Seven new steroids, GN70-153E (1), GN70-153F (2), GN70-153I (3), GN70-272F (4), GN70-272I (5), GN70-272L (6), and GN70-272L (7), were isolated from the Formosan soft coral Clavularia viridis by chromatographic separation of the EtOAc layer which was obstained from crude extraction in hexane¡ÐAcetone, 100% Acetone, Acetone¡ÐMeOH and 100% MeOH then partitioned between EtOAc and H2O. Their structures were determined based on the results of several kinds of spectroscopic analyses and HRESI-MS. Compounds 1-7 exhibited cyctotoxicity against HT-29 and P-388 cell lines in vitro.

Chromatographic separation of acetone/methylene chloride extracts of Formosan soft coral Capnella imbricata (GN75) led to the isolations of six new capnellenes, 8b,10a-diacetoxy-D9(12)-capnellene (1), D9(12)-capnellene-5b,8b,10a-triol (3), D9(12)-capnellene-8b,10a,13b-triol (4), 8b-acetoxy-D9(12) -capnellene (7), D9(12)-capnellene-8b,14b-diol (8), D9(10)-capnellene-12-ol-8-one (9), and three known compounds, D9(12)-capnellene-8b,10a-diol (2), D9(12)-capnellene-10a-ol-8-one (5), D9(12)-capnellene-8b-ol (6), one new calamenene, (+)-15-hydroxy-calamenene (10). One new prostanoid, GN61-97-11-8 (11) and five new steroids, GN61-91-141-14 (12), GN61-91-141-12 (13), GN61-77-6-I (14), GN61-77-6-E (15) and GN61-97-9-6 (16) were isolated from the methylene chloride extracts of the Formosan soft coral Clavularia viridis (GN61). All of these compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectral analysis and chemical reactions. The absolute structure of 2 was determined by MTPA esterifications. Compounds 1-3¡B5 and 12-16 showed more specific inhibition against the up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.

Os jacamins-de-costas-verdes, Psophia viridis (Gruiformes, Psophiidae) são endêmicos da Amazônia brasileira e contam, atualmente, com três subespécies reconhecidas: Psophia viridis viridis Spix, 1825; Psophia v. dextralis Conover, 1934, e Psophia v. obscura Pelzeln, 1857, além de P. v. interjecta Griscom & Greenway, 1937, cuja validade tem sido questionada. Estes jacamins distribuem-se alopatricamente ao sul do rio Amazonas, embora a sua distribuição ainda seja pouco conhecida. Os táxons deste complexo nunca passaram por uma revisão taxonômica, e o presente trabalho teve como objetivos testar a validade dos mesmos. Com base no Conceito Filogenético de Espécie, os caracteres morfométricos e de colorido da plumagem foram analisados, buscando-se aqueles que são diagnósticos para cada população, além de refinar a distribuição geográfica dos táxons do complexo. Foram examinados 106 espécimes procedentes de 41 localidades, incluindo todos os tipos, e foram considerados também os registros confiáveis de literatura para delimitar-se a distribuição geográfica. Os dados morfométricos não indicaram diferenças significativas entre os táxons, não apontando também qualquer dimorfismo sexual. Entretanto, a análise dos caracteres de plumagem evidenciou padrões consistentes e distintos para cada um dos táxons, exceto P. v. interjecta, cujos caracteres supostamente diagnósticos, na verdade, são resultado de variação individual. Não foi observada variação clinal ou sinal de intergradação entre estes táxons, mesmo nas regiões próximas às cabeceiras dos grandes rios amazônicos, onde supostamente poderia haver contato entre as populações. Sugere-se que as subespécies correntemente aceitas sejam elevadas ao nível de espécie, a saber: Psophia viridis Spix, 1825, que ocorre no interflúvio Madeira-Tapajós; P. dextralis Conover, 1934, encontrado no interflúvio Tapajós-Tocantins, e P. obscura Pelzeln, 1857, que distribui-se da margem direita do rio Tocantins até o oeste do Estado do Maranhão. / The dark-winged trumpeters, Psophia viridis (Gruiformes, Psophiidae) are endemic of the Brazilian Amazônia, featuring three recognizable subspecies: Psophia viridis viridis Spix, 1825; Psophia v. dextralis Conover, 1934, and Psophia v. obscura Pelzeln, 1857, as well as P. v. interjecta Griscom & Greenway, 1937, whose validity has been questioned. These taxa are allopatrically distributed along the south of the Amazon River, although their ocurrence still remains unknown. This complex has never been taxonomically reviewed and this research aims to test the validity of its taxa based on the Phylogenetic Species Concept. Morphometrical characters and plumage colour patterns were analyzed, searching for the diagnostic ones for each population, also establishing the distribution for the taxa. In this study, 106 specimens of 41 localities were examined, all of the types included, with each reliable literature-based locality being included in order to delimit the geographical distribution of the complex. Morphometrical data did not point out significant differences between the taxa, also showing no sexual dimorphism among them. Meanwhile, plumage characters showed consistent and distinct patterns for each of the taxa, exception made for P. v. interjecta, whose supposedly diagnosable features are the result of an individual variation. No clinal variation or intergradation was observed, even at regions close to the Amazonian rivers headwaters, where might be contact between the populations. It is suggested that the currently accepted subspecies be elevated to the species level, such as : Psophia viridis Spix, 1825, distributed in the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve, P. dextralis, found in the Tapajós-Tocantins interfluve, and P. obscura, that occurs from the right bank of the Tocantins River to the west of the State of Maranhão (Brazil).

Os jacamins-de-costas-verdes, Psophia viridis (Gruiformes, Psophiidae) são endêmicos da Amazônia brasileira e contam, atualmente, com três subespécies reconhecidas: Psophia viridis viridis Spix, 1825; Psophia v. dextralis Conover, 1934, e Psophia v. obscura Pelzeln, 1857, além de P. v. interjecta Griscom & Greenway, 1937, cuja validade tem sido questionada. Estes jacamins distribuem-se alopatricamente ao sul do rio Amazonas, embora a sua distribuição ainda seja pouco conhecida. Os táxons deste complexo nunca passaram por uma revisão taxonômica, e o presente trabalho teve como objetivos testar a validade dos mesmos. Com base no Conceito Filogenético de Espécie, os caracteres morfométricos e de colorido da plumagem foram analisados, buscando-se aqueles que são diagnósticos para cada população, além de refinar a distribuição geográfica dos táxons do complexo. Foram examinados 106 espécimes procedentes de 41 localidades, incluindo todos os tipos, e foram considerados também os registros confiáveis de literatura para delimitar-se a distribuição geográfica. Os dados morfométricos não indicaram diferenças significativas entre os táxons, não apontando também qualquer dimorfismo sexual. Entretanto, a análise dos caracteres de plumagem evidenciou padrões consistentes e distintos para cada um dos táxons, exceto P. v. interjecta, cujos caracteres supostamente diagnósticos, na verdade, são resultado de variação individual. Não foi observada variação clinal ou sinal de intergradação entre estes táxons, mesmo nas regiões próximas às cabeceiras dos grandes rios amazônicos, onde supostamente poderia haver contato entre as populações. Sugere-se que as subespécies correntemente aceitas sejam elevadas ao nível de espécie, a saber: Psophia viridis Spix, 1825, que ocorre no interflúvio Madeira-Tapajós; P. dextralis Conover, 1934, encontrado no interflúvio Tapajós-Tocantins, e P. obscura Pelzeln, 1857, que distribui-se da margem direita do rio Tocantins até o oeste do Estado do Maranhão. / The dark-winged trumpeters, Psophia viridis (Gruiformes, Psophiidae) are endemic of the Brazilian Amazônia, featuring three recognizable subspecies: Psophia viridis viridis Spix, 1825; Psophia v. dextralis Conover, 1934, and Psophia v. obscura Pelzeln, 1857, as well as P. v. interjecta Griscom & Greenway, 1937, whose validity has been questioned. These taxa are allopatrically distributed along the south of the Amazon River, although their ocurrence still remains unknown. This complex has never been taxonomically reviewed and this research aims to test the validity of its taxa based on the Phylogenetic Species Concept. Morphometrical characters and plumage colour patterns were analyzed, searching for the diagnostic ones for each population, also establishing the distribution for the taxa. In this study, 106 specimens of 41 localities were examined, all of the types included, with each reliable literature-based locality being included in order to delimit the geographical distribution of the complex. Morphometrical data did not point out significant differences between the taxa, also showing no sexual dimorphism among them. Meanwhile, plumage characters showed consistent and distinct patterns for each of the taxa, exception made for P. v. interjecta, whose supposedly diagnosable features are the result of an individual variation. No clinal variation or intergradation was observed, even at regions close to the Amazonian rivers headwaters, where might be contact between the populations. It is suggested that the currently accepted subspecies be elevated to the species level, such as : Psophia viridis Spix, 1825, distributed in the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve, P. dextralis, found in the Tapajós-Tocantins interfluve, and P. obscura, that occurs from the right bank of the Tocantins River to the west of the State of Maranhão (Brazil).

Yes / Springtails (Collembola) are unique in Hexapoda for bearing a ventral tube (collophore) on the first abdominal segment. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the functions of the ventral tube, its fine structure has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this paper, we observed the jumping behavior of the clover springtail Sminthurus viridis (Linnaeus, 1758) and dissected the ventral tube using light microscopy to elucidate the fine structure and the possible function of the ventral tube. The results show that a pair of eversible vesicles can be extended from the apical opening of the ventral tube. The eversible vesicles are furnished with numerous small papillae, and can be divided into a basal part and a distal part. The eversible vesicles have a central lumen connected to the tiny papillae and leading to the body cavity. The eversible vesicles can reach any part of the body, and may serve as following functions: (a) absorbing moisture; (b) uptaking water; (c) cleaning the body surface; and (d) fastening the body on a smooth surface.

Dans le monde entier les introductions d'espèces dans de nouvelles régions constituent une préoccupation écologique croissante ; ces introductions peuvent conduire à des modifications drastiques des écosystèmes, entre autres du fait de la compétition avec des espèces indigènes et également par la modification des réseaux de flux d'énergie dans les écosystèmes. La moule verte Perna viridis est une espèce récemment introduite dans les eaux côtières américaines et qui s'est rapidement disséminée le long des côtes du Sud-Est des États-Unis. Cependant, il n'existe pour le moment que très peu d'informations concernant la structure des populations, et leur dynamique en réponse à la variabilité environnementale locale. Les efflorescences de marées rouges formées par le dinoflagellé toxique Karenia brevis sont fréquentes le long des côtes de Floride bordant le Golfe du Mexique, et la tolérance de P. viridis à l'égard de ces événements et des brévitoxines (PbTx) associées n'est pas connue. En outre, comme P. viridis est une espèce invasive, la potentielle concurrence (ressources trophiques, espace, …) avec des bivalves indigènes comme l'huître Crassostrea virginica, est une préoccupation majeure dans les systèmes côtiers de Floride. Cette étude vise à caractériser la dynamique des populations établies de P. viridis populations établies et leur réponse aux efflorescences naturelles de K. brevis. Les effets des efflorescences à K. brevis ont été évalués à partir des résultats d'un suivi de la croissance, de la mortalité, du recrutement, de la gamétogenèse et de la composition biochimique des tissus (protéines, glycogène et lipides) durant trois ans. En outre, les concentrations en PbTx dans les tissus ont été analysées afin de déterminer l'absorption, l'accumulation et des taux d'élimination de ces toxines. Par ailleurs, les données recueillies sur le terrain et des informations de la littérature ont été utilisées pour élaborer un modèle énergétique individuel DEB pour modéliser la croissance et la reproduction de P. viridis. Avant l'apparition de la première efflorescence à K. brevis, P. viridis présentait des taux de croissance rapide (6-11 mm mois-1) et un taux de survie élevé (mortalité <1%). Au cours des efflorescences à K. brevis, le taux de croissance a chuté de façon significative et une bioaccumulation de PbTx dans les tissus mous a été observée. Les concentrations élevées en PbTx dans les tissus ont persisté longtemps après la dissipation de l'efflorescence et les taux de mortalité élevés se sont maintenus, ce qui a réduit fortement l'abondance de P. viridis. À la fin de l'efflorescence, la concentration en PbTx dans les moules était presque le double de celle relevée chez l'huître indigène Crassostrea virginica pour des individus prélevés à la même période ; chez P. viridis, la concentration en PbTx est restée supérieure à la limite réglementaire pour la consommation humaine pendant 16 semaine, alors qu'elle est revenue en dessous de ce seuil en 2 ½ semaines chez C. virginica.La composition biochimique des tissus et la reproduction n'ont pas parues affectées par ces évènements ; P. viridis réalise sa gamétogénèse durant toute l'année et a mis en place une stratégie de ponte intermittente partielle ; elle présentait durant toute l'année une grande stabilité de la concentration en composés de réserve. L'absence de cycle saisonnier marqué de la composition biochimique suggère que la ressource trophique est suffisante pour soutenir la gamétogenèse tout au long de l'année. Cependant, la première année du suivi, deux évènements majeurs de ponte et de recrutement ont été observés au printemps et à l'automne. Au cours de la deuxième année de suivi, l'analyse histologique montre que le même patron de ponte massive est observé au printemps ; cependant, à cette période, les efflorescences toxiques ont persisté et le recrutement a été inhibé, ce qui suggère que la fécondation et / ou le développement et la survie des larves […] / Worldwide, introductions of exotic species to new regions is of rising concern which can lead to catastrophic ecosystem alterations through competition with native species and disruption in energy flow.Perna viridis is a recently introduced bivalve species to US coastal waters and has vigorously spread throughout the southeastern US. However, little information regarding population structure and response to local environmental factors has been reported. Red tide blooms formed by the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis are frequent along the Gulf coast of Florida and as a recently introduced species, it is unclear what tolerance P. viridis has toward these events and associated brevetoxins (PbTx). Further, as an invasive species ecological concerns have risen regarding potential for spread and competition with native bivalve species, particularly the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica.This study aimed to characterize the population dynamics of established P. viridis populations and their response to naturally occurring K. brevis blooms. This was completed through monitoring of growth, mortality, juvenile recruitment, gametogenesis and biochemical composition (protein, glycogen and lipid) throughout a three year monitoring period to evaluate the effects of K. brevis blooms. Additionally, tissue PbTx concentrations were analyzed to determine uptake, accumulation and elimination rates. Data collected from the field and information reported in the literature were used to create a functional DEB model to predict individual growth and reproduction of P. viridis under environmentally realistic conditions.Prior to onset of the first K. brevis bloom event, P. viridis showed rapid growth rates (6 – 11 mm month-1) and high survival (mortality <1%). However, during K. brevis blooms growth rate dropped significantly and bioaccumulation of PbTx in the soft tissue was observed. High tissue PbTx concentrations persisted long after bloom dissipation and high rates of mortality ensued, severely reducing population densities. PbTx in mussels nearly doubled that of oysters sampled during the same time and remained above the regulatory limit for significantly longer, 2 ½ weeks and 16 weeks, respectively.Biochemical composition and reproduction appeared unaffected, exhibiting year round gametogenesis with a partial, intermittent spawning strategy and stability in reserves. A lack of significant seasonal cycles in biochemical composition suggests sufficient food and energy availability to support the observed year round gametogenesis. While continuous spawning capabilities were evident two major peaks in spawning and recruitment were observed (spring and fall), suggesting reduced fertilization and / or larval development and survival due to the presence of K. brevis and associated ichthyotoxins and hemolysins.These results indicate that while high tissue PbTx concentrations may lead to reduced growth in P. viridis, gametogenesis is not inhibited, allowing the population to survive K. brevis bloom exposure and reproduce, even while individual mortality was high. Prolonged bioconcentration of PbTx may lead to increased threat of post bloom trophic transfer, resulting in negative impacts on other important fisheries and higher food web implications. While it cannot be conclusively determined that the cause of reduced growth, survival and recruitment is due to red tide events, the parallels observed suggest that K. brevis is an important factor in the drastic changes in population structure.Through the work presented here, population dynamics of locally established P. viridis populations were characterized through monthly monitoring and the development of a DEB model to accurately predict the growth and reproduction under dynamic environmental conditions. This work aims to synthesize our knowledge on the individual bioenergetics of P. viridis and to aid in understand population dynamics and potential for competition with local C. virginica [...]

Magistrantūros studijų pateikiami egzogeninės abscizo rūgšties poveikis Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. morfofiziologiniams parametrams tyrimų rezultatai. Darbo objektas – žalioji šerytė (Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). Darbo metodai: IV organogenezės tarpsnyje žaliosios šerytės augalai nupurkšti abscizo rūgšties tirpalais ir auginti programuojamoje auginimo kameroje esant 20/18 °C (diena/naktis) temperatūrai, 16/8 val. (diena/naktis) fotoperiodui, 50 µmol m-2 s-1 apšviestumui. Fotosintezės pigmentai, augalo žalia masė ir sausos medžiagos kiekis nustatyti praėjus 1, 5, 10 ir 15 dienų po purškimo. Esant 35-40% substrato drėgniui augalai nupurkšti 0,5 µM abscizo rūgšties tirpalu ir toliau auginti programuojamoje auginimo kameroje sausros sąlygomis. Fotosintezės pigmentai, augalo žalia masė ir sausos medžiagos kiekis nustatyti po 3 ir 6 sausros dienų. Darbo rezultatai. Visos tirtos egzogeninės abscizo rūgšties koncentracijos slopino chlorofilo a sintezę žaliosios šerytės augaluose, tuo tarpu chlorofilo b kiekis žaliosios šerytės augaluose priklausė nuo ABR koncentracijos ir auginimo trukmės po purškimo. Karotenoidų kiekis žaliosios šerytės augaluose statistiškai patikimai didėjo egzogeninės absciso rūgšties poveikyje. Egzogeninė abscizo rūgštis esmingai mažino tirtų augalų žalią masę. Statistiškai patikimai didesnis nei kontroliniame variante sausos medžiagos kiekis nustatytas tik nupurškus augalus 1,5 µM ABR koncentracija po 15 auginimo dienų. Egzogeninė abscizo rūgštis mažino... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous abscisic acid on morphophysiological parameters of green millet plants. Object of the work – green millet (Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). Methods of the work: green millet plants were to spray with abscisic acid and growing in growth chamber under 20/18 °C (day/night) temperature, 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod, 50 µmol m-2 s-1 light intensity. Amount of photosynthetic pigments, fresh mass of plants, dry weight after was evaluated 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after treatment. When substrate humidity was 35-40%, plants were to spray with 0.5 M abscisic acid and growing in growth chamber under moisture deficit. The results of work. All tested concentrations of abscisic acids inhibited chlorophyll a synthesis in green millet plant, while amounts of chlorophyll b were dependent on concentration of abscisic acid. The carotenoids content in green millet plants were significantly increased under treatment of exogenous abscisic acid, while the fresh mass of plants significantly decreased. Significantly higher dry weight in comparison with control has been obtained under influence of 1.5 M ABA after 15 growing days. Exogenous abscisic acid decreased chlorophylls content in plants treated by drought stress. Growing green millet plants under moisture deficit, exogenous ABA didn’t shown any influence on fresh mass and dry weight.

Detta arbete syftar till att svara på hypotesen som säger att det är skillnader i tillväxt, storlek, dödlighet och deformationer hos besläktade yngel av grönfläckig padda (Bufo viridis) gentemot obesläktade yngel vid uppfödning. Tidigare australiensisk studie visar att kemiska ämnen som paddorna själva utsöndrar påverkar tillväxt och överlevnad. Det förekommer även att syskon favoriserar och känner igen varandra och således blir konkurrensen syskon emellan inte lika stark. Yngel från fem olika honor delades in i grupper och placerats i akvarietankar med antingen besläktade individer från en och samma hona eller blandade. Där har de vuxit upp från ägg till yngel. De yngel som föddes upp tillsammans med sina syskon var större än yngel som fötts upp med obesläktade yngel. Det var ingen skillnad i procentuell tillväxt över tid mellan besläktade och obesläktade individer. Vid de första mättillfällena var det skillnad i storlek, viket indikerar att mekanismen som styr tillväxt är som starkast i ett tidigt utvecklingsskede för att sedan avta. Tidigare studie på grönfläckig padda i Sverige visar på liknande resultat och dessa motsäger resultat från en australiensisk studie där tillväxten varit mindre i början och större i slutet. Dödligheten från ägg till yngel var större hos de obesläktade individerna. Sammantaget ger det en indikation om att mekanismen bakom exempelvis storlek, tillväxt och dödlighet är mer komplexa än vad som framkommit i tidigare arbeten. Resultatet visar på skillnader som kan ligga till grund för utvecklandet av nya metoder vid uppfödning av grönfläckig padda och som även kan hjälpa till vid bevarandet av den svenska populationen. / This work aims to respond to the hypothesis that says that there are differences in growth, size, mortality and deformation in the kin of green toad (Bufo viridis) between unrelated egg and later on juveniles when breeding. A previous Australian studie demonstrates that chemical substances that the toads themselves secrete affect growth and survival. It also appears that the siblings chemically recognize and favours each other, and thus competition for food between siblings is not as strong. Eggs and later on juveniles of five different females have been divided into groups and placed in aquariumtanks. Either with related individuals from a single female or mixed. The juveniles reared together with their siblings had on average larger bodies than juveniles reared with unrelated brood. There were no difference in growth over time between the different rearing methods. There where, however, differences in growth during the first measurements, which indicates that the mechanisms that differentiates the growth is strongest in an early stage of development. Mortality from egg to juvenile where larger in the unrelated individuals than within the siblings. Previous Swedish study show similar results and these contradicts result from Australian studies. Overall, it gives an indication that the mechanism that affect size, growth and mortality is more complex than what transpired in the previous work. The result points to differences that may form the basis for the development of new methods for the breeding of European Green Toad, and which can also help in the preservation of the Swedish population.

Aeshna viridis, a dragonfly generally considered to be a specialist as it in most cases choosesStratiotes aloides as its habitat, have suffered badly from habitat loss and fragmentationsthroughout Europe under the last century as the human demand of land use have grown. It´sthereby considered near threatened on EU red list and is included in the Habitat Directive.This means that it is protected by EU law as all EU Member States is committed to protect,monitor and report back to EU the status of the species. Several European countries havedesigned protection plans for S. aloides to improve the preservation of A. viridis. My study inSouth and Central Sweden shows that the strong connection between A. viridis and S. aloidesmay not be consistent all over the distribution range of A. viridis, as my survey showed thatlarvae occur among other water plants when S. aloides is not present. Another aim in thisstudy was to evaluate the possibility to use occurrence data on A. viridis and S. aloides fromthe Species Observations System to monitor A. viridis distribution and dispersal. My studyimplies uncertainties of how well the datasets reflects reality and more research is necessarybefore clarifying if datasets could be a possible tool in conservation management of A. viridis.

Six new compounds were isolated from the aerial and root parts of S. viridis L. cv. Blue Jeans. Two new triterpenoids, lup-20(29)-ene-2α-acetate-3β-ol, and lup-20(29)-ene-2α-ol-3β-acetate were found in the aerial part together with lup-20(29)-ene-2α-3β-diol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol glucoside. Three new diterpenoids, 1-oxomicrostegiol, viroxocane, viridoquinone, together with five known diterpenoids, ferruginol, salvinolonyl 12-methyl ether, microstegiol, 7α-acetoxy-14-hydroxy-8,13-abietadiene-11,12-dione and 7α,14-dihydroxy-8,13-abietadiene-11,12-dione were found in roots. 1-Docosyl ferulate, 2'',3''-di-O-acetyl-martynoside and a mixture of 2-(4'-alkoxy-phenyl) ethyl alkanoates were also isolated from roots. Seven caffeic acid derivatives, five flavonoid glycosides, and salidroside were found in the crude aerial fraction. Four caffeic acid derivatives were known phenylpropanoids, i.e. trans-, cis-verbascoside, leucosceptoside A and martynoside, which are now reported in the genus Salvia for the first time. The others were caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and 6-O-caffeoyl-glucose. A new flavonoid glycoside, luteolin-7-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-galactopyranoside was also identified in the aerial part with four known flavone glycosides: luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-β-galactopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-rutinoside and apigenin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside. Verbascoside (acteoside), which is a major component in this plant, showed a significant protective effect against UVA induced damage in a human skin fibroblast model in vitro. It exhibited 1.4 fold protective effect against UVA induced necrosis with 1.4 fold higher in cell survival. 50 μM Verbascoside showed the same protective effect as 100 μM DFO at a high intensity UVA dose (500 kJ/m2). Further determination of organelle specific protection suggested a mechanism of action in mitochondria. Two terpenoids, lup-20(29)-ene-2α-acetate-3β-ol and 7α,14-dihydroxy-8,13-abieta-diene-11,12-dione, exhibited antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis with MIC 50 μM. Microstegiol was also active against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC 50 μM. Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and ferruginol showed appreciable antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus with MIC 12.5-50 μM. The other diterpenoids were active against all three Gram-positive bacteria with MIC 100-200 μM. None of crude fractions was active against three Gram-negative bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli.