Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Recently witnessed a great popularity of unobtrusive Visible Light Communication (VLC) using screen-camera channels. They overcomes the inherent drawbacks of traditional approaches based on coded images like bar codes. One popular unobtrusive method is the utilizing of alpha channel or color channels to encode bits into the pixel translucency or color intensity changes with over-the-shelf smart devices. Specifically, Uber-in-light proves to be an successful model encoding data into the color intensity changes that only requires over-the-shelf devices. However, Uber-in-light only exploit Multi Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK), which limits the overall throughput of the system since each data segment is only 3-digit long. Motivated by some previous works like Inframe++ or Uber-in-light, in this thesis, we proposes a new VLC model encoding data into color intensity changes on red and blue channels of video frames. Multi-Phase-Shift-Keying (MPSK) along with MFSK are used to match 4-digit and 5-digit long data segments to specific transmission frequencies and phases. To ensure the transmission accuracy, a modified correlation-based demodulation method and two learning-based methods using SVM and Random Forest are also developed.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20384号 / 工博第4321号 / 新制||工||1670(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 川上 養一, 教授 野田 進, 教授 山田 啓文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis investigates the potential of flat optics as a solution to the problem of bulky and expensive optical components in producing lightweight and wearable optoelectronic devices. The research addresses scalability challenges in structure fabrication, design of broadband operating devices, and increasing operational and transmission efficiency in the visible range. It focuses on the experimental part of the challenge. The study evaluates various design approaches, including inverse designs using optimization techniques as well as the use of machine learning algorithms. The thesis aims to explore a path toward high efficiency, wide bandwidth, functional response, and scalable fabrication in flat optics using semiconductor nanostructures. The results demonstrate the potential of using semiconductor nanostructures to engineer efficient, scalable, and broadband optical components in obtain light processing through flat surfaces.

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The Internet-of-Things (IoT) infrastructure is made of uniquely identifiable wireless-enabled smart devices that use the Internet to communicate with each other as well as people, on a large scale. These IoT devices require power to operate, and to communicate with other smart devices. The optical bands have the capacity to provide power and wireless communication to the IoT devices. Simultaneous lightwave information and power transmission (SLIPT) is a technology through which information and optical power are received simultaneously by the receiver. SLIPT is made possible by solar cell-based SLIPT receivers. In this thesis, for the first time, the trade-off between the achievable data rate and the harvested power in solar cell-based SLIPT systems is quantified and analysed. It is known that the amount of power harvested using a solar cell is dependent on its operating voltage. By utilizing a realistic electrical model of the solar cells, an expression for the bandwidth and a lower bound on the data rate of a solar cell receiver as function of the operating voltage is derived. Using the dependency of rate and power on the operating voltage, the rate-power trade-off in solar cell based SLIPT receivers are studied in this thesis. This work proposes a novel solar cell based SLIPT receiver that includes a DC-DC boost converter, which allows control over the operating voltage of the solar cell. Finally, this thesis proposes an optimization problem to compute the optimum operating voltage for a SLIPT system located indoor where a desired trade-off between the data rate and harvested power can be attained based on the battery state of charge. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

III–V nitride quantum-confined structures embedded in nanowires (NWs), also known as quantum-disks-in-nanowires (Qdisks-in-NWs), have recently emerged as a new class of nanoscale materials exhibiting outstanding properties for optoelectronic devices and systems. It is promising for circumventing the technology limitation of existing planar epitaxy devices, which are bounded by the lattice-, crystal-structure-, and thermal- matching conditions. This work presents significant advances in the growth of good quality GaN, InGaN and AlGaN Qdisks-in-NWs based on careful optimization of the growth parameters, coupled with a meticulous layer structure and active region design. The NWs were grown, catalyst-free, using plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) on silicon (Si) substrates. A 2-step growth scheme was developed to achieve high areal density, dislocation free and vertically aligned NWs on Ti/Si substrates. Numerical modeling of the NWs structures, using the nextnano3 software, showed reduced polarization fields, and, in the presence of Qdisks, exhibited improved quantum-confinement; thus contributing to high carrier radiative-recombination rates. As a result, based on the growth and device structure optimization, the technologically challenging orange and yellow NWs light emitting devices (LEDs) targeting the ‘green-yellow’ gap were demonstrated on scalable, foundry compatible, and low-cost Ti coated Si substrates. The NWs work was also extended to LEDs emitting in the ultraviolet (UV) range with niche applications in environmental cleaning, UV-curing, medicine, and lighting. In this work, we used a Ti (100 nm) interlayer and Qdisks to achieve good quality AlGaN based UV-A (320 - 400 nm) device. To address the issue of UV-absorbing polymer, used in the planarization process, we developed a pendeo-epitaxy technique, for achieving an ultra-thin coalescence of the top p-GaN contact layer, for a self-planarized Qdisks-in-NWs UV-B (280 – 320 nm) LED grown on silicon. This process constitutes a significant advancement in simplifying the UV-B and UV-C fabrication process favoring light extraction. Addressing the issue of poor white light quality in the conventional blue laser diode (LD) and YAG:Ce3+ technology, a number of applications related investigations was conducted. Notably, the orange and yellow emitting InGaN/GaN Qdisks-in-NWs LEDs were implemented as an “active phosphor” to achieve intensity- and bandwidth-tunability for high color-quality solid-state lighting.

The amount of wireless data traffic has been increasing exponentially. This results in the shortage of radio frequency (RF) spectrum. In order to alleviate the looming spectrum crisis, visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as a supplement to RF techniques. VLC uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) for transmission and employs photodiodes (PDs) for detection. With the advancement of the LED technology, LEDs can now fulfil two functions at the same time: illumination and high-speed wireless communication. In a typical indoor scenario, each single light fixture can act as an access point (AP), and multiple light fixtures in a room can form a cellular wireless network. We refer to this type of networks as ‘optical attocell network’. This thesis focuses on interference mitigation in optical attocell networks. Firstly, the downlink inter-cell interference (ICI) model in optical attocell networks is investigated. The conventional ray-tracing channel model for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) path is studied. Although this model is accurate, it leads to time-consuming computer simulations. In order to reduce the computational complexity, a simplified channel model is proposed to accurately characterise NLOS ICI in optical attocell networks. Using the simplified model, the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) distribution in optical attocell networks can be derived in closed-form. This signifies that no Monte Carlo simulation is required to evaluate the user performance in optical attocell networks. Then, with the knowledge of simplified channel model, interference mitigation techniques using angle diversity receivers (ADRs) are investigated in optical attocell networks. An ADR typically consists of multiple PDs with different orientations. By using proper signal combining schemes, ICI in optical attocell networks can be significantly mitigated. Also, a novel double-source cell configuration is proposed. This configuration can further mitigate ICI in optical attocell networks in conjunction with ADRs. Moreover, an analytical framework is proposed to evaluate the user performance in optical attocell networks with ADRs. Finally, optical space division multiple access (SDMA) using angle diversity transmitters is proposed and investigated in optical attocell networks. Optical SDMA can exploit the available bandwidth resource in spatial dimension and mitigate ICI in optical attocell networks. Compared with optical time division multiple access (TDMA), optical SDMA can significantly improve the throughput of optical attocell networks. This improvement scales with the number of LED elements on each angle diversity transmitter. In addition, the upper bound and the lower bound of optical SDMA performance are derived analytically. These bounds can precisely evaluate the performance of optical SDMA systems. Furthermore, optical SDMA is shown to be robust against user position errors, and this makes optical SDMA suitable for practical implementations.

Neste trabalho foram empregados os métodos hidro e solvotérmico para sintetizar três diferentes catalisadores à base de bismuto (Bi2WO6, BiOI e BiVO4), visando aplicação em fotocatálise heterogênea sob radiação visível. Foram investigadas as influências do tempo de síntese, da calcinação, da adição de polivinilpirolidona (PVP) e do tipo de solvente usado durante a síntese sobre a morfologia, cristalinidade, área superficial específica e band gap das amostras. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de refletância difusa (ERD), difração de Raios-X (DRX) e adsorção de N2. Para avaliar a atividade fotocatalítica das amostras sintetizadas foram realizados experimentos em um reator batelada agitado, com o catalisador em suspensão e uma lâmpada de LED como fonte de radiação visível. As moléculas testes escolhidas foram o corante rodamina B, para determinação das amostras com maior atividade e, posteriormente, o fármaco prednisolona, sendo então estudados a influência da concentração de catalisador e do pH inicial do meio reacional. Foram realizados, também, ensaios de toxicidade com o organismo Lactuca sativa – sementes de alface, para avaliar a toxicidade da prednisolona pura, da mistura água e catalisador de BiOI e das alíquotas provenientes da reação de degradação da prednisolona após diferentes tempos. As amostras de Bi2WO6 apresentaram boa cristalinidade e semelhanças morfológicas apesar dos diferentes tratamentos. As amostras de BiOI, por sua vez, apresentaram diferenças significativas de morfologia, de microesferas para microplacas, quando foi feita a mudança de solvente e a amostra de BiVO4 apresentou um formato de paralelepípedo. Nos testes fotocatalíticos com a rodamina B, o catalisador que se mostrou mais ativo foi o BiOI cuja síntese continha PVP e etilenoglicol (kap = 0,0207 min-1) e o BiVO4 foi o que apresentou a menor atividade (kap = 0,0013 min-1). Na degradação da prednisolona, a maior taxa de degradação foi obtida com 1 g L-1 de catalisador e no pH natural do fármaco, 6,8. Os ensaios de toxicidade revelaram que nem a prednisolona nem a mistura água e catalisador são tóxicas para as sementes de alface, as alíquotas provenientes da reação, porém, tiveram um aumento de sua toxicidade com o aumento do tempo de reação. / In this work, solvo and hydrothermal methods were applied to synthesize three types of bismuth catalysts (Bi2WO6, BiOI and BiVO4) aiming to the apply it in heterogeneous photocatalysis under visible light. Were investigated the influences of reaction time, calcination, addition of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and the solvent type during synthesis on their morphology, crystallinity, surface area and band gap. The catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. To evaluate photocatalytic activity of the synthesized samples, experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor, with the catalyst in suspension and a LED lamp as a source of visible light. The test molecules chosen were the rhodamine B dye for determination of the samples with higher activity and subsequently the drug prednisolone, and then was studied the effect of catalyst concentration and initial pH of the reaction medium. Toxicity tests were also perfomed with organism Lactuca sativa – lettuce seeds, to the toxicity of pure prednisolone, water and BiOI catalyst mixture and aliquots from prednisolone degradation after different reaction times. As a result, the Bi2WO6 samples presented good crystallinity and morphological similarities despite having undergone different treatments. The BiOI catalysts presented a significant difference in morphology, microspheres to microplates, when changed the solvent, while the BiVO4 sample presented a parallelepiped shape. In the photocatalytic tests with rhodamine B, the catalyst with the highest activity was BiOI, containing PVP and ethylene glycol (kap = 0.0207 min-1) in its synthesis, and the BiVO4 was the catalyst with the lowest activity (kap = 0.0013 min-1). In the prednisolone degradation, the highest degradation rate was obtained with 1 g L-1 of catalyst and natural pH of the drug, 6.8. The toxicity tests showed that neither prednisolone nor water and catalyst mixture are toxic to lettuce seeds, aliquots from reaction, however, had an increase in their toxicity with increasing reaction time.

Compact diode-pumped solid-state lasers (DPSSL) arecontinuously replacing traditional gas lasers as well asenabling completely new technology. However, compact and costefficient designs are required to satisfy end-user demands. Theaim of this thesis was therefore to investigate novel laserdesigns for given applications considering these demands. In alarge part of the thesis work, nonlinear optics were employedto realize laser wavelengths where there was no appropriatelaser transition available. Besides other nonlinear crystals such as BBO, LBO and KTP,periodically poled KTP played an important role in this thesiswork. Its unique properties regarding up conversion processeswere exploited, thus supplying a broadened view over itspotential and limitations. This thesis places emphasis on practical concerns, mainlyrelated to real applications. It gives solutions to the beamshaping of laser diodes, covers the simulation and the designof laser dynamics as well as laser performance and describesthe sources of laser output degradation and damage mechanisms.Novel infrared lasers were designed and multiple intra-cavity,external cavity and non-resonant multi-pass frequencyconversion schemes were successfully employed and optimized.These produced red, orange, green, blue and ultraviolet outputfor various applications like spectroscopy, micro machining andwriting of fiber Bragg gratings. Keywords:diode-pumped solid-state lasers, nonlinearoptics, frequency conversion,

En l'actualitat s'està donant un canvi de mentalitat, tant social com polític o econòmic, per a la millora dels aspectes mediambientals. Així aquest canvi es pot començar a veure en diferents aspectes socials com són les formacions de les plataformes Agenda 21, en aspectes polítics com pot ser la participació en el Fòrum de les Cultures 2004 o en àmbits empresarials amb la creació de normatives ISO en temes de gestió mediambiental, com és la norma 14001.És per aquest motiu que les aplicacions científic-tecnològiques en aspectes de neteja, depuració d'aigües o obtenció d'energies més netes, estan tenint un increment molt important. De totes elles la fotocatàlisi heterogènia sembla que és la que té un futur més prometedor. Aquesta tecnologia es fonamenta en l'aprofitament de la llum solar per a produir reaccions d'oxidació i reducció. Les reaccions d'oxidació són aprofitades per a degradar contaminants orgànics i les de reducció són aprofitades per a la reducció de protons a hidrogen. El problema que presenta aquesta tecnologia és que es fonamenta en l'aprofitament de la llum UV, que representa només el 8% de la llum solar total. Aquest percentatge no permet una aplicació industrial prou rendible.En aquest treball s'ha realitzat una recerca de materials idonis per a la fotocatàlisi, trobant que el material amb les característiques fotocatalítiques més idònies és el TiO2 en la seva forma cristal·lina anatasa. Encara que aquest material es prepara majoritàriament en forma de pols, presenta un problema a posteriori dels processos de catàlisi, que és la seva recuperació. Per a aquest motiu s'han sintetitzat capes primes de TiO2 sobre substrats de vidre i quars mitjançant la tècnica MOCVD. En aquest treball s'han trobat les millors condicions de preparació per tal d'obtenir una resposta fotocatalitica major.Paral·lelament a l'optimització de les condicions de síntesis s'han realitzat estudis teòrics per comprovar els efectes del dopatge en el TiO2. La creació de vacants d'oxigen en l'estructura cristal·lina aconsegueix la formació d'una semibanda semiocupada propera a la banda de conducció. Això permet la promoció d'electrons d'aquesta semibanda a altres amb una energia menor que la del gap, permetent l'excitació a longituds d'ona dins de la regió del visible.Els experiments realitzats amb aquest tipus de material dipositat sobre vidre i quars per MOCVD, demostren aquesta absorció dins de la regió del visible. Aquestes dades d'absorció són confirmades amb les obtingudes amb la tècnica de fotoconductivitat. Les aplicacions industrials que pot presentar aquest material, sota radiació visible, són nombroses. En aquest cas s'ha provat la fotodegradació de nonilfenols i dioxines. Aquestes dues substàncies estan catalogades per les autoritats nord-americanes i europees com dues de les substàncies més tòxiques presents en el mediambient. Per al cas de la fotodegradació de nonilfenols s'ha aconseguit una degradació del 98% d'aquest en 30 minuts En ambdós casos, la fotodegradació de nonilfenols i dioxines, s'ha demostrat que aquesta s'aconsegueix sense la formació d'intermitjos de major toxicitat. Les proves de fotodegradació amb catalitzador de TiO2 estequiomètric sota radiació visible ha demostrat una nul·la activitat. / En la actualidad se está dando un cambio de mentalidad, tanto en lo social como en lo político y en lo económico, para la mejora de aspectos medioambientales. Esto se traduce en la formación de Agendas 21 locales, participación política, como en el Forum 2004 de Barcelona o la creación de normas ISO medioambientales por parte del empresariado. Por este motivo las aplicaciones científico tecnológicas, en aspectos como limpiezas, depuración u obtención de energías más limpias, están teniendo un incremento más que destacable. De todas ellas la fotocatálisis heterogenia parece tener un futuro más prometedor. Esta tecnología se fundamenta en el aprovechamiento de la luz solar para producir reacciones redox. Las reacciones de oxidación son aprovechadas para degradar contaminantes orgánicos y las de reducción para la obtención de hidrogeno a partir de los protones. El problema que presenta esta tecnología es que se fundamenta en el aprovechamiento de la radiación UV, que representa sólo el 8% de la luz solar total. Este porcentaje no permite una aplicación industrial rentable.En este trabajo se ha realizado una búsqueda de materiales idóneos para la fotocatálisis, encontrando que el material que presenta las mejores características es el TiO2 en su forma cristalina anatasa. Aunque este material se prepara, en su gran mayoría, en forma de polvo, presenta un problema a posteriori a los procesos de catálisis, que es su recuperación. Por este motivo se han sintetizado capas delgadas de TiO2 sobre sustratos de vidrio y cuarzo mediante la técnica MOCVD. En este trabajo se han encontrado las mejores condiciones de preparación para obtener la mejor respuesta fotocatalítica. Paralelamente a la optimización de las condiciones de síntesis se han realizado estudios teóricos para comprobar los efectos del dopaje en el TiO2. La creación de vacantes de oxigeno en la estructura cristalina consigue la formación de una semibanda semiocupada cercana a la banda de conducción. Esto permite la promoción de electrones de esta semibanda a otras con una energía menor a la del gap, permitiendo la excitación a longitudes de onda dentro de la región del visible.Los experimentos con este tipo de material demuestran una absorción óptica en la región del visible. Estos datos vienen confirmados por los obtenidos por fotoconductividad.Las aplicaciones industriales que presenta este material bajo radiación visible son numerosas. En este caso se ha probado la fotodegradación de nonilfenol y dioxinas. / Nowadays, new environment requirements have produced a change in people social, political and economical mentality. Those changes are visible and reflected in social activities like local forum discussions organization such as Agenda 21, or the Forum Barcelona 2004, but also economical like the ISO14001 implementation.These are one of the reasons why, new scientific and technological efforts in waste water treatments or less contaminant energies processes are growing up. From all of them, one of the most promising processes is the heterogeneous photocatalysis because it can be use as degradation process but also to produce hydrogen which is the most promising energetic vector. This technology is based on the use of the light to produce redox reactions. Oxidation reactions are useful to degrade organic compounds and reduction reactions are able to obtain hydrogen from protons. The most important limitation of the photocatalysis is that standard catalysers require UV light as energy source. This kind of radiation represents only the 8% of the total energy from the sun. This low reaction yield makes this technique un-attractive to the industry.In the present work, TiO2, in its anatase form has been prepared as thin film by the MOCVD technique and its degradation properties have been characterised. In parallel to this work, theoretical studies have confirmed the effects of TiO2 auto-doping on the energy band-gap variation. Oxygen vacancies in the crystal structure have been found to produce the formation of a semi-occupied band next to the conduction band. This phenomenon permits electrons excitations by applying a radiation in the visible range.Optical measurements have confirmed the absorption in the visible range (about 500 nm) for understoichiometric TiO2-x thin films due to electron transitions from the new band. These values are confirmed by photoconductivity measurements.The film growth parameters have been studied in order to optimize the thickness, roughness, and composition to obtain the highest degradation activity in the visible range, obtaining an increase of 10% in the photodegradation rate. AFM studies have allowed to know how affect the growth to the surface and photodegradation rate. Photodegradation of nonylphenols and dioxins, which are classified as one of the most hazardous substances present in the environment for US and European authorities, have been tested using visible light. TiO2 films with no oxygen understoichiometry did no show photodegradation in the visible range.In the case of nonylphenol, the photodegradation reaction shows a 98% yield after 30 minutes. For dioxins, in the same time, was obtained a 40% yield of degradation. In both cases, no hazardous by-products were formed after catalytical degradation.