abstract: Great disasters can often serve as birthing grounds for national transformation. As communities work to recover and rebuild, opportunities to reassess of prevailing development theories and programs may arise. As traditional development programs, supported by top-down development theories and billions in foreign aid, have not changed Haiti's impoverished status, such an opportunity has been presented to the Caribbean nation. Just a few months removed from the devastating 7.0 earthquake of Jan 12, 2010, this study identified the emergent thinking about development as expressed by key informants (N=21) from six entity types involved in Haiti's rebuilding efforts - government agencies, social ventures, grassroots, diaspora, foreign, and hybrid nonprofits. Findings were supplemented by participant observation of a civil society meeting in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) Framework was used as a lens with which to understand the causes of Haiti's social, institutional, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities. Modified grounded theory was used as the qualitative data analytical method from which five themes emerged: Haitian government, rebuilding, aid work and its effects, Haitian society, and international interference. Participants called for a refoundation, the building a nation from the ground up, of Haiti. Based on these findings, four transformative processes were identified as fundamental to Haiti's refoundation: 1) communication and collaboration with the Haitian government, 2) engagement of the Haitian people and the Haitian diaspora in the redevelopment work, 3) a broad vision of development for the nation, and 4) coordination and collaboration among NGOs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Community Resources and Development 2010

A expansão dos centros urbanos, determinada pela demanda de áreas, está fortemente associada à vulnerabilidade da população. Este avanço, muitas vezes ocorre em direção a ambientes frágeis como margens de rios, encostas e mananciais. Desta maneira, as mudanças no ambiente, deflagradas pelas atividades antrópicas, têm contribuído fortemente para maior exposição da população e consequente impactos relacionados às inundações, em relação às inundações. Os mapeamentos de vulnerabilidade são medidas não estruturais muito importantes para avaliar as características de determinada população, que as tornam mais ou menos propensas aos impactos de uma inundação. Desta forma, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia, baseada na utilização de SIG, para mapeamento de vulnerabilidade à inundação a partir da integração de dados censitários e de outras fontes, usando como estudo de caso o município de Igrejinha, RS. Determinou-se- como unidade de estudo a mancha urbana presente em cada setor censitário do IBGE. Foram elaborados 10 indicadores distribuídos em 3 dimensões que buscaram avaliar aspectos demográficos, sociais e de infraestrutura e saneamento. Os dados utilizados são provenientes do IBGE e também de outras pesquisas realizadas no município por outros autores. Compreende-se nesta pesquisa que cada indicador possui uma importância diferente e atribui-se um peso especifico para cada indicador e dimensão pelo método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Os pesos foram atribuídos por especialistas da área e por agentes de Proteção e Defesa Civil. Os pesos foram atribuídos para duas fases distintas do gerenciamento de um desastre: resposta e recuperação. Através de ferramentas presente em SIG, foi utilizado o método dasimétrico para os dados à mancha urbana de cada setor censitário. Como resultado obteve-se um mapa de cada indicador e dimensão, bem como o mapa final de vulnerabilidade à inundação. Foram gerados mapas com pesos atribuídos para resposta e para recuperação. Em cada mapa gerado pode-se obter as áreas mais vulneráveis da área de estudo, que corresponderam as Zonas de Interesse Social de Igrejinha. Para observar certos aspectos que poderiam acarretar na vulnerabilidade, segundo o indicadores utilizados, foi empregada a ferramenta Google Street View. Devido ao seu baixo custo, bem como a facilidade da obtenção dos dados, a metodologia proposta pode ser replicada em qualquer município brasileiro. / The expansion of urban centers, determined by area demand, is strongly associated with the vulnerability of the population. This breakthrough often occurs toward fragile environments such as riverbanks, slopes and springs. In this way, environmental changes triggered by anthropic activitythe changes in the environment, triggered by the anthropic activities, have contributed strongly to greater exposure of the population and consequent flood impacts. Vulnerability mappings are very important non-structural measures to assess the characteristics of a given population, which make them more or less prone to the impacts of a flood. Along these lines, the main objective of this work is to propose a methodology, based on the use of GIS, to map vulnerability to flood, from the integration of census data and other sources, using as a case study, the municipality of Igrejinha, RS. The urban spot present in each IBGE census tract was used as the unit of study. Ten indicators were elaborated in three dimensions that sought to evaluate demographic, social, and infrastructure and sanitation aspects. The data used come from IBGE and also from other surveys conducted in the municipality by other authors. It is understood in this research that each indicator has a different importance and is assigned a specific weight for each indicator and dimension by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The weights were assigned by specialists in the area and by Civil Protection and Defense agents to two distinct phases of disaster management: response and recovery. By means of tools present in GIS, the dasymetric method was used for the data to the urban spot of each census sector. As a result, a map of each indicator and size was obtained, as well as the final map of vulnerability to flooding. Maps with weights assigned for response and retrieval were generated. In each generated map, it is possible to observe the most vulnerable areas of the study area, which corresponded to the Igrejinha Social Interest Zones. In order to observe certain aspects that could lead to vulnerability, according to the indicators used, the Google Street View tool was used. Due to its low cost, as well as the ease of obtaining the data, the proposed methodology can be replicated in any Brazilian municipality.

Face à la menace récurrente de crues que subit régulièrement la ville de Niamey, cette étude s’intéresse à la manière dont les autorités de la ville et les populations font face aux phénomènes d’inondation. En s’appuyant sur le cas de l’inondation de 2012, elle vise à comprendre les logiques de chacun de ces acteurs dans les stratégies mises en œuvre au moment et à la suite de l’événement. Combinant les approches qualitative et quantitative, l’étude a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence les antagonismes entre les stratégies collectives mises en œuvre par les autorités locales et les logiques individuelles pour faire face aux événements.A l’échelle collective, face à la violence de la crue de 2012 et aux dysfonctionnements observés en terme d’alerte et d’évacuation des populations, les mesures de protection active par le renforcement des digues ont été complétées par une proposition de déplacement des populations les plus exposées. Cette dernière a eu des résultats mitigés puisque beaucoup de ces populations sont revenues s’installer en zones inondables.A l’échelle individuelle, on relève certains facteurs pouvant retarder l’évacuation préventive au moment de l’événement : une difficulté à évaluer la gravité de la situation et l’attente d’une amélioration, la crainte de perdre ses biens matériels et, chez certains, la mise en place de protections de fortune pour ralentir l’entrée d’eau dans leur maison. L’étude relate également que les populations déplacées après l’événement de 2012 se sont retrouvées quelques temps après leur relocalisation dans des conditions de vie difficiles suite à une perte d’emploi et à un accès difficile à l’eau, au transport et au logement. Ces conditions ont révélé de nouvelles vulnérabilités et influencé le retour d’une majorité d’entre elles en zone inondable. Revenues vivre en zone à risque, on constate que certaines personnes ont mis en place des stratégies pour accroître leur capacité à faire face aux phénomènes d’inondation. Cependant cette forme de résilience individuelle reste limitée à un petit nombre d’individus relevant de catégories sociales particulières. / The recurring threat of risings which the town of Niamey undergoes regularly, this study is interested in the way in which the authorities and the populations cope with the phenomena of flood. Based on the case of the 2012 flood, it aims to understand the logic of each of these actors in the strategies implemented at the time and following the event. Combining the qualitative and quantitative approaches, the study has made it possible to highlight the antagonisms between the collective strategies implemented by the local authorities and the individual logics to cope with the events.At the collective level, in the violence of the flood of 2012 and the malfunctions observed in terms of warning and evacuation of populations, the active protection have been supplemented by a proposal to relocate most exposed populations. The latter has had mixed results since many of these populations have returned to settle in the flood zones.At the individual level, there are some factors that may delay preventive evacuation at the time of the event: a difficulty in assessing the seriousness of the situation and the expectation of improvement, the fear of losing one’s material assets and, for some, the setting up of fortune protections to slow down the entry of water into their homes. She pointed out that the affected populations found themselves some time after their relocation, in difficult living conditions as a result of job loss and difficult access to water, transport and housing. These conditions have revealed new vulnerabilities and influenced the return of some of them to flooded zone. Having returned to live in flood areas, some people have put in place strategies to increase their ability to cope with flooding. However, this form of individual resilience remains limited to a small number of individuals belonging to particular social categories.

The concept of resilience is increasingly applied to policy-making. However, despite its widespread use, resilience remains poorly defined, open to multiple interpretations, and challenging to translate into practical policy instruments. Three particularly problematic aspects of resilience concern its rigid conceptualisation of adaptation and learning, its de-politicised interpretation of participatory decision-making, and the ill-defined role and relevance of social vulnerability indicators. My research analyses these three aspects within the context of flood risk management in the UK, which is uniquely suited to studying the practicability of a cross-disciplinary concept like resilience, because it connects issues of natural resource management, social planning, and disaster management. First, I analyse two case studies of experimental pilot projects in natural flood management. Through studying project reports, and interviewing stakeholders involved in project implementation, I determine whether the theorised learning-by-doing method in resilience is reflected in experiences from real experimental projects. Secondly, I use one of these case studies to map out the political structure of local participatory bodies in flood management, and also conduct a small survey of local community groups. The purpose of this second study is to determine if collaborative methods can indeed lead to a knowledge-driven policy process as envisioned in resilience literature. Lastly, I use statistical analysis to compare a traditional flood management model and a socio-economic model. The aim of the statistical modelling is to determine whether socio-economic factors are indeed useful for informing flooding policy, and whether they offer new insights not already being used in modern flood management. I find that resilience gives insufficient consideration to the importance of political constraints and economic trade-offs in policy-making, and that evidence for the usefulness of socio-economic factors is inconclusive. Future work could focus on further refining the statistical modelling to pinpoint empirically verifiable indicators of resilience.

Background. With the rise of Internet of Things and Internet connected devices many things become convenient and efficient but these products also carry risks. Even though a lot of people own devices like this not so many think of the consequences if these devices aren't secure. Objectives. Given this our thesis aims to discover the implications of vulnerable devices and also at what rate there are insecure, unpatched devices compared to the patched, secure counterpart. Methods. The approach implemented uses Shodan to find these devices on the internet and also to find version information about each device. After the devices are found the objective is to calculate a CVSS score on the vulnerabilities and the exploit that can abuse the vulnerability, if there exists any. Results. What we found was that 71.85% of a smart home server brand was running an insecure version. As to the consequences of having an insecure device, it can be severe.Conclusions. We found that, for instance, an attacker can without much difficulty shut off alarms in your smart home and then proceed to break into your house. Keywords: Vulnerability; Shodan; Internet of Things (IoT); Patching

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This study examined associations between two domain-specific manifestations of perceived psychologically controlling parenting (i.e., dependency oriented and achievement-oriented), dimensions of personality vulnerability to depression (i.e., dependency and self-criticism), and depressive symptoms in Peruvian late adolescents (N = 292, 60 % female). Structural equation modeling showed that perceived dependency-oriented psychological control was related specifically to dependency and that perceived achievement-oriented psychological control was related specifically to self-criticism. Both dimensions of personality vulnerability played an intervening role in associations between the domains of psychologically controlling parenting and depressive symptoms. In addition, dependency-oriented psychological control interacted with perceived parental responsiveness in the prediction of depressive symptoms, such that responsiveness exacerbated effects of psychological control on depressive symptoms. Results were similar across maternal and paternal ratings of parenting. Findings are interpreted in light of the debate about the cross cultural generalization of the effects of psychologically controlling parenting. / Revisión por pares

Biodiversity in Mexico is threatened by Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) and Climate Change (CC). Identifying what sites will be most vulnerable to these threats can help to prioritise conservation, mitigation and adaptation strategies and target limited resources. Therefore, the aims of this study are 1) to identify the most vulnerable sites to LUCCs under different socio-economic and CC scenarios, and 2) to assess the vulnerability of endemic and threatened vertebrate species to establish prioritization strategies for biodiversity conservation. Spatially explicit socio-economic scenarios were created at national and subnational level (Chapter 3). National LUCC models were then developed using the DINAMICA EGO software (Chapter 4). These models were run for three future time slices (2020s, 2050s and 2080s) and two contrasting future climate and socio-economic scenarios to determine biodiversity vulnerability (Chapter 5). Vulnerability was estimated by quantifying the exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to LUCC and CC. This framework integrates national information about the priority sites of biodiversity conservation and their future extent of natural covers under future socio-economic and climate conditions. Finally, the vulnerability framework was also applied in a regional case-study in three municipalities of southern Mexico (Chapter 6). Results reveal that temperate forest is the most vulnerable ecosystem type in Mexico, followed by natural grasslands and tropical evergreen forests. Agriculture is the driver of this threat, which is projected to expand to feed an increasing population under dryer climatic conditions. More than 40% of endemic and endangered mammals are in places ranking from medium to extremely high vulnerability, followed by the 28% of the amphibians, 25% and 23% for reptiles and birds, respectively. These vertebrates are principally distributed on temperate forests and tropical dry forests. In the regional scale, rain-fed agriculture (RfA) and anthropogenic grasslands are the principal LUCC drivers, threatening 31 species of endangered vertebrates. A local strategy for creating corridors between patches close to rivers from the south to the north of one municipality is supported as conservation priority for the regional biodiversity. This research presents a novel approach for prioritising conservation strategies in highly biodiverse countries using readily available data sources, demonstrated at different spatial and temporal scales.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-12T18:03:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FÁBIO LUIZ BEZERRA DE OLIVEIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 9453519 bytes, checksum: f73d944a24b1f8b13852091e0606e2d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T18:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FÁBIO LUIZ BEZERRA DE OLIVEIRA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 9453519 bytes, checksum: f73d944a24b1f8b13852091e0606e2d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-10 / A cidade é consequência de uma série de implicações sociais, econômicas, culturais, ambientais e políticas que estão associadas a processos demográficos existentes que podem gerar vulnerabilidades e riscos. Portanto, o estudo da vulnerabilidade socioambiental no contexto urbano foi fundamental para analisar os fatores relacionados à qualidade e às condições de vida nas cidades. Este trabalho de pesquisa objetivou analisar as contribuições do processo de expansão urbana para o nível de vulnerabilidade socioambiental da cidade de Solânea - PB, para isso, foi importante a utilização da metodologia que possibilitou a mensuração de vulnerabilidade socioambiental. Para esse trabalho foi utilizado o Índice Geral de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental por Bairro – IGVSB, metodologia desenvolvida por Maior (2014), com adaptação para os setores censitários do IBGE para atender a realidade da cidade de Solânea. O método empregado constituiu de pesquisa bibliográfica agregada a uma investigação exploratória, levantamentos de dados e aplicação do IGVSSC. O IGVSSC utilizou três linguagens: a quantitativa, a cartográfica e a qualitativa. Para geração do IGVSB, produziu previamente os dois índices base da metodologia: o de Vulnerabilidade Socioeconômico por Bairros - IVSB e o de Vulnerabilidade Ambiental por Bairros – IVAB. Os resultados da pesquisa consideraram que esta relação entre a dinâmica social e sua localização na cidade influência de forma direta na capacidade de resposta da população urbana de Solânea aos eventos socioambientais danosos. A segregação socioespacial direcionou a população mais fragilizada para setores com riscos de deslizamento, erosão e alagamento como demonstrado no resultado da vulnerabilidade socioambiental da cidade de Solânea. A adaptação do IGVSB para os setores censitários do IBGE possibilita a aplicação Índíce Geral de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental para todos os municípios brasileiros. / The city is the consequence of a series of social, economic, cultural, environmental and political implications that are associated with existing demographic processes that can generate vulnerabilities and risks. Therefore, the study of socio-environmental vulnerability in the urban context is fundamental to analyze factors related to quality and living conditions in cities. This work aims to analyze the contributions of the process of urban expansion to the level of socio - environmental vulnerability of the city of Solânea - PB, for this, it is important to use methodologies that allow the measurement of social and environmental vulnerability. For this work was used the General Index of Socioenvironmental Vulnerability by Neighborhood - IGVSB, methodology developed by Mayor (2014), with adaptation for the IBGE census sectors to meet the reality of the city of Solânea. The method employed consists of bibliographic research aggregated to an exploratory investigation, data surveys and application of the IGVSSC. The IGVSSC uses three languages: the quantitative, the cartographic and the qualitative. For IGVSB generation, it has previously produced the two basic indices of the methodology: the Socioeconomic Vulnerability by Neighborhoods - IVSB and the Environmental Vulnerability by Neighborhoods - IVAB. The results of the research considered that this relationship between the social dynamics and its location in the city, directly influence the response capacity of the urban population of Solânea to harmful socioenvironmental events. Socio-spatial segregation directed the most vulnerable population to sectors with risks of landslides, erosion and flooding as demonstrated by the socio-environmental vulnerability of the city of Solânea. The adaptation of the IGVSB to the census tracts of IBGE makes it possible to apply the General Index of Social and Environmental Vulnerability to all Brazilian municipalities.

É objeto deste estudo a busca das pautas interpretativas a serem utilizadas para análise do contrato por adesão celebrado entre empresários. Habitualmente, os contratos celebrados por adesão são estudados na relação entre fornecedor e consumidor, havendo uma preocupação em evitar a abusividade. Contudo, tanto a adesividade quanto a abusividade podem estar presentes nas relações de direito privado comum e empresarial. Diante deste fato, busca-se, aqui, esclarecer as especificidades e diretrizes hermenêuticas do contrato formado por adesão entre estas duas partes que têm mesmo status jurídico, não havendo presunção legal de vulnerabilidade entre elas. / It is object of this study the search for interpretative guidelines to be used for analysis of the contract by adherence celebrated amongst business people. Usually, contracts celebrated by adherence are studied in the relation between supplier and consumer, having concern about avoiding abusiveness. However, both adherence and abusiveness may be present in the relations of common private law and corporate law. Before this fact, it is aimed here to clarify the specificities and hermeneutic guidelines of the contract formed by adherence between these two parts that have the same juridical status, not having legal presumption of vulnerability between them.

74f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-03T18:16:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ligia%20Silva.pdf: 1168139 bytes, checksum: ed94953bb725d616fd192414e371f319 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-09T16:13:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ligia%20Silva.pdf: 1168139 bytes, checksum: ed94953bb725d616fd192414e371f319 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-09T16:13:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ligia%20Silva.pdf: 1168139 bytes, checksum: ed94953bb725d616fd192414e371f319 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A adolescência é uma fase do desenvolvimento marcada por transformações biopsicossociais com alterações relativas à percepção do corpo, do prazer e de valores e comportamentos afetivos e sexuais. Diante da maior liberdade sexual da atualidade, dos apelos sociais e das fantasiais presentes no seu imaginário, adolescentes são atraídas para as experiências sexuais, sendo muitas vezes surpreendidas por uma gravidez. A exposição à gravidez é acompanhada pela vulnerabilidade às IST/HIV, em especial entre aquelas jovens que têm pouco acesso à informação e aos meios de se proteger, o que faz com que a dupla proteção, prevenção simultânea de gravidez e IST/HIV, ocupem papel importante para a saúde desse grupo. Diante dessa realidade, foi desenvolvido um estudo que teve como objetivos identificar junto a mães adolescentes suas experiências contraceptivas articulando-as à prática do sexo com proteção das IST/HIV/Aids e discutir as condições para a adoção da dupla proteção nas experiências sexuais de mães adolescentes a partir do seu contexto de vida. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido junto a mães adolescentes usuárias de um Centro de Saúde da cidade de Salvador - BA, onde são oferecidos serviços de planejamento familiar e pré-natal, dentre outras atividades clínicas. As adolescentes participantes da pesquisa foram escolhidas segundo três critérios: idade entre 14 a 19 anos; em exercício da maternidade; e vida sexual ativa. A produção do material empírico foi realizada através da técnica de grupo focal, do qual participaram sete adolescentes após autorização destas e das (os) responsáveis pelas mesmas, tendo ocorrido no mês de dezembro de 2008, em dois momentos. No primeiro momento, foi aplicado um formulário de entrevista para obtenção de dados referentes a aspectos sócio-demográficos e ao contexto de vida; o segundo momento consistiu na aplicação da técnica do grupo focal para produzir os dados acerca do uso da dupla proteção. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que as adolescentes vivenciaram uma gravidez não planejada associada ao não uso ou uso irregular de contraceptivo. Na tentativa de livrar-se da possibilidade da gravidez ou diante da confirmação desta, adotaram medidas que ofereciam riscos à sua saúde. Foi constatado também que as adolescentes vivenciavam a sexualidade em situação de vulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/Aids, mas esta é subestimada, de modo que a prevenção de nova gravidez foi o que definiu suas iniciativas de proteção. Algumas adotavam condutas que caracterizavam a dupla proteção, ainda que objetivamente não tivessem conhecimento sobre esta até a realização da pesquisa. Uma outra evidência do estudo refere- se à posição de submissão das adolescentes com relação aos seus parceiros, demonstrada pelas dificuldades que têm em negociar com eles o uso do preservativo. Os resultados mostram que a gravidez e a maternidade como fatos concretos, necessariamente não abrem caminhos para a adoção de medidas de proteção e para o reconhecimento que uma relação sexual sem preservativo as expõe também ao IST/HIV/Aids, ficando assim comprometida a dupla proteção. / Salvador