Representing marginalized identities in visual communication is animportant effort to making them part of the majority’s perceived reality,therefore normalizing and destigmatizing their existence. By exploringthe concepts of discourse, re-presentation and reception,based on the works of Michel Foucault and Stuart Hall, and examining whereidentity and labels originated, I came to the conclusion that the current(common) practice of representation in design is rather paradoxical. Thoughrepresentation intends to push back on hegemonic oppressive structures,designers rely on the visible recognizability of marginalized identities, reinforcingthe structures that singled out and condemned traits outside of thenorm to begin with. This foundational research is compiled as the Grundstein(engl. cornerstone), essentially a foundational handbook, to encouragedesigners to rethink representation as a practice and think of other ways visualcommunication can aid not only the inclusion of marginalized people,but the deconstruction of oppressive structures. Throughout, the thesis focusesspecifically on the mis- and underrepresentation of [aromantic asexuals]and lays out how considerations of those identities could also impactdesign practice.Delabeling is my implementation of the Grundstein into design, proposingthe immaterialization of identity by omitting the depiction of bodies,and instead focusing on the representation of shared experience betweenminority and majority groups. The aim is to introduce [aromantic asexuality],a rather unknown sexual identity, by not focusing on what makes them‘different’ from the majority, but by inviting the observer to ‘recognize’ themselvesin the [aro-ace] experience. Neither Delabeling or the Grundstein are intended as ‘alternatives’ tocurrent practice, but I hope they invite designers to reconsider industry‘rules’ and standards and motivate them to develop own ideas for more radicalforms of representation in visual communication.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad topic that many researchers and stakeholders want to implement into their daily tasks. There are expectations to implement AI in hospitals, starting with mammography centers. But there is a need to guarantee that it will be efficient and safe to use, and that requires a lot of research. However, the challenge is about how radiologists should understand how AI will communicate when it shows unclear results during mammography examinations. When it comes to cultural communication and expectations, radiologists are working with visual communications, since that is where they see the x-ray images of breasts. However, there seems not to be any clear directions on how the AI is supposed to communicate back, in a visual and explainable way. The current studies do not focus on the practical usage of AI towards its target group and how they take in information and how they take in information that is consistent with their work habits and the use of visual communication, as well as human interaction. The goal of this thesis is to view this field from an information design perspective and contribute with a different view. This master thesis will explore the possibility of how visual mapping can contribute for radiologists, in mammography, that will eventually work alongside AI. To highlight important factors that are important when it comes to working with AI. As well as inviting AI researchers and experts to explore the expectations of AI in mammography. The theoretical framework contains explainable AI (XAI), scientific visualization, visual perception, human computer interaction (HCI) and visual mapping etc. This research will use design thinking processes, to empathize with the radiologist and conduct interviews, artifact analysis and finalize a prototype. The results of the thesis will highlight important keywords from the participants that are emphasized on the prototype. / Artificiell intelligens (AI) är ett brett ämne som många forskare och intressenter vill implementera i sina dagliga uppgifter. Det finns förväntningar på att implementera AI på sjukhus, till att börja med mammograficentra. Men det finns ett behov av att garantera att det blir effektivt och säkert att använda, och det kräver mycket forskning. Utmaningen handlar dock om hur radiologer ska förstå hur AI kommer att kommunicera när den visar oklara resultat vid mammografiundersökningar. När det gäller kulturell kommunikation och förväntningar arbetar radiologer med visuell kommunikation, eftersom det är där de ser röntgenbilder av bröst. Det verkar dock inte finnas några tydliga instruktioner om hur AI:n ska kommunicera tillbaka, på ett visuellt och förklarligt sätt. De aktuella studierna fokuserar inte på den praktiska användningen av AI mot sin målgrupp och hur de tar in information och hur de tar in information som stämmer överens med deras arbetsvanor och användningen av visuell kommunikation, samt mänsklig interaktion. Målet med denna uppsats är att se detta fält ur ett informationsdesignperspektiv och bidra med en annan syn. Detta examensarbete kommer att utforska möjligheten av hur visuell kartläggning kan bidra för radiologer, inom mammografi, som så småningom kommer att fungera tillsammans med AI. Att lyfta fram viktiga faktorer som är viktiga när det kommer till att arbeta med AI. Samt att bjuda in AI-forskare och experter att utforska förväntningarna på AI inom mammografi. Det teoretiska ramverket innehåller förklarlig AI (XAI), vetenskaplig visualisering, visuell perception, mänsklig datorinteraktion (HCI) och visuell kartläggning etc. Denna forskning kommer att använda designtänkande processer, för att känna empati med radiologen och genomföra intervjuer, artefaktanalys och slutföra en prototyp. Resultatet av uppsatsen kommer att lyfta fram viktiga nyckelord från deltagarna som betonas på prototypen.

This research proposed to determine, in the context of preliminary data analysis, whether one can generate more--and more complex--"insights" (meaningful or possibly relevant relationships suggested by the data) by looking at a graphic (multiple bar chart) representation--as opposed to numeric table--of a large, multivariate quantitative dataset (twenty variables with twenty four observations each), displayed and manipulated h interactively in a personal computer-based system. If the more complex observations made possible by graphic representations can be explored in more detail--with further help from statistical and mathematical techniques-then the probability of achieving truly novel and useful solutions can be increased. The major issue involved is not how to communicate more effectively information to a large audience; it is rather what would stimulate deeper, sharper, and more expeditious analysis of a problem. An experiment--of a "posttest only control group" design--was conducted, with eighty Subjects. Half of those Subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group (graphic representation of a quantitative dataset) and the other half, to a control group (multivariate representation of same dataset). Individual experimental sessions took approximately two hours, with an interactive tutorial--designed to give both groups the same level of basic skills for handling the computer program--followed by sixty minutes (maximum) for problem analysis. The null hypothesis was there would be no differences between the scores of Subjects looking at a graphic versus a numeric representation of data for each of four classes of "insight" generation: 1 "Insights" ignoring complexity levels 2 Multiple-field "insights", exclusive of single-field "insights" 3 Multiple "field-group" (such as age groups) "insights" 4 Number of different complexity levels A methodology was developed for objective scoring of the raw data (written notes with requested observations and inferences). Observations were eliminated on the basis of repetition, incompleteness, and lack of validation from underlying dataset. The differences between "insights" produced by the "graphic" and “numeric" groups were statistically significant. The major differences corresponded to the higher levels of "insight" complexity-—those observations relative to a large number of problem variables or to the whole dataset. The "graphic“ group produced a significantly larger number of such observations. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

Denna studie beskriver hur svenska lärosäten använder sig av retorik för att kommunicera sin identitet till externa intressenter. Genom en kvalitativ textanalys undersöks artiklar och medförande bilder ur åtta svenska lärosätens forskningsmagasin: Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Lunds Universitet, Högskolan Väst, Jönköping University, Mittuniversitetet, Högskolan i Gävle, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) och Högskolan i Borås. Genom Hoffman och Fords (2010) organisationsretoriska modell analyserades en artikel från de utvalda lärosätenas forskningsmagasin för att se på vilket sätt de uttrycker sin strategiska vision samt vilka strategier de använder för att skapa och upprätthålla sin identitet. Vi analyserade även bilderna till respektive artikel för att se vad de bidrar med i lärosätenas kommunikation. Utöver samarbete med externa intressenter var de strategiska visioner som tydligast framträdde i magasinen lärosätenas forskningskvalitet och deras goda innovationsförmåga. Det skiljer sig dock åt mellan lärosäten på vilket sätt dessa två teman framställs. Resultaten i denna studie indikerar att mindre lärosäten är mer benägna att kommunicera värdet av innovation och konkurrensfördelar till sina externa intressenter. Detta för att förbättra sin image och attrahera externa intressenter att samarbeta med lärosätet. Resultaten indikerar även att associeringsstrategier är vanliga när lärosätena bygger sin identitet. Denna studie visar dock att även differentieringsstrategier förekommer. Slutligen indikerar resultaten att bilder har potential att förbättra lärosätenas kommunikation av sin strategiska vision och kan även hjälpa lärosätet att nå ut med forskningsresultat till en bredare målgrupp. / This study describes how Swedish universities use rhetoric to communicate their identity to their external stakeholders. Articles and pictures in research magazines of eight Swedish universities are examined through a qualitative text analysis, these universities are: Chalmers University of Technology, Lund University, University West, Jönköping University, Mid Sweden University, the University of Gävle, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and the University of Borås. A organizational rhetorical model for text analysis by Hoffman and Ford (2010) is used to study the universities concerned in their way of expressing their strategic vision, how they use different strategies in their identity building and what their published photos in the magazines contributes to the communication of the strategic vision. The results of the study indicates that smaller institutions are more prone to communicate the value of innovation and competitive advantage in their communication with external stakeholder in order to establish a good image and attract external stakeholder to cooperate with the university. The most commonly used rhetorical strategy by universities to communicate their identity is by association. The use of differentiation is however an interesting strategy that might help higher education institutions stand out from the crowd and create a more unique identity. The use of pictures can also be helpful to communicate the strategic visions. Because of the popular science character of the visual communication, pictures can also help universities to reach a broader audience with the latest academic research.

Master of Arts / Department of Communication Studies, Theatre, and Dance / Nicole M. Laster / Goffman (1959) suggests that it is through communication that we are able to form impressions of self and express our identity to society. With the emergence of computer-mediated communication and social network sites we’ve witnessed a new form of communication online, and as a result, the traditional forms of impression management used to construct and display identity have shifted to include not just speaking or writing our identity, but displaying who we are through photographs online. This research investigates the connection between the use of a particular social network site, Facebook, and the pattern of impression management techniques through the management and addition of photographs on the site. A two-month ethnography of 16 participants was conducted followed by 3 interviews. Results indicate that digital natives (individuals who have grown up heavily in the presence of technology) tend to convey a variety of conflicting online identities through images, resulting in a “no consequences” generation that, while concerned with privacy, are more concerned with communicating an impression that fits within their primary social roles.