Identifying modifiable correlates of older adults’ preventive behaviors is contributable to the prevention of the COVID-19 and future pandemics. This study aimed to examine the associations of social-cognitive factors (motivational and volitional factors) with three preventive behaviors (hand washing, facemask wearing, and physical distancing) in a mixed sample of older adults from China and Germany and to evaluate the moderating effects of countries. A total of 578 older adults (356 Chinese and 222 German) completed the online cross-sectional study. The questionnaire included demographics, three preventive behaviors before and during the pandemic, motivational factors (health knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, risk perception, motivational self-efficacy (MSE), intention), and volitional factors (volitional self-efficacy (VSE), planning, and self-monitoring) of preventive behaviors. Results showed that most social-cognitive factors were associated with three behaviors with small-to-moderate effect sizes (f 2 = 0.02 to 0.17), controlled for demographics and past behaviors. Country moderated five associations, including VSE and hand washing, self-monitoring and facemask wearing, MSE and physical distancing, VSE and physical distancing, and planning and physical distancing. Findings underline the generic importance of modifiable factors and give new insights to future intervention and policymaking. Country-related mechanisms should be considered when aiming to learn from other countries about the promotion of preventive behaviors.

Introduction: Suicidal behaviour still cannot be sufficiently predicted. Exposure to suicidal behaviour in the personal social environment is assumed to moderate the individual's transition from suicidal ideation to suicidal behaviour within the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour (IMV model). This study aimed to investigate this moderating effect in a German high-risk sample. Methods: We interviewed 308 psychiatric inpatients (53% female) aged 18 to 81 years (M = 36.9, SD = 14.30) admitted after attempted suicide (53%) or due to an acute suicidal crisis (47%) regarding exposure events in their social environment. Four types of exposure events were analysed using moderation analyses: familial suicides/suicide attempts and non-familial suicides/suicide attempts. Additionally, the numbers of reported exposure events were compared between patients with and without a recent suicide attempt as well as between patients with lifetime suicide attempts and lifetime suicidal ideation. Results: Neither moderating effects of exposure events on the relationship between lifetime suicidal ideation and recent suicidal behaviour nor group differences between suicidal ideators and suicide attempters regarding the exposure events were found. Conclusions: Exposure events might have differential and possibly protective effects on suicidal behaviour-depending on type and quality (intensity, personal relevance and recency) of event-and on the outcome (suicide vs. suicide attempt).

Volitionale Komponenten von Scientific Literacy wie Einstellungen, Interessen und Motivation von Schülerinnen und Schülern wurden bisher wenig untersucht, obwohl Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass sie eine wichtige Rolle in der Kompetenzentwicklung spielen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung von Schülereinstellungen zu den Fächern Sachunterricht, Naturwissenschaften und Biologie im Laufe der Grundschulzeit und beim Übergang in die Sekundarstufe I untersucht. Die theoretische Grundlage bildet das sozialpsychologische Einstellungskonstrukt. Basierend auf vier verschiedenen Einstellungsausprägungen in Bezug auf „Lernfreude“, „Ziel- und Leistungsorientierung“, „Langeweile“ und „Frustration“ wurde ein längsschnittliches Untersuchungsdesign mit zwei Teilstudien entwickelt. Im Rahmen dieser Längsschnittstudie wurden zwei empirisch geprüfte Instrumente in Form von likertskalierten Fragebögen eingesetzt. Anhand der Befunde kann gezeigt werden, dass sowohl der Übergang zwischen den naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern als auch der Übergang in die Sekundarstufe I die Entwicklung der Schülereinstellungen beeinflusst. Über die Grundschulzeit und darüber hinaus zeigt sich eine stetige Abnahme an Schülerinnen und Schülern mit der Einstellungsausprägung „Lernfreude“ bzw. „Lernfreude und Ziel- und Leistungsorientierung“. Gleichzeitig steigt die Zahl der Schülerinnen und Schülern mit den Einstellungsausprägungen „Langeweile“ und „Frustration“. Nach dem Übergang in die Sekundarstufe I sinkt die Zahl der Schülerinnen und Schüler mit der Einstellungsausprägung „Frustration“ wieder. Mithilfe der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es möglich, in Zukunft Tendenzen vorherzusagen, wie sich Schülereinstellungen in der Grundschule und beim Übergang in die Sekundarstufe I entwickeln. Zudem können die Ergebnisse Lehrpersonen bei der Vorbereitung von Unterricht in den Fächern Sachunterricht, Naturwissenschaften und Biologie von Nutzen sein. / Up to now there are few studies investigating volitional components of scientific literacy such as students’ attitudes, interests and motivation. Some research findings show that the volitional components play an important role in competence development. The present study focuses on the development of students’ attitudes towards natural scientific subjects in primary school and during the transition to secondary school. The theoretical framework used is the attitude construct developed in social psychology. The longitudinal research design comprises two sub-studies based upon four different attitude expressions relating to “enjoyment of learning”, “orientation towards aim and achievement”, “boredom” and “frustration”. Two empirically tested questionnaires were put in place in order to investigate the development of students’ attitudes towards the subjects general sciences, natural sciences and biology. In accordance with the findings of other studies the results of this longitudinal study show that the initial “enjoyment of learning” (sub-study 1) as well as “enjoyment of learning and orientation towards aim and achievement” (sub-study 2) declines over the school years. At the same time the attitude expressions “boredom” and “frustration” can be found in an increasing number of students. After the transition to secondary school the number of students with the attitude expression “frustration” declines. There seems to be an impact of the transition on the development of students’ attitudes. Knowing how attitudes develop during the transition to secondary school could be a basis for the design and development of teaching science education and help to form transition programs and strategies which trigger the development of positive attitudes. The outcome of this would be a development of scientific literacy.

Assessment of heat strain considers an individual's tolerance and indicates the risk and physiological cost of working in hot environments. This study evaluated the discrimination ability of metrics of heat strain. The null hypotheses were that (1) the metrics individually could not discriminate between acceptable and unacceptable heat strain, (2) there were no significant differences among these metrics, and (3) there were no significant differences in the applicability of the metrics due to clothing or heat stress level. The experimental design was a case crossover. Clothing and heat stress level were potential confounders. Two clothing ensembles were work clothes and vapor-barrier coveralls with hood. Two heat stress levels for a moderate metabolic rate were 5°C-WBGT and 10°C-WBGT above the Threshold Limit Value adjusted for clothing. Eight male and four female acclimated individuals (age 18-36 years) participated. Four experimental trials were randomized in sequence. The transition point, when a participant's status changed from control (acceptable heat strain) to case (unacceptable), was the first occurrence of rectal temperature equal to or greater than 38.5°C, heart rate equal to or greater than 90% of maximum, or volitional fatigue. The metrics were rectal, ear canal, oral, and disk temperatures, heart rate including moving time averages of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 45 minutes, recovery heart rate, and physiological strain index. The data at the transition point were the case data; the data 10 minutes prior to that point were the control data. Analyses used primarily receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, which indicated the ability to distinguish acceptable from unacceptable heat strain. Further analyses included factorial analysis of variance and exact conditional logistic regression. Based on the ROC curve analyses, the physiological metrics can distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable heat strain with average area under the curves between 0.529 and 0.861. While there were no differences among the metrics based on the 95% confidence intervals of the areas under the curve, the results were compromised by low power. Based on ANOVA and logistic regression, clothing did not influence the metrics. There were insufficient data to evaluate the role of heat stress level.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T14:26:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 1744056 bytes, checksum: c1ae733638dc1cc5af8aef58174d0fd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-28T15:47:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 1744056 bytes, checksum: c1ae733638dc1cc5af8aef58174d0fd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T15:47:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 1744056 bytes, checksum: c1ae733638dc1cc5af8aef58174d0fd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho investiga o desenvolvimento do uso volitivo dos verbos “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” e “tentar” na língua portuguesa. Assumindo como perspectiva teórica a abordagem construcional da mudança linguística (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2011a; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013; TROUSDALE, 2014), partimos do pressuposto de que a instanciação da acepção volitiva desses verbos consiste na emergência de construções gramaticalmente identificáveis que indexam a vontade do falante. Assim sendo, procuramos estabelecer, alinhando-nos, mais especificamente, aos postulados da construcionalização, uma rede construcional, com diferentes níveis de esquematicidade, que estaria na base desse processo (TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE 2013; TROUSDALE, 2014). Diante de nosso objetivo, foi selecionado um banco de dados pancrônico, considerando a distribuição dos verbos “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” e “tentar” desde o século XIII até o português contemporâneo. Os dados sincrônicos recobrem tanto a modalidade oral quanto a modalidade escrita da língua. A oralidade foi composta por entrevistas selecionadas em três corpora distintos, a saber: o corpus do Projeto “Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, o corpus do Projeto “PEUL – Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua” e o corpus do Projeto NURC/RJ – Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro. Já os dados sincrônicos escritos foram formados por textos disponíveis na Internet retirados de blogs e de revistas de grande circulação nacional (“Revista Veja”, “Revista Isto é”, “Revista Época”, “Revista Caras”, “Revista Cláudia” e “Revista Ana Maria”). Por sua vez, os dados diacrônicos foram coletados do corpus do Projeto “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” e do corpus do Projeto “Tycho Brahe”. Mediante o equacionamento do cálculo da frequência de uso e da análise qualitativa das ocorrências identificadas, os resultados demonstram que, como volitivos, os verbos – que antes apresentavam em suas acepções iniciais a ideia de movimento – passam a indexar as vontades do sujeito. Destacamos que entendemos a volição a partir de um continuum de escalaridade, que compreende as noções de intenção e desejo. Ela refere-se a um evento a ser desempenhado em um tempo futuro e é codificada por meio de diferentes graus de incerteza epistêmica que o falante possui acerca da atualização desse evento. Nesse sentido, defendemos que o esquema envolvendo verbos volitivos do português estaria diretamente relacionado à manifestação da categoria irrealis expressa pela presença de um sujeito [+ animado] – mesmo que metaforizado –, acompanhado pelo verbo e seu complemento. Os subesquemas desse padrão macroconstrucional se diferenciariam entre si, formalmente, a depender da proximidade cognitiva estabelecida entre o sujeito volitivo e o evento alvo de sua vontade, ou seja, a partir do entendimento do evento, pelo falante, como [+/- irrealis]. Tendo em vista esse(s) (sub)esquema(s), é possível relacionarmos a emergência de construções individuais 7 (microconstruções) volitivas com “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” e “tentar” e estabelecer uma rede construcional referente ao desenvolvimento de verbos volitivos na língua portuguesa. / This work investigates the development of the volitional use of the verbs “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” and “tentar” in the Portuguese language. Assuming as the theoretical perspective the constructional approach of the linguistic change (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2011c; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013; TROUSDALE, 2014), we part from the principle that the instantiation of the volitional meaning of these verbs consists in the emergence of grammatically identifiable constructions, which index the speaker‟s will. Therefore, we seek to establish, aligning ourselves more specifically to constructionalization postulates, a constructional network with different levels of schematicy, which would be the basis of this process (TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE 2013; TROUSDALE , 2014). In the face of our goal, we selected a panchronic database, considering the distribution of the verbs “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” and “tentar” from the XIII century until the contemporary Portuguese. The diachronic data were collected from the corpus of “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” and the corpus of “Tycho Brahe” project. In its turn, the synchronic data cover both the oral and written modalities of the language. The orality was composed of interviews selected from three different corpora: the corpus of the “Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, the corpus of “PEUL - Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua” and the corpus of “NURC/RJ - Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro”. In its turn, the syncronic data were also formed by written texts available on Internet, taken from blogs and magazines of wide national circulation (“Veja”, “Isto É”, “Época”, “Caras”, “Cláudia” e “Ana Maria”). In front of the equation between the consideration of the frequency of use and the qualitative analysis of identified occurrences, the results demonstrate that the verbs – which presented the idea of movement in their early meanings – start to index the subject‟s will. We emphasize that we understand volition as a scalar continuum, which comprises the ideas of intention and desire. It refers to an event to be played at a future time, and it is coded by different degrees of epistemic uncertainty that the speaker has about the achievement of this event. In this sense, we argue that the scheme involving volitional verbs in Portuguese would be directly related to the manifestation of irrealis category expressed by the presence of a [+ animated] subject – even if it is metaphorized –, accompanied by the verb and its complement. The subschemes of this macroconstructional pattern would differ from each other, formally, depending on the cognitive proximity established between the volitional subject and the target event of his/her will; in other words, from the understanding of the event, by the speaker, as [+/ irrealis]. Bearing in mind these (sub)schemas, we can relate the emergence of individual volitional constructions (micro-constructions) with “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” and “tentar” and establish a constructional network on the development of volitional verbs in the Portuguese language.

The thesis is a continuation of studies of Japanese modality, however its theme is not defined based on a particular kind of modality as is commonly done in synchronic studies but based on completely or to a degree shared common origin of the studied forms. Usage and properties of Early Middle Japanese -m.u are compared with usage and properties of Modern Japanese {-ō /-jō} a darō, schematic meanings of respective forms are suggested and grammaticalization and subjectification shifts which have taken place during approximately one thousand years of development are mapped. The results of the analysis show that subjectification has taken place and that the main impuls leading to the subjectification changes was grammaticalization of suffix -m.u to ending {-ō /-jō} respectively to particle (in Narrog (1998) terms) darō, which lead to split of one schematic meanings "inclination" in general control cycle (Langacker 2002, 2009) to two separate schematic meanings "inclination" in factual respectively epistemic control cycle. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This dissertation addresses the relationship pupils and students to the future, the relationship between time perspective and achievement motivation. The close relationship between the given issue and volitional qualities of a person is also discussed. The theoretical part concentrates on the scientific views of a person's life time dimension, the relationship between the time perspective and the achievement motivation and the relation of these concepts to the issues of volition. The main emphasis is on cognitive and personality concepts of motivation of the time perspective (Gjesme, Nuttin, Lens, Zimbardo, from Czech publications on the concepts of perspective orientation by Pavelková) and on the traditional works about achievement motivation of Atkinson, Raynor and Heckhausen. In our analysis of the aforementioned theoretical concepts we concentrated primarily on finding overlaps, close relations and continuities within the described systems. The practical part represents a structured research of the time perspective, the achievement motivation and will of primary school pupils and secondary school students. One of the fundamental aims is to obtain a basic description of the relationship of pupils and students to the future across the individual areas of study, to empirically verify the relation...

(1) Background. Defeat and entrapment have been highlighted as major risk factors of suicidal ideation and behavior. Nevertheless, little is known about their short-term variability and their longitudinal association in real-time. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether defeat and entrapment change over time and whether defeat predicts entrapment as stated by the integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behavior. (2) Methods. Healthy participants (n = 61) underwent a 7-day smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) on suicidal ideation/behavior and relevant risk factors, including defeat and entrapment and a comprehensive baseline (T0) and post (T2) assessment. (3) Results. Mean squared successive differences (MSSD) and intraclass correlations (ICC) support the temporal instability as well as within-person variability of defeat and entrapment. Multilevel analyses revealed that during EMA, defeat was positively associated with entrapment at the same measurement. However, defeat could not predict entrapment to the next measurement (approximately two hours later). (4) Conclusion. This study provides evidence on the short-term variability of defeat and entrapment highlighting that repeated measurement of defeat and entrapment—preferably in real time—is necessary in order to adequately capture the actual empirical relations of these variables and not to overlook significant within-person variability. Further research—especially within clinical samples—seems warranted.

The philosophical and empirical study reported here developed from the observation that information science has had no comprehensive understanding of nonuse of information. Without such an understanding, information workers may use the words "nonuse of information" while referring to very different phenomena. This lack of understanding makes the job of the information professional difficult. For example, the model presented here reduces hundreds of theories of information behavior to a conceptually manageable taxonomy of six conditions that lead to nonuse of information. The six conditions include: 1) intrinsic somatic conditions, 2) socio-environmental barriers, 3) authoritarian controls, 4) threshold knowledge shortfall, 5) attention shortfall, and 6) information filtering. This dissertation explains and provides examples of each condition. The study of a novel area that had no prior theory or model required a novel methodology. Thus, for this study, I adopted the pragmatism formulated by Charles Sanders Peirce, a method of evaluating concepts by their practical consequences. This pragmatism applied in two ways to the study of nonuse of information. First, because nonuse of information is a behavior, pragmatism helped me to limit the psychologic implications of the study to behavior, rather than to expand the discussion to psychodynamics or cognition, for example. I justified this limiting on the basis that behavior reflects the use or nonuse of information, and behavior is more observable than other aspects of psychology, such as cognition. Second, Peirce's concept of pragmatism supported another of his contributions to philosophical inquiry, retroduction, sometimes referred to as abduction. To study nonuse of information through retroduction, I created a fivestep "definition heuristic," based on the writings of Spradley and McCurdy. I then created a nine-step "retroduction heuristic" based on the system of logic identified and termed "retroductive" or "abductive" by Peirce. I used this heuristic to identify examples of nonuse of information and applied the examples to a second corpus of research reports that contained examples of compelled nonuse of information. The taxonomy of this study resulted from this second application and represents a descriptive model of compelled nonuse of information. / text

This diploma thesis examines functions of the modal verb should in nominal content clauses introduced by the conjunction that. The Czech counterparts of the English sentences are considered as well. The research focuses on the so-called putative should which occurs after main clauses with directive, epistemic, attitudinal, evaluative and volitional expressions. Should expressing intrinsic (root) modality (expressing permission, obligation or ability) is left out of account. The work pays attention to the basic classification of nominal content clauses deriving from a verbal form alternating with putative should. Two kinds of putative should will be dealt with, namely should after directive and volitional expressions which could have its alternative form in the present subjunctive and should after epistemic, attitudinal and evaluative expressions which could possibly alternate with the indicative. The work examines these verbal forms in relation to the intentional modality of the sentence in an independent form (e.g. declarative, interrogative or imperative sentence). The work is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part of the work describes the basic classification of all central modal verbs in English and putative should in terms of its relation towards the...