Les conditions de déplacement de l'huile en géométries simples sont étudies en fonction des caractéristiques bien identifiables de fluides viscoélastiques. Dans ces expériences de déplacement immiscible, une huile de viscosité inférieure sera déplacée par un fluide newtonien de référence et par des fluides viscoélastiques que nous allons choisir, formuler et caractériser. Les expériences de déplacement dans une cellule Hele-Shaw mettent en évidence que le caractère élastique des formulations modifie les conditions de déplacement, surtout à vitesses élevées. De même nous pouvons observer une série d'expériences où la tension interfaciale du système fluide – huile a été diminuée pour monter que l'effet de l'élasticité apparaît sous ces conditions. Nous pouvons aussi observer comme les tendances se maintiennent à niveau microscopique, où la pénétration des fluides viscoélastiques dans des pores modèle est plus prononcée par rapport a un fluide newtonien. Finalement nous proposons un modèle simple qui prend en compte les propriétés élastiques des fluides en la déformation de l'interface fluide / huile que donne comme résultat une différence dans le déplacement immiscible quand on compare par rapport aux fluides newtoniens / Conditions of oil displacement in simple geometries are studied according to clearly identifiable characteristics of viscoelastic fluids. In these immiscible displacement experiments, a lower viscosity oil will be displaced using a reference Newtonian fluid and viscoelastic fluids that we will select, develop and characterize. The displacement experiments in a Hele-Shaw cell show that the elastic nature of formulations alters displacement conditions, especially at high velocities. Similarly we can observe a series of experiments in which the interfacial tension of the system fluid-oil was decreased to show that the effect of the elasticity appears under these conditions. We can also observe how the trends remain at the microscopic level, where the penetration of viscoelastic fluids in a model pore is more pronounced compared to a Newtonian fluid. Finally we propose a simple model which takes into account the elastic properties of fluids in deformation of the fluid-oil interface that results in a difference for immiscible displacement when compared to Newtonian fluids

This mémoire presents my current research interests in micro and nano-mechanics in a comprehensive manuscript. Our experimental device is first presented: this atomic force microscope, designed and realized in the Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon, is based on a quadrature phase differential interferometer. It features a very high resolution (down to 10 fm/rtHz) in the measurement of deflexion, down to low frequencies and on a huge input range. The dual output of the interferometer implies a specific handling to interface common scanning probe microscope controllers. We developed analog circuitries to tackle static (contact mode) and dynamic (tapping mode) operations, and we demonstrate their performance by imaging a simple calibration sample. As a first application, we used the high sensitivity of our interferometer to study the mechanical behavior of micro-cantilevers from their fluctuations. The keystone of the analysis is the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem (FDT), relating the thermal noise spectrum to the dissipative part of the response. We apply this strategy to confront Sader's model for viscous dissipation with measurements on raw silicon cantilevers in air, demonstrating an excellent agreement. When a gold coating is added, the thermal noise is strongly modified, presenting a 1/f like trend at low frequencies: we show that this behavior is due to a viscoelastic damping, and we provide a quantitative phenomenological model. We also characterize the mechanical properties of cantilevers (stiffness and Elastic Moduli) from a mapping of the thermal noise on their surface. This analysis validates the description of the system in term of its normal modes of oscillations in an Euler-Bernoulli framework for flexion and in Saint-Venant approach for torsion, but points toward a refined model for the dispersion relation of torsional modes. Finally, we present peeling experiments on a single wall carbon nanotube attached to the cantilever tip. It is pushed against a flat substrate, and we measure the quasi-static force as well as the dynamic stiffness using an analysis of the thermal noise during this process. The most striking feature of these two observables is a plateau curve for a large range of compression, the values of which are substrate dependent. We use the Elastica to describe the shape of the nanotube, and a simple energy of adhesion per unit length Ea to describe the interaction with the substrate. We analytically derive a complete description of the expected behavior in the limit of long nanotubes. The analysis of the experimental data within this simple framework naturally leads to every quantity of interest in the problem: the force plateau is a direct measurement of the energy of adhesion Ea for each substrate, and we easily determine the mechanical properties of the nanotube itself.