The EQ-VAS, a measure of self-reported health status, has been operationalized in ways that depart from the original format. The primary purpose of the study was to examine the equivalence of the original paper-based vertical format with a touch screenbased horizontal format. Non-probability sampling was used to recruit 314 subjects intended to reflect the primary socio-demographic characteristics of the general adult population. A two-part questionnaire completed roughly 10 minutes apart was administered in a randomized crossover design. One part was the original paper-based 20cm vertical EQ-VAS; the other part was touch screen computer-based (designed by Assist Technologies) and included, among other items/scales, a horizontal EQ-VAS, the SF-36, and socio-demographic items. A mean difference of ± eight points between the two versions was specified as the minimally important difference (MID). Almost a third (30.1%) of the respondents reported identical scores on both formats and 80.1% of the respondents had difference scores within ± 8 points. The 95% confidence intervals for both samples indicated that the difference in scores was relatively small and below our equivalence threshold. In addition, data collected via touch screen may be more reliable since 22% of subjects did not complete the EQ-VAS paper format as instructed. These results provided evidence for the measurement equivalence of the touch screen EQ-VAS with the original paper format. A secondary purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of an electronic version of the SF-36. Floor and ceiling effects were comparable to that observed in other studies using the paper SF-36 in the general population. All reliability coefficients exceeded 0.70; the range was from 0.75 to 0.93. There was support for the construct validity of the touch screen SF-36, as the direction and strength of the correlations between the SF-36 scales and the EQ-5D domains were as hypothesized. Overall, there was a high level of correspondence between the touch screen SF-36 scores and previously reported paper based SF-36 scores in the general population. The comparable psychometric properties and low level of missing data make touch screen questionnaires a very viable alternative to their paper-based formats.

The role of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) in the delivery of anesthesia care is evolving given the recent recommendations for Institute of Medicine and provisions in the Affordable Care Act. Despite rigorous clinical training and consistent outcomes studies to support quality care given by CRNAs, the scope of practice of nurse anesthetists is frequently limited, and they do not practice to the full extent of their education and training. As health care spending becomes more constrained and demand for anesthesia services rises, the role of nurse anesthetists as more autonomous providers of anesthesia may be required to maintain access to quality care in a cost-conscious environment. Understanding the factors that influence one’s decision to engage in a broad scope of practice may guide training and recruiting practices. Using Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory as a framework to conceptualize scope of practice, an internet based survey of a cross-section of practicing CRNAs was conducted. Subjects responded to questions to describe the geography of their practice, experience as a civilian or military CRNA, and detailed clinical training variables. A composite score was created to gauge overall quality of clinical training. Each CRNA then rated their global scope of practice using a novel SOP-VAS, from 0-100. 1409 subjects participated in this study, yielding 1202 usable data sets. CRNAs practicing in rural locations exhibited higher mean SOP scores than those practicing in urban and suburban locations (p<0.001). CRNAs practicing in states that had opted-out of physician supervision had higher mean SOP scores (p<0.001). Years in Practice was positively correlated with SOP (p<0.01), however months on active duty in the military as a CRNA did not show a statistically significant correlation with SOP. Gender and the composite quality score also demonstrated a statistically significant affect on SOP. Regression modeling using significant predictors from prior analyses resulted in predictive model to describe SOP (p<0.001). Use of the novel SOP-VAS was found to be a reliable and valid tool to measure SOP among nurse anesthetists. Further study is warranted to identify additional factors that may contribute to scope of practice among nurse anesthetists.

Background: Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) are commonly used for measuring pain intensity. Although several studies have investigated agreement between VAS and NRS, there is a lack of knowledge about agreement in persistent neck pain and whether neck disability affects the agreement. Objective: Evaluate agreement between the two pain rating scales VAS and NRS for patients with persistent neck pain, and evaluate if the agreement is affected by neck disability, measured with Neck Disability Index. Methods: A cohort study with 43 participants with neck pain &gt; 3 months. Neck pain now and average neck pain last week was measured on VAS and NRS, and were recorded two times. Correlation between VAS and NRS was analyzed with Spearmans r and agreement was calculated with Bland Altman. Between group differences in patients with high (&gt;15) compared to low (&lt;15) NDI regarding agreement in VAS/NRS, were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between VAS and NRS (r=0,927–r=0,909, p&gt;0,01) and neck disability did not affect the agreement. The largest mean difference was 0,5 with variation between -2 to 2 in 95% of the patients. Conclusion: The same measurement (VAS or NRS) should be used for repeated measuring in neck pain. It is important to be aware of the differences between VAS and NRS, especially when research results will be implemented in primary care.

Introduction: The acute postoperative pain management is recently a concern of many expert committees and professional associations. The evidence of an increased interest in this issue is the Practice Guidelines for Acute Pain Management released by American Pain Society. According to these recommendations, the pain should be monitored as a fifth vital function. As a logical consequence of modern trends of pain management, Czech Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine issued guidelines for acute pain management in postoperative setting. This paper is an attempt to describe and evaluate the quality of postoperative analgetic care after total knee and hip replacements in a selected institution's department.………………………………..…………………………………… Methods: The aim of our empirical survey was to assess the level of quality of postoperative care and analgesia in the selected department. We focused mainly on the question of pain trivializing from the nurses side, their approach towards patients suffering from acute pain and, finally, the level of patient's awareness of pain intensity assessment systems and treatment options. Using the quantitative research methods, we evaluated the differences in perceiving of postoperative pain treatment quality from patient's and nurse's point of view. The survey...

Objetivos: Avaliar o manejo da dor em Endodontia por meio de dois estudos: Artigo 1 – um ensaio clínico randomizado comparando a eficácia analgésica de duas associações de opioide e não opioide no controle da dor do Abscesso Dentoalveolar Agudo (ADA) em evolução; Artigo 2 – uma revisão sistemática investigando a eficácia e segurança de terapia sistêmica para o tratamento da dor de origem endodôntica. Métodos: No Artigo 1, foram incluídos 24 pacientes que procuraram atendimento em serviço odontológico universitário do sul do Brasil. Após o atendimento de urgência, os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: Co/Pa – prescrição da associação de codeína (30 mg) e paracetamol (500 mg), por via oral, a cada 4 h, por 3 dias; Tr/Pa - prescrição da associação de cloridrato de tramadol (37,5 mg) e paracetamol (500 mg), na mesma posologia do grupo anterior. Os escores de dor foram registrados pelo próprio paciente, nos tempos 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h após o atendimento, em diário específico de evolução da dor, por meio da Escala Analógica Visual (EAV). No Artigo 2, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, por meio de buscas conduzidas nas bases de dados: MEDLINE, registro de ensaios clínicos da Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, banco de teses/dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e referências dos artigos encontrados. Para serem incluídos, os artigos deveriam ser ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs), controlados e cegos, ou revisões sistemáticas com ou sem metanálise. Deveriam ter um dos braços de terapia constituído por analgésico ou anti-inflamatório, administrado por via oral, para controle da dor moderada a intensa, de origem endodôntica, mensurada por meio da Escala Analógica Visual, em adultos. Foram coletados dados referentes às características da amostra, escores de dor pré-tratamento, características dos grupos em comparação, aspectos de qualidade metodológica, frequência de uso de analgésico adicional e a frequência de eventos adversos. Foram realizadas análises descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: No Artigo 1, em ambos os grupos, houve redução dos escores de dor ao longo do tempo. No grupo Co/Pa, houve redução significativa dos escores em 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas, em comparação com aos iniciais (P<0,05). Os escores em 48 e 72 horas foram menores, em relação aos iniciais e aos escores das 6 horas (P<0,05). No grupo Tr/Pa, houve redução dos escores de todos os tempos experimentais, em relação aos iniciais (P<0,05). Para todos os intervalos de tempo analisados, os grupos não foram diferentes entre si (P>0,05). Ambos os tratamentos foram eficazes no controle da dor provocada pelo ADA em evolução. Porém, a associação Tr/Pa apresentou-se menos segura. No Artigo 2, de um total de 431 referências, 419 resumos foram analisados e 14 artigos foram lidos na íntegra. Após a exclusão de 5 artigos, 9 ensaios clínicos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os estudos compararam paracetamol, AINE (ibuprofeno, flurbiprofeno, cetorolaco de trometamina, etodolaco, tenoxicam), prednisolona, tramadol e associações analgésicas no tratamento da dor endodôntica moderada a intensa. Foi observado que os medicamentos foram administrados antes ou após a intervenção endodôntica. Em 8 estudos, o grupo controle foi placebo e 8 estudos utilizaram o esquema de dose única para avaliar o controle da dor. Em todos os ensaios clínicos, o desfecho primário analisado foi a redução dos escores de dor e os desfechos secundários, uso de medicamento adicional e ocorrência de reações adversas. Foi possível estabelecer uma relação significativa entre uso de analgésico adicional e diagnóstico periapical. Quando a administração ocorreu antes do procedimento endodôntico, não foi observada a ocorrência de eventos adversos. Quando a administração ocorreu após o procedimento, foram relatadas reações adversas em dois dos três estudos incluídos na análise. Conclusão: O Artigo 1 sugere que, em função de eficácia analgésica e segurança, a associação codeína/paracetamol seja mais efetiva para o controle da dor aguda de moderada a intensa, no tratamento da ADA em evolução. O Artigo 2 aponta carência de ECRs em Endodontia, que utilizem um mesmo padrão metodológico, para definição de um protocolo de tratamento sistêmico na dor de origem endodôntica. / Aim: To evaluate the management of pain in Endodontics by two studies: Article 1 - a randomized clinical trial comparing the analgesic efficacy of two opioids and non-opioid associations in the pain control of Acute Dentoalveolar Abscess (ADA); Article 2 - a systematic review investigating the efficacy and safety of analgesic therapy in the management endodontic pain.Methodology: The Article 1 included 24 patients that looked for emergency treatment in a university dental clinic. These patients were divided into two groups: Co / Pa - prescription of codeine (30 mg) + acetaminophen (500 mg) oral, every 4 h, during 3 days; Tr / Ac - prescription of tramadol hydrochloride (37.5 mg) + acetaminophen (500 mg) as the previous group. Pain scores were recorded by the patient at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment, in a pain diary, using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The Article 2 was conducted in electronic databases, gray literature, and references of retrieved articles to analyze randomized clinical trials or systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis. One arms of the therapy should have comprised an anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs, orally administered by adults, in order to control moderate to severe pain, measured by Visual Analogue Scale, cause by endodontic problems . Data were collected regarding the characteristics of the sample, scores of pretreatment pain, characteristics of compared groups, methodological quality aspects, additional analgesic use, and frequency of adverse events. Descriptive and inferential analyzes were performed. Results: In Article 1, in both groups there was a reduction in the pain scores over time. For Co/Ac group, it was found a significant reduction in the scores at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment (P <0.05). The scores at 48 and 72 hours were lower, compared to immediate treatment and scores at 6 hours after treatment (P <0.05). In the Tr/ Ac group, the scores decreased as the time is increasing (P <0.05). For all time intervals tested, the groups were not significantly different (P> 0.05). Both treatments were effective in controlling pain caused by ADA. The association Tr/ Ac presented itself less secure. In Article 2, a total of 431 references and 419 abstracts were reviewed, then only 14 articles were read in full. From these articles it was excluded 5 and 9 trials met the inclusion criteria. These studies compared acetaminophen, NSAIDs (ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketorolac tromethamine, etodolac, and tenoxicam), prednisolone, and analgesic tramadol associations for treating moderate to severe endodontic pain. It was observed that drugs were administered before or after endodontic therapy. In 8 studies, the control group was placebo and 8 studies used single dose regimen to assess pain control. In all clinical trials, the primary outcome analyzed was the reduction of scores in pain and secondary outcomes were the utilization of additional medication and adverse reactions. It was possible to establish a significant relationship between use of additional analgesics and periapical diagnosis. When the administration occurred before the endodontic procedure no adverse events were observed. When it was administered after the procedure, adverse reactions were reported in 2 of 3 trials included in the analysis. Conclusion: The Article 1 suggests that, considering analgesic efficacy and safety function, the association codeine/ acetaminophen is more effective for the control moderate to severe pain, at the treatment of ADA in evolution. The Article 2 found that there is a lack of RCTs in Endodontics using the same methodological standard to define a systemic treatment protocol of endodontic pain.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-007.pdf: 442623 bytes, checksum: 0ebbfc5a4a59b57350c39d2be25bc5b6 (MD5) / Introdução: A dor de intensidade moderada a forte é prevalente após procedimentos cirúrgicos e está associada com aumento de morbidade e mortalidade pós-operatória. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade do controle e os fatores associados à percepção da intensidade da dor de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia abdominal internados nas clínicas cirúrgicas de dois hospitais públicos de Brasília. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e transversal, por meio de análise documental e entrevista de pacientes, realizado em dois hospitais públicos de Brasília. Foram coletados dados sobre características clínicas, procedimentos cirúrgicos e condutas no controle da dor de 342 pacientes. A dor foi avaliada pela escala visual analógica nas primeiras 48 horas do período pós-operatório. Os resultados foram comparados com os dados obtidos na revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: Em 100% dos pacientes a prescrição de analgésicos no pós-operatório não foi baseada nas melhores evidências científicas. Foi observada dor moderada a forte em 38,9% dos pacientes. O analgésico mais prescrito foi a dipirona (83,6%). Dos pacientes com uso isolado de dipirona, 29,2% dos pacientes relataram dor moderada a forte. Dor moderada a forte foi significativamente maior em mulheres do que em homens; em pacientes submetidos à anestesia geral e raquianestesia em comparação com a anestesia peridural; e em pacientes sob esquemas terapêuticos prescritos pelo staff, quando cotejados com tratamentos prescritos por residentes. Não houve diferença significativa em relação a idade e etnia. A maioria dos pacientes (50,9%) não recebeu informações prévias sobre a dor pós-operatória; 61% dos que sentiram dor não solicitaram alívio; e 80% tinham registros de avaliação da dor, mas sem uso de escalas e caracterização da dor. Conclusões: O controle da dor pós-operatória nos hospitais avaliados não seguiu as condutas baseadas nas melhores evidências. A dor pós-operatória foi mais intensa nos pacientes do sexo feminino e nos pacientes sob esquemas terapêuticos prescritos pelo staff. / Introduction: Moderate to intense pain is prevalent after surgical procedures and it is associated with increases in postoperative morbidity and mortality. Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of control and the factors associated with perception of pain intensity in patients undergoing abdominal surgery in hospital surgical clinics of two public hospitals in Brasilia Methods: Transversal and descriptive study, through document analysis, and interviews with patients, performed at two public hospitals from Brasilia. Data were collected about clinical features, surgical procedures and pain management from 342 patients. Pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale on the first 48 postoperative hours. The results were compared with data encountered on the bibliographic review. Results: 100% of patients in the prescription of analgesics postoperative was not based on the best scientific evidence. Moderate to intense pain was observed in 38.9% of patients. The most prescribed analgesic drug was dipyrone (83.6%). Of the patients using dipyrone alone, 29.2% of patients reported moderate to intense pain. Moderate to intense pain was significantly associated with women, with the use of anesthetic procedures other than epidural and therapeutic plans prescribed by the attending doctor. The majority of patients (50.9%) didn’t receive previous information about postoperative pain, 61% of patients who were in pain didn’t ask for relief and 80% of them had records of pain assessment, but without the use of scales and pain characterization. Conclusions: Postoperative pain management in the evaluated hospitals does not follow conducts based on the best evidence. The postoperative pain was more severe in female patients and in patients under treatment regimens prescribed by staff / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Objetivos: Avaliar o manejo da dor em Endodontia por meio de dois estudos: Artigo 1 – um ensaio clínico randomizado comparando a eficácia analgésica de duas associações de opioide e não opioide no controle da dor do Abscesso Dentoalveolar Agudo (ADA) em evolução; Artigo 2 – uma revisão sistemática investigando a eficácia e segurança de terapia sistêmica para o tratamento da dor de origem endodôntica. Métodos: No Artigo 1, foram incluídos 24 pacientes que procuraram atendimento em serviço odontológico universitário do sul do Brasil. Após o atendimento de urgência, os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: Co/Pa – prescrição da associação de codeína (30 mg) e paracetamol (500 mg), por via oral, a cada 4 h, por 3 dias; Tr/Pa - prescrição da associação de cloridrato de tramadol (37,5 mg) e paracetamol (500 mg), na mesma posologia do grupo anterior. Os escores de dor foram registrados pelo próprio paciente, nos tempos 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h após o atendimento, em diário específico de evolução da dor, por meio da Escala Analógica Visual (EAV). No Artigo 2, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, por meio de buscas conduzidas nas bases de dados: MEDLINE, registro de ensaios clínicos da Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, banco de teses/dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e referências dos artigos encontrados. Para serem incluídos, os artigos deveriam ser ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs), controlados e cegos, ou revisões sistemáticas com ou sem metanálise. Deveriam ter um dos braços de terapia constituído por analgésico ou anti-inflamatório, administrado por via oral, para controle da dor moderada a intensa, de origem endodôntica, mensurada por meio da Escala Analógica Visual, em adultos. Foram coletados dados referentes às características da amostra, escores de dor pré-tratamento, características dos grupos em comparação, aspectos de qualidade metodológica, frequência de uso de analgésico adicional e a frequência de eventos adversos. Foram realizadas análises descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: No Artigo 1, em ambos os grupos, houve redução dos escores de dor ao longo do tempo. No grupo Co/Pa, houve redução significativa dos escores em 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas, em comparação com aos iniciais (P<0,05). Os escores em 48 e 72 horas foram menores, em relação aos iniciais e aos escores das 6 horas (P<0,05). No grupo Tr/Pa, houve redução dos escores de todos os tempos experimentais, em relação aos iniciais (P<0,05). Para todos os intervalos de tempo analisados, os grupos não foram diferentes entre si (P>0,05). Ambos os tratamentos foram eficazes no controle da dor provocada pelo ADA em evolução. Porém, a associação Tr/Pa apresentou-se menos segura. No Artigo 2, de um total de 431 referências, 419 resumos foram analisados e 14 artigos foram lidos na íntegra. Após a exclusão de 5 artigos, 9 ensaios clínicos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os estudos compararam paracetamol, AINE (ibuprofeno, flurbiprofeno, cetorolaco de trometamina, etodolaco, tenoxicam), prednisolona, tramadol e associações analgésicas no tratamento da dor endodôntica moderada a intensa. Foi observado que os medicamentos foram administrados antes ou após a intervenção endodôntica. Em 8 estudos, o grupo controle foi placebo e 8 estudos utilizaram o esquema de dose única para avaliar o controle da dor. Em todos os ensaios clínicos, o desfecho primário analisado foi a redução dos escores de dor e os desfechos secundários, uso de medicamento adicional e ocorrência de reações adversas. Foi possível estabelecer uma relação significativa entre uso de analgésico adicional e diagnóstico periapical. Quando a administração ocorreu antes do procedimento endodôntico, não foi observada a ocorrência de eventos adversos. Quando a administração ocorreu após o procedimento, foram relatadas reações adversas em dois dos três estudos incluídos na análise. Conclusão: O Artigo 1 sugere que, em função de eficácia analgésica e segurança, a associação codeína/paracetamol seja mais efetiva para o controle da dor aguda de moderada a intensa, no tratamento da ADA em evolução. O Artigo 2 aponta carência de ECRs em Endodontia, que utilizem um mesmo padrão metodológico, para definição de um protocolo de tratamento sistêmico na dor de origem endodôntica. / Aim: To evaluate the management of pain in Endodontics by two studies: Article 1 - a randomized clinical trial comparing the analgesic efficacy of two opioids and non-opioid associations in the pain control of Acute Dentoalveolar Abscess (ADA); Article 2 - a systematic review investigating the efficacy and safety of analgesic therapy in the management endodontic pain.Methodology: The Article 1 included 24 patients that looked for emergency treatment in a university dental clinic. These patients were divided into two groups: Co / Pa - prescription of codeine (30 mg) + acetaminophen (500 mg) oral, every 4 h, during 3 days; Tr / Ac - prescription of tramadol hydrochloride (37.5 mg) + acetaminophen (500 mg) as the previous group. Pain scores were recorded by the patient at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment, in a pain diary, using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The Article 2 was conducted in electronic databases, gray literature, and references of retrieved articles to analyze randomized clinical trials or systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis. One arms of the therapy should have comprised an anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs, orally administered by adults, in order to control moderate to severe pain, measured by Visual Analogue Scale, cause by endodontic problems . Data were collected regarding the characteristics of the sample, scores of pretreatment pain, characteristics of compared groups, methodological quality aspects, additional analgesic use, and frequency of adverse events. Descriptive and inferential analyzes were performed. Results: In Article 1, in both groups there was a reduction in the pain scores over time. For Co/Ac group, it was found a significant reduction in the scores at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment (P <0.05). The scores at 48 and 72 hours were lower, compared to immediate treatment and scores at 6 hours after treatment (P <0.05). In the Tr/ Ac group, the scores decreased as the time is increasing (P <0.05). For all time intervals tested, the groups were not significantly different (P> 0.05). Both treatments were effective in controlling pain caused by ADA. The association Tr/ Ac presented itself less secure. In Article 2, a total of 431 references and 419 abstracts were reviewed, then only 14 articles were read in full. From these articles it was excluded 5 and 9 trials met the inclusion criteria. These studies compared acetaminophen, NSAIDs (ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketorolac tromethamine, etodolac, and tenoxicam), prednisolone, and analgesic tramadol associations for treating moderate to severe endodontic pain. It was observed that drugs were administered before or after endodontic therapy. In 8 studies, the control group was placebo and 8 studies used single dose regimen to assess pain control. In all clinical trials, the primary outcome analyzed was the reduction of scores in pain and secondary outcomes were the utilization of additional medication and adverse reactions. It was possible to establish a significant relationship between use of additional analgesics and periapical diagnosis. When the administration occurred before the endodontic procedure no adverse events were observed. When it was administered after the procedure, adverse reactions were reported in 2 of 3 trials included in the analysis. Conclusion: The Article 1 suggests that, considering analgesic efficacy and safety function, the association codeine/ acetaminophen is more effective for the control moderate to severe pain, at the treatment of ADA in evolution. The Article 2 found that there is a lack of RCTs in Endodontics using the same methodological standard to define a systemic treatment protocol of endodontic pain.

Objetivos: Avaliar o manejo da dor em Endodontia por meio de dois estudos: Artigo 1 – um ensaio clínico randomizado comparando a eficácia analgésica de duas associações de opioide e não opioide no controle da dor do Abscesso Dentoalveolar Agudo (ADA) em evolução; Artigo 2 – uma revisão sistemática investigando a eficácia e segurança de terapia sistêmica para o tratamento da dor de origem endodôntica. Métodos: No Artigo 1, foram incluídos 24 pacientes que procuraram atendimento em serviço odontológico universitário do sul do Brasil. Após o atendimento de urgência, os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: Co/Pa – prescrição da associação de codeína (30 mg) e paracetamol (500 mg), por via oral, a cada 4 h, por 3 dias; Tr/Pa - prescrição da associação de cloridrato de tramadol (37,5 mg) e paracetamol (500 mg), na mesma posologia do grupo anterior. Os escores de dor foram registrados pelo próprio paciente, nos tempos 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h após o atendimento, em diário específico de evolução da dor, por meio da Escala Analógica Visual (EAV). No Artigo 2, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática, por meio de buscas conduzidas nas bases de dados: MEDLINE, registro de ensaios clínicos da Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, banco de teses/dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e referências dos artigos encontrados. Para serem incluídos, os artigos deveriam ser ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs), controlados e cegos, ou revisões sistemáticas com ou sem metanálise. Deveriam ter um dos braços de terapia constituído por analgésico ou anti-inflamatório, administrado por via oral, para controle da dor moderada a intensa, de origem endodôntica, mensurada por meio da Escala Analógica Visual, em adultos. Foram coletados dados referentes às características da amostra, escores de dor pré-tratamento, características dos grupos em comparação, aspectos de qualidade metodológica, frequência de uso de analgésico adicional e a frequência de eventos adversos. Foram realizadas análises descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: No Artigo 1, em ambos os grupos, houve redução dos escores de dor ao longo do tempo. No grupo Co/Pa, houve redução significativa dos escores em 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas, em comparação com aos iniciais (P<0,05). Os escores em 48 e 72 horas foram menores, em relação aos iniciais e aos escores das 6 horas (P<0,05). No grupo Tr/Pa, houve redução dos escores de todos os tempos experimentais, em relação aos iniciais (P<0,05). Para todos os intervalos de tempo analisados, os grupos não foram diferentes entre si (P>0,05). Ambos os tratamentos foram eficazes no controle da dor provocada pelo ADA em evolução. Porém, a associação Tr/Pa apresentou-se menos segura. No Artigo 2, de um total de 431 referências, 419 resumos foram analisados e 14 artigos foram lidos na íntegra. Após a exclusão de 5 artigos, 9 ensaios clínicos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os estudos compararam paracetamol, AINE (ibuprofeno, flurbiprofeno, cetorolaco de trometamina, etodolaco, tenoxicam), prednisolona, tramadol e associações analgésicas no tratamento da dor endodôntica moderada a intensa. Foi observado que os medicamentos foram administrados antes ou após a intervenção endodôntica. Em 8 estudos, o grupo controle foi placebo e 8 estudos utilizaram o esquema de dose única para avaliar o controle da dor. Em todos os ensaios clínicos, o desfecho primário analisado foi a redução dos escores de dor e os desfechos secundários, uso de medicamento adicional e ocorrência de reações adversas. Foi possível estabelecer uma relação significativa entre uso de analgésico adicional e diagnóstico periapical. Quando a administração ocorreu antes do procedimento endodôntico, não foi observada a ocorrência de eventos adversos. Quando a administração ocorreu após o procedimento, foram relatadas reações adversas em dois dos três estudos incluídos na análise. Conclusão: O Artigo 1 sugere que, em função de eficácia analgésica e segurança, a associação codeína/paracetamol seja mais efetiva para o controle da dor aguda de moderada a intensa, no tratamento da ADA em evolução. O Artigo 2 aponta carência de ECRs em Endodontia, que utilizem um mesmo padrão metodológico, para definição de um protocolo de tratamento sistêmico na dor de origem endodôntica. / Aim: To evaluate the management of pain in Endodontics by two studies: Article 1 - a randomized clinical trial comparing the analgesic efficacy of two opioids and non-opioid associations in the pain control of Acute Dentoalveolar Abscess (ADA); Article 2 - a systematic review investigating the efficacy and safety of analgesic therapy in the management endodontic pain.Methodology: The Article 1 included 24 patients that looked for emergency treatment in a university dental clinic. These patients were divided into two groups: Co / Pa - prescription of codeine (30 mg) + acetaminophen (500 mg) oral, every 4 h, during 3 days; Tr / Ac - prescription of tramadol hydrochloride (37.5 mg) + acetaminophen (500 mg) as the previous group. Pain scores were recorded by the patient at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment, in a pain diary, using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The Article 2 was conducted in electronic databases, gray literature, and references of retrieved articles to analyze randomized clinical trials or systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis. One arms of the therapy should have comprised an anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs, orally administered by adults, in order to control moderate to severe pain, measured by Visual Analogue Scale, cause by endodontic problems . Data were collected regarding the characteristics of the sample, scores of pretreatment pain, characteristics of compared groups, methodological quality aspects, additional analgesic use, and frequency of adverse events. Descriptive and inferential analyzes were performed. Results: In Article 1, in both groups there was a reduction in the pain scores over time. For Co/Ac group, it was found a significant reduction in the scores at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment (P <0.05). The scores at 48 and 72 hours were lower, compared to immediate treatment and scores at 6 hours after treatment (P <0.05). In the Tr/ Ac group, the scores decreased as the time is increasing (P <0.05). For all time intervals tested, the groups were not significantly different (P> 0.05). Both treatments were effective in controlling pain caused by ADA. The association Tr/ Ac presented itself less secure. In Article 2, a total of 431 references and 419 abstracts were reviewed, then only 14 articles were read in full. From these articles it was excluded 5 and 9 trials met the inclusion criteria. These studies compared acetaminophen, NSAIDs (ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketorolac tromethamine, etodolac, and tenoxicam), prednisolone, and analgesic tramadol associations for treating moderate to severe endodontic pain. It was observed that drugs were administered before or after endodontic therapy. In 8 studies, the control group was placebo and 8 studies used single dose regimen to assess pain control. In all clinical trials, the primary outcome analyzed was the reduction of scores in pain and secondary outcomes were the utilization of additional medication and adverse reactions. It was possible to establish a significant relationship between use of additional analgesics and periapical diagnosis. When the administration occurred before the endodontic procedure no adverse events were observed. When it was administered after the procedure, adverse reactions were reported in 2 of 3 trials included in the analysis. Conclusion: The Article 1 suggests that, considering analgesic efficacy and safety function, the association codeine/ acetaminophen is more effective for the control moderate to severe pain, at the treatment of ADA in evolution. The Article 2 found that there is a lack of RCTs in Endodontics using the same methodological standard to define a systemic treatment protocol of endodontic pain.

The current trend towards large-scale research projects with big quantities of data from multiple sources require robust and efficient data handling. This thesis explores techniques for automatizing research data pipelines. Specifically, two tasks related to automation within a long-term research project in cognitive neuroscience are addressed. The first task is to develop a tool for automatic transcribing of paper-based questionnaires using computer vision. Questionnaires containing continuous scales, so called visual analog scales (VASs), are used extensively in e.g. psychology. Despite this, there currently exists no tool for automatic decoding of these types of questionnaires. The resulting computer vision system for automatic questionnaire transcribing we present, called "VASReader", reliably detects VAS marks with an accuracy of 98%, and predicts their position with a mean absolute error of 0.3 mm when compared to manual measurements. The second task addressed in this thesis project is to investigate whether machine learning can be used to detect anomalies in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. An implementation of the unsupervised anomaly detection technique Isolation Forest shows promising results for the detection of anomalous data points. The model is trained on image quality metric (IQM) data extracted from MRI. However, it is concluded that the site of scanning and MRI machine model used affect the IQMs, and that the model is more prone to classify data points originating from machines and institutions that have less support in the database as anomalous. An important conclusion from both tasks is that automation is possible and can be a great asset to researchers, if an appropriate level and type of automation is selected.

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