FINDINGS Overall the HCWs have an above average knowledge about HIV/AIDS and its transmission with only 1.8% scoring below average in the knowledge questions regarding HIV and its transmission, although some knowledge gaps were identified regarding occupational exposure risks. Evidently from the results is that HCW with higher levels of education are more knowledgeable on issues relating to HIV/AIDS. The implication is that a HCW with a better education is better equipped with the cognitive knowledge to deal with HIV/AIDS, highlighting the importance of education related to external stigmatization. Even though HCWs were knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS most still felt uncomfortable in performing some occupational duties on PLWHA like assisting a woman in labour and performing invasive surgical operations. Most of the HCWs showed a positive attitude towards PLWHA believing that they are not to be blamed for their condition but that individuals in the community who are perceived to be promiscuous men or women are the ones responsible for the spread of HIV/AIDS. Procedures like patients being tested without their consent and patients required to do a HIV/AIDS test before surgery that could be perceived as stigmatization have been observed in King Edward VII hospital. Patient confidentiality is also compromised in that gossiping by HCWs about the HIV/AIDS results of patients has been noted. Fortunately a significant number of HCWs are willing to report their colleagues to a higher authority if any form of stigmatization or discrimination towards PLWHA is seen at King Edward VIII Hospital. CONCLUSION Although the knowledge, attitude and comfort of the HCWs at King Edward VIII Hospital was above average continuing medical education and continuing professional development should be mandatory in the management of HIV/AIDS so that HCWs can have the needed knowledge to keep up with the changing world of HIV/AIDS medicine and also about universal precautions to take so as to reduce occupational exposures. Psychological support to the HCW is needed in dealing with PLWHA so that patients can be provided with quality and compassionate care irrespective of their HIV/AIDS status as this will eventually help in the reduction of stigma.