The green python Morelia viridis is a most striking animal. Individuals are born either brick red or bright yellow and both colours change to green as adults. These colours and the remarkable colour change have long made them of interest to biologists and in demand for the pet trade. Despite this interest nothing is known of their distribution, biology or ecology in the wild. Here I address this knowledge gap by presenting results from the first detailed study of the species, at Iron Range on eastern Cape York Peninsula, Australia.¶ Individual growth was described by the von Bertalanffy growth curve, with a maximum predicted size of 1.35 metres snout-vent length. Males matured at 2.4 years and females at 3.6 years, and growth was indeterminate after approximately 12 years. The colour change from yellow to green occurs at 55 centimetres, which corresponds to individuals approximately a year old. There was no sexual dimorphism in adults, however juvenile females had larger heads than juvenile males. Adult sized individuals comprised ~50% of the population.¶ Females had a home range of 6.2 ± 1.9 ha (mean ± SE), which was positively correlated with their snout-vent length. Males adopted a roaming strategy through suitable habitat while juveniles were restricted to areas where more light reached the ground. There was overlap between multiple female home ranges, and between female home ranges and the movement paths of males. There were no differences in the distances moved by males and females of any size, although the variation in movement distances was greater in the dry season than the wet season.¶ Green pythons are obligate ambush predators which eat a variety of prey. They show an ontogenetic shift from invertebrates and terrestrial, diurnal reptiles to birds and terrestrial, nocturnal mammals. This diet change is concurrent with a shift in the time of hunting, and the location and characteristics of ambush sites. Yellow individuals were usually found within ten metres of the ground, while green individuals used the full vegetation strata and were often found in the canopy.¶ The three colour morphs of the green python appear to be adaptive for camouflage rather than intraspecific communication, as conspicuousness of each morph was always greater to a predator than to that of a conspecific. Using advanced light analysis techniques I show that each colour morph is adaptive for camouflage from visually orientated avian predators under different environmental conditions. Yellow and red morphs are half as conspicuous as green individuals would be in locations near the ground where juveniles hunt during the day. Green was the least conspicuous morph in only the canopy, where it was half as conspicuous as either the red or yellow morph. In both leafy and non-leafy sub-canopy environments green individuals were more conspicuous than both yellow and red morphs. Red morphs were least conspicuous in only the non-leafy sub-canopy environment. The conspicuousness of green males decreased with age, but this was not the case with green females. Predation of plasticine models of the three colour morphs showed that red models were ten times more likely to be predated than either green or yellow morphs, however the model colours did not always match the real morph colours.¶ There is a large predicted global distribution in Papua New Guinea, including some offshore islands, however the Australian range is restricted to small areas of eastern Cape York Peninsula. In Australia green pythons occurred in nine regional ecosystems, with most records for the closed semi-deciduous mesophyll vine forest ecosystem. A mark-recapture study at Iron Range captured 101 individuals 147 times over two wet seasons, which equates to a population size of 227 ± 81 individuals in the study area of 51 hectares. Based on the known population structure at this site only 114 (or 50%) of these individuals are adult. Although green pythons have a high density at the one intensely studied site and are predicted to occur over a large geographic area, my data are insufficient to conclude that the species is not vulnerable.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2000--München.

A análise química do extrato bruto de esponja marinha é um método clássico de descoberta de novas drogas. Metabólitos secundários e peptídeos são geralmente os resultados neste tipo de pesquisa, utilizando diferentes e consecutivos protocolos de purificação. Neste estudo de uma amostra de extrato aquoso esponja separada numa coluna Sephadex®-G25 foi purificado por HPLC, numa tentativa de isolar uma única molécula. Com uma base de dados de RNA e a análise in silico espera-se que o RNAm pode ser relacionado com a molécula precursora do composto bioativo ou mesmo o seu gene. A dissociação de células a partir da matriz da esponja é um método importante para a extração de RNA optimizado em quantidade e qualidade. Frações extrato bruto do organismo e dados de RNAm a partir de células isoladas da esponja podem ser comparados por uma abordagem de comparação dos dados. Ensaios de MTS foram utilizados para analisar a bioatividade e microscopia confocal foi a principal ferramenta para examinar os danos em células tumorais (T47D). / The chemical analysis of sea sponge crude extract is a classic method in drug discovery. Secondary metabolites and peptides are usually the results in this type of research using different and consecutives purification protocols. In this study a sample of sponge aqueous extract separated in a sephadex-G25 column was purified by HPLC in an attempt to isolate a single molecule. With a RNA databank and in silico analysis is expected that the mRNA may be related with the precursor molecule of the bioactive compound or even its gene. The dissociation of cells from the sponge matrix was an important method to the optimized RNA extraction in quantity and quality. Crude extract fractions of the organism and mRNA data from sponge-isolated cells were obtained to a next step cross-data approach. MTS assays were used to analyze the bioactivity and confocal microscopy was the main tool to scan the damage in tumor cells (T47D).

Setaria viridis tem sido utilizada como organismo modelo para gramíneas com metabolismo C4, buscando elucidar processos biológicos de plantas. A importância das monocotiledôneas com o metabolismo de C4 deve-se ao melhor balanço fotossintético quando comparado às plantas com metabolismo C3 em condições climáticas com altas temperaturas, como as que prevalecem no Brasil. Setaria viridis representa um sistema modelo de grande importância para a agricultura brasileira, uma vez que tanto a produção brasileira de biocombustíveis como de alimentos está fortemente relacionada aos organismos C4. Os hormônios vegetais são cruciais no estabelecimento de órgãos complexos desde o zigoto até o desenvolvimento da planta adulta. A auxina em particular, desempenha um papel fundamental na formação de um complexo sistema radicular nas plantas. Sabe-se que o transporte polar desse hormônio concentra a auxina em determinados tecidos, desempenhando um papel essencial na expressão diferencial de genes que modulam o desenvolvimento dos vários órgãos da planta. Monocotiledôneas e em particular Poaeceaes exibem um complexo sistema radicular que parece ser chave para o seu vasto potencial adaptativo, mas pouco se sabe sobre os fatores que envolvem as respostas sensoriais e de desenvolvimento que guiam a escolha de quais tipos de raiz as plantas elegem. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar as vias hormonais e abióticas que influenciam a arquitetura das raízes / Setaria viridis has been used as a model organism for grasses with C4 metabolism, seeking to elucidate plant biological processes. The importance of monocotyledons with C4 metabolism is due to better photosynthetic balance when compared to plants with C3 metabolism in climatic conditions with high temperatures, such as those that prevail in Brazil. Setaria viridis represents a model system of great importance for Brazilian agriculture since both the Brazilian production of biofuels and food is strongly related to C4 organisms. Plant hormones are crucial in the establishment of complex organs from zygote to the adult plant development. Auxin in particular, plays a key role in the formation of a complex radicular system in plants. The polar transport of this hormone is known to concentrate auxin in particular tissues, playing an essential roll in the differential expression of genes that will modulate the development of the various plant organs. Monocots and in particular Poaeceae display a complex radicular system that seems to be key for it vast adaptive potential, but little is known about the factors involving the sensing and developmental responses that guide the choice of which root types to elect. The aim of this study was to explore the hormonal and abiotic cues that influence the root architecture

Setaria viridis tem sido utilizada como organismo modelo para gramíneas com metabolismo C4, buscando elucidar processos biológicos de plantas. A importância das monocotiledôneas com o metabolismo de C4 deve-se ao melhor balanço fotossintético quando comparado às plantas com metabolismo C3 em condições climáticas com altas temperaturas, como as que prevalecem no Brasil. Setaria viridis representa um sistema modelo de grande importância para a agricultura brasileira, uma vez que tanto a produção brasileira de biocombustíveis como de alimentos está fortemente relacionada aos organismos C4. Os hormônios vegetais são cruciais no estabelecimento de órgãos complexos desde o zigoto até o desenvolvimento da planta adulta. A auxina em particular, desempenha um papel fundamental na formação de um complexo sistema radicular nas plantas. Sabe-se que o transporte polar desse hormônio concentra a auxina em determinados tecidos, desempenhando um papel essencial na expressão diferencial de genes que modulam o desenvolvimento dos vários órgãos da planta. Monocotiledôneas e em particular Poaeceaes exibem um complexo sistema radicular que parece ser chave para o seu vasto potencial adaptativo, mas pouco se sabe sobre os fatores que envolvem as respostas sensoriais e de desenvolvimento que guiam a escolha de quais tipos de raiz as plantas elegem. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar as vias hormonais e abióticas que influenciam a arquitetura das raízes / Setaria viridis has been used as a model organism for grasses with C4 metabolism, seeking to elucidate plant biological processes. The importance of monocotyledons with C4 metabolism is due to better photosynthetic balance when compared to plants with C3 metabolism in climatic conditions with high temperatures, such as those that prevail in Brazil. Setaria viridis represents a model system of great importance for Brazilian agriculture since both the Brazilian production of biofuels and food is strongly related to C4 organisms. Plant hormones are crucial in the establishment of complex organs from zygote to the adult plant development. Auxin in particular, plays a key role in the formation of a complex radicular system in plants. The polar transport of this hormone is known to concentrate auxin in particular tissues, playing an essential roll in the differential expression of genes that will modulate the development of the various plant organs. Monocots and in particular Poaeceae display a complex radicular system that seems to be key for it vast adaptive potential, but little is known about the factors involving the sensing and developmental responses that guide the choice of which root types to elect. The aim of this study was to explore the hormonal and abiotic cues that influence the root architecture

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami žaliosios šerytės morfogenezės indukcija in vitro tyrimų duomenys. Darbo metodai: vertintas kaliaus susidarymo dažnis (%), ūglių susidarymo dažnis (%), ūglių skaičius iš eksplanto (vnt.) bei šaknų formavimosi dažnis (%). Darbo objektas: Setaria viridis L. Darbo rezultatai. Tyrimų rezultatai atskleidė skirtingą kaliaus, ūglių bei šaknų formavimosi dažnį, dėl skirtingų egzogeninių augimo reguliatorių derinio ir jų kiekio maitinamojoje terpėje. Žaliosios šerytės dediferenciacijos indukcija intensyviau vyko terpėse, papildytose didesniu auksinų nei citokininų kiekiu. Žaliosios šerytės kaliaus formavimosi dažnis varijavo priklausomai nuo egzogeninių augimo reguliatorių derinio indukcijos terpėje. Augimo reguliatorių derinys 2,0 mg l-1 2,4-dichlorfenoksiacto rūgšties + 0,4 mg l-1 6-furfurylamino purino skatino intensyvesnę dediferenciaciją in vitro kultūroje. Antrinė diferenciacija intensyviausiai vyko maitinamojoje terpėje, papildytoje 0,4 mg l-1 α naftilacto rūgšties ir 2,0 mg l-1 N6-(2-izopentil) adenino. Daugiausiai ūglių iš eksplanto susiformavo maitinamojoje terpėje, papildytoje 0,3 mg l-1 NAR + 2,0 mg l-1 2iP. Žaliosios šerytės rizogenezės procesą in vitro skatino augimo reguliatorių deriniai 2,0 mg l-1 2,4D + 0,4 mg l-1 KIN, 0,2 mg l-1 NAR + 2,0 mg l-1 2iP ir 0,4 mg l-1 NAR + 2,0 mg l-1 BAP. / The master work presents the results of increasing of green millet induction of morphogenesis in vitro studies. Method of the work - evaluated callus formation frequency (%), shoot formation rate (%), number of shoots per explant (units) and root formation frequency (%). Object of the work - of Setaria viridis L. The results of work. The results of research showed differences in callus, shoot and root formation frequency of different exogenous growth regulator combination and quantity of nutrient medium. Setaria viridis L dedifferentiation induction intensively was in medium, supplemented by more quantity of auxin than cytokinin. Setaria viridis L callus formation frequency varied depending on the exogenous growth regulators combination of induction medium. Combination of growth regulators for 2.0 mg l-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid + 0.4 mg l-1 6-purine furfuryl amine stimulated more intensive dedifferentiation in vitro culture. Secondary differentiation was most intensive in nutrient medium supplemented with 0.4 mg l-1 α naphthyl acetic acid and 2.0 mg l-1 N6-(2-isopentyl) adenine. The most shoots from the explant were formed in a nutrient medium supplemented with 0.3 mg l-1 NAA + 2.0 mg l-1 2iP. Setaria viridis L the process of rhizogenesis in vitro stimulated the growth regulators combinations 2.0 mg l-1 2,4 D + 0.4 mg l-1 KIN and 0.2 mg l-1 NAA + 2.0 mg l-1 2iP and 0, 4 mg l-1 NAA + 2.0 mg l-1 BAP.

A análise química do extrato bruto de esponja marinha é um método clássico de descoberta de novas drogas. Metabólitos secundários e peptídeos são geralmente os resultados neste tipo de pesquisa, utilizando diferentes e consecutivos protocolos de purificação. Neste estudo de uma amostra de extrato aquoso esponja separada numa coluna Sephadex®-G25 foi purificado por HPLC, numa tentativa de isolar uma única molécula. Com uma base de dados de RNA e a análise in silico espera-se que o RNAm pode ser relacionado com a molécula precursora do composto bioativo ou mesmo o seu gene. A dissociação de células a partir da matriz da esponja é um método importante para a extração de RNA optimizado em quantidade e qualidade. Frações extrato bruto do organismo e dados de RNAm a partir de células isoladas da esponja podem ser comparados por uma abordagem de comparação dos dados. Ensaios de MTS foram utilizados para analisar a bioatividade e microscopia confocal foi a principal ferramenta para examinar os danos em células tumorais (T47D). / The chemical analysis of sea sponge crude extract is a classic method in drug discovery. Secondary metabolites and peptides are usually the results in this type of research using different and consecutives purification protocols. In this study a sample of sponge aqueous extract separated in a sephadex-G25 column was purified by HPLC in an attempt to isolate a single molecule. With a RNA databank and in silico analysis is expected that the mRNA may be related with the precursor molecule of the bioactive compound or even its gene. The dissociation of cells from the sponge matrix was an important method to the optimized RNA extraction in quantity and quality. Crude extract fractions of the organism and mRNA data from sponge-isolated cells were obtained to a next step cross-data approach. MTS assays were used to analyze the bioactivity and confocal microscopy was the main tool to scan the damage in tumor cells (T47D).

Dans ce travail nous avons réalisé une évaluation de la composition et des activités biologiques des HEs extraites de L. stoechas récoltées sur 11 sites dans le nord de l'Algérie. Les HEs ont été analysées par GC/FID et GC/MS, où un total de 121 composés ont été identifiés, représentant de 69.88 à 91.2% du contenu total de l'huile. Les principaux constituants étaient le fenchone (11.27-37.48%), le camphre (1.94-21.8%), le 1,8-cinéol (0.16-8.71%) et le viridiflorol (2.89-7.38%). Les activités biologiques in vitro ont démontré que les activités de piégeage du radical DPPH et l’oxydation des lipides du couple β- carotène/acide linoléique différaient d’un facteur 8 et étaient liées à différents ensembles de molécules. Nos 11 HEs ont présenté de bonnes activités antimicrobiennes envers la plupart des 16 souches pathogènes testées à des valeurs de concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) allant de 0.16 à 3.5 mg/ml. A l’aide d’amorces dégénérées nous avons isolé trois ADNc en pleine longueur, LpFENS, LpPINS et LpGEAS, de feuilles de L. pedunculata. Six ADNc homologues en pleine longueur, LSFENS, LsPINS, LsGEAS, LvFENS, LvPINS et LvGEAS, ont été également isolés des feuilles de L. stoechas et L. viridis en utilisant des amorces spécifiques aux trois premiers ADNc clonés. L’expression hétérologue dans E. coli et l’analyse de l’activité catalytique par GC/MS des enzymes natives recombinantes purifiées de ces TPSs ont permis leur caractérisation fonctionnelle en tant que, α-fenchol synthases (LpFENS, LsFENS et LvFENS), α-pinène synthases (LpPINS, LsPINS et LvPINS) et germacrène A synthase (LpGEAS, LsGEAS et LvGEAS) / In this work, we have assessed the composition and the biological activities of essential oils (EO) extracted from L. stoechas collected from 11 locations in northern Algeria. The oils were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. A total of 121 compounds were identified that accounted for 69.88-91.2 % of the total oil contents. Major components were fenchone (11.27-37.48 %), camphor (1.94-21.8 %), 1,8-cineol (0.16-8.71 %) and viridiflorol (2.89-7.38 %). In vitro biological activities demonstrated that the DPPH-based radical scavenging and the β-carotene/linoleic acid-based lipid anti-oxidation activities differed by an 8 fold factor and were linked to different sets of molecules in different EOs. Our 11 EOs exhibited good antimicrobial activities against most of the 16 tested strains of pathogenic bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeast at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 0.16 to 3.5 mg/ml. The use of degenerate primers allowed us to isolate three full-length cDNAs, LpFENS, LpPINS and LpGEAS, from the leaves of L. pedunculata. Six full-length homologous cDNAs, LsFENS, LsFENS, LsPINS, LsGEAS, LvFENS, LvPINS and LvGEAS were also isolated from the leaves of L. stoechas and L. viridis with specific primers designed on the cDNAs previously cloned. Heterologous expression in E. coli and GC/MS analysis of the catalytic activity of native recombinant enzymes of these TPSs have led to their functional characterization as α-fenchol synthases (LpFENS, LsFENS and LvFENS), α-pinene synthases (LpPINS, LsPINS and LvPINS) and germacrene A synthases (LpGEAS, LsGEAS and LvGEAS)

Studiens syfte är att undersöka arterna Buxbaumia viridis och Nowellia curvifolia för att kunna förutse var man hittar dessa signalarter. Detta gjordes genom att död liggande ved undersöktes i Ycke naturreservat samt en närliggande brukas skog, Östergötlands län. Resultaten visar att faktorerna som är avgörande för B. virids är markkontakt och nedbrytningsklass. B. viridis föredrar att växa på lågor i de högre nedbrytningsklasserna (4-7) och med stor andel markkontakt, över 80 %. N. curvifolia beror på diameter (över 60cm), nedbrytningsklass (3-4) och längd (över 30m). Baserat på dessa resultat, kan signalarter lättare upptäckas utan en fullskalig inventering av skogen. / Young trees dominate Swedish forests, which today have a shortage of downed dead wood, key biotopes, and an overall lack of high natural values. By using the mosses Buxbaumia viridis and Nowellia curvifolia the general state of a forest can be assessed. These species indicate high natural values, with a continuity of dead wood in different stages of decay. By investigating ground-lying dead wood, one can predict if the mosses occur in the area or not. This is useful for maintenance of the forests and the preservation of biological diversity. The purpose of this study was to study the species B. viridis and N. curvifolia in Ycke natural reserve in Östergötland, southern Sweden, and learn how to predict where these species occur. The results showed that ground contact (over 80 %) and stage of decay (stage 4-6) of logs were important to B. viridis, with test values 30- 50 times as high as the other test values. To N. curvifolia, the diameter of the logs was the most important. Decay stage and length of the log were also important factors to N. curvifolia. Based on these results, these indicator species can more easily detected without a full scale inventory of the forest.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 162408 bytes, checksum: 5205f0f30ad35343551ffe6ad627d350 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae) is insect pest of coffee, especially in stand density in plantations. Despite the importance of C. viridis as peste coffee at the moment do not know the critical stage of their life cycle and the key factor governing mortality of their populations. The aim of this study was to determine the factors of natural mortality of C. viridis in coffee as well as determine the critical stage and key factor of mortality of their life cycle. The mortality and its causes were monitored daily in the development stages of C. viridis until the scales become reproductive females. We constructed eight scales of ecological life to C. viridis during the years of 2004 to 2006 in coffee. The total mortality of C. viridis was 96.08% and 70.47 occurred, 54.16, 53.31 and 38.06% in the first, second and third instars and adulthood. The factors of mortality of C. viridis were rainfall, parasitism, predation, and drop-leaf fungus Lecanicillium lecanii. Predation is important in all stages of C. viridis, with marginal mortality 28.76, 23.31, 17.96 and 19.03% for nymphs of the first, second, third instar and adults. The younger stages of C. viridis were more affected by parasitism with mortality of 31.86 (first instar) and 25.16% (second instar). But the fungus L. lecanii caused higher mortality in more advanced stages of C. viridis, with 15.99 and 12.07% in the third instar nymphs and adults. The fall of leaves caused high mortality in all immature stages of C. viridis, with mortality of 34.64, 11.91 and 15.99% for nymphs of the first, second and third instars. The critical level of mortality of C. viridis was the second-instar nymphs. The key factor of mortality was the action of parasitoids on second-instar nymphs, followed by deaths caused by falling leaves and rain of this instar. / Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae) é uma cochonilha praga do cafeeiro, sobretudo em locais sombreados e plantios adensados. Apesar da importância de C. viridis como praga do cafeeiro até o presente momento não se conhece a fase crítica do seu ciclo de vida nem o fator-chave de mortalidade que regula suas populações. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os fatores de mortalidade natural de C. viridis no cafeeiro, bem como determinar a fase crítica e o fator-chave de mortalidade do seu ciclo de vida. As mortalidades e suas causas foram monitoradas diariamente nos estádios de desenvolvimento de C. viridis até que as cochonilhas se tornassem fêmeas reprodutivas. Foram construídas oito tabelas de vida ecológicas para C. viridis durante as estações dos anos de 2004 a 2006 em cafeeiro. A mortalidade total de C. viridis foi 96,08%, sendo que ocorreram 70,47; 54,16; 53,31 e 38,06% no primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares e na fase adulta. Os fatores de mortalidade de C. viridis foram chuva, parasitismo, predação, queda de folha e o fungo Lecanicillium lecanii. A predação foi importante em todos os estádios de C. viridis, com mortalidades marginais de 28,76; 23,31; 17,96 e 19,03%, para ninfas de primeiro, segundo, terceiro ínstar e adultos. Os estádios mais jovens de C. viridis foram mais afetados pelo parasitismo, com mortalidades de 31,86 (primeiro ínstar) e 25,16% (segundo ínstar). Já o fungo L. lecanii causou maiores mortalidades em estádios mais avançados de C. viridis, com 15,99 e 12,07%, nas ninfas de terceiro ínstar e adultos. A queda de folhas causou elevadas mortalidades durante todos os estádios imaturos de C. viridis, com mortalidades de 34,64; 11,91 e 15,99% para ninfas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares. O estádio crítico de mortalidade de C. viridis foi o de ninfas de segundo ínstar. O fatorchave de mortalidade foi a ação de parasitóides sobre ninfas de segundo ínstar, seguido pela mortalidade causada por queda das folhas e chuvas neste ínstar.