This thesis is a comprehensive investigation of Roman African cookwares that examines their contribution to studies on the consequences of the incorporation of Africa into the Roman imperial economy. It aims to synthesise and analyse the most significant evidence and examines how the flow of capital, technical knowledge and people, between provinces and regions, affected production, trade and distribution trends. The technology and organisation of Roman African cookware production are examined first, in order to create a solid foundation for the following distribution study. Scientific analyses of African cookware samples from production and consumption sites offer important additions to our knowledge of the fabric composition, technical superiority, provenance and movement of these wares around the Mediterranean. The key discussion focuses on the commercial dynamics of Roman African cookwares from local, regional and Mediterranean-wide perspectives. Beginning at the production sites, the research investigates the management and transportation of these wares from major ports in Africa Proconsularis to Mediterranean ports, and beyond. A chronological assessment of the evolution of cookware production and trade in relation to periods of political and economic change reveals the significant contribution these wares can make towards tracing and even anticipating major stages in the evolution and eventual decline of Roman economic systems. Other key achievements include the creation of a new illustrated typology with profile drawings of all the cookware forms; a gazetteer of all known African cookware production sites and the forms they produced; and a synthesis and catalogue of African cookware fabrics. The importance of this research lies in the fact that although the abundance of Roman African cookwares on Mediterranean sites is well recognised, a catalogue and analysis of production and trade has never previously been attempted.

O sistema de correntes de contorno oeste que flui ao largo da costa leste brasileira entre 15°S e 22°S, é composto pela Corrente do Brasil (CB) fluindo para sul, a Sub-Corrente Norte do Brasil (SNB) fluindo para norte e a Corrente de Contorno Oeste Profunda (CCP) também fluindo para sul. Vigorosos meandros e vórtices são observados à jusante dos Bancos de Abrolhos (BA) e Royal Charlotte (BRC) e da Cadeia Vitória-Trindade. O objetivo central desta dissertação é o estudo da estabilidade deste sistema de correntes, aqui denomidado Sistema CB-SNB-CCP, utilizando o modelo oceânico da Universidade de Princeton (POM) em um cenário idealizado. Buscamos responder o quão instável é este sistema e quais seriam as características das ondas instáveis geradas a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento acerca da rica dinâmica de meso-escala observada nesta região. Objetivamos também, elucidar o papel dos BA e BRC nesta dinâmica. Embasados na alta baroclinicidade do sistema de correntes de contorno ao largo do sudeste brasileiro, optamos por representar o escoamento CB-SNB-CCP através de um modelo paramétrico do campo de massa, calibrado com os dados hidrográficos oriundos dos Cruzeiros Abrolhos [Silveira et al., 2006]. Mantendo o caráter idealizado do estudo, também empregamos topografia de fundo analítica, onde representamos o talude da região por uma função tangente hiporbólica. O BA e o BRC foram aproximados através de funções gaussianas devidademente ajustadas aos contornos da isóbata de 80 m extraídas do conjunto ETOPO 2. Para identificar os mecanismos de crescimento das possíveis ondas instáveis, calculou-se o balanço de energia das simulações realizadas de acordo com o método de [Xue & Bane, 1997]. Os resultados de três experimentos numéricos realizados sugerem que o sistema CB-SNB-CCP é instável. Ciclones quase-estacionários do lado costeiro da CB surgem como o principal modo de variabilidade desta corrente. De acordo com a análise do balanço energético, o crescimento dessas feições resulta primariamente de instabilidade baroclínica do escoamento. A escala horizontal típica das ondas e vórtices instáveis modelados é dada pelo raio de deformação interno, como esperado pela teoria de instabilidade baroclínica de escoamentos realisticamente estratificados. Em particular, os resultados do experimento com o BA e o BRC idealizados comprovam que estes funcionam como gatilhos para o desenvolvimento de ondas instáveis, favorecendo amplamente o crescimento das estruturas verticais. Os trens de onda instáveis quase-estacionários aqui obtidos sugerem que provavelmente o meandramento da CB observado em latitudes que se estendem até 28°S pode ser parte de um único sistema que se origina na região dos BA e BRC. / The western boundary currents system that flows off the eastern brazilian coast between 15°S e 22°S is composed by the southward-flowing Brazil Current (BC), the northward-flowing North Brazil Under Current (NBUC) and the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) that flows south. Vigorous meanders and eddies are observed downstream of the Abrolhos (AB) and Royal Charlotte Banks (RCB) and the Vitória-Trindade Ridge. The main goal of this dissertation is to study the stability of this currents system, hereby named BC-NBUC-DWBC system, using the Princeton University Ocean Model (POM) in an idealized scenerio. We seek to answer how unstable is this system and what are the characteristics of the unstable waves in order to contribute to the understanding of the rich mesoescale dynamics observed in this region. We also aim to elucidate the role of the AB and of the RCB on this dynamics. Based on the high degree of baroclinicity of the western boundary currents system off the southeastern brazilian coast, we opted to represent the BC-NBUC-DWBC system through a parametric model of the mass field, calibrated with hydrographic data from the Abrolhos Cruises [Silveira et al., 2006]. Maintaining the idealized character of the study, we have also employed an analytical bottom topography, in which the region\'s continental slope is approximated by hyperbolic tangent function. The AB and RCB were approximated by gaussian functions properly adjusted to the 80 m isobath extracted from the ETOPO 2 database. To identify the growth mecanism of the unstable waves, the energy budget of the simulations was calculated according to [Xue & Bane, 1997]. The results from the three experiments conducted here suggest that the BC-NBUC-DWBC system is indeed unstable. Quasi-stationary cyclones in the coastal side of BC arise as the main mode of variability of this current. According to the energy budget analisys, the growth of these features results primarily from baroclinic instability of BC-NBUC-DWBC flow. The typical horizontal scale of the modeled unstable waves and eddies is given by the internal radius of deformation, as expected by baroclinic instability theory of realistically stratified flows. The quasi-stationary unstable wave trains modeled in the present study also suggest that the meandering of the BC observed down to 28°S are probably part of a single system that originates at the AB and RCB region.

O sistema de correntes de contorno oeste que flui ao largo da costa leste brasileira entre 15°S e 22°S, é composto pela Corrente do Brasil (CB) fluindo para sul, a Sub-Corrente Norte do Brasil (SNB) fluindo para norte e a Corrente de Contorno Oeste Profunda (CCP) também fluindo para sul. Vigorosos meandros e vórtices são observados à jusante dos Bancos de Abrolhos (BA) e Royal Charlotte (BRC) e da Cadeia Vitória-Trindade. O objetivo central desta dissertação é o estudo da estabilidade deste sistema de correntes, aqui denomidado Sistema CB-SNB-CCP, utilizando o modelo oceânico da Universidade de Princeton (POM) em um cenário idealizado. Buscamos responder o quão instável é este sistema e quais seriam as características das ondas instáveis geradas a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento acerca da rica dinâmica de meso-escala observada nesta região. Objetivamos também, elucidar o papel dos BA e BRC nesta dinâmica. Embasados na alta baroclinicidade do sistema de correntes de contorno ao largo do sudeste brasileiro, optamos por representar o escoamento CB-SNB-CCP através de um modelo paramétrico do campo de massa, calibrado com os dados hidrográficos oriundos dos Cruzeiros Abrolhos [Silveira et al., 2006]. Mantendo o caráter idealizado do estudo, também empregamos topografia de fundo analítica, onde representamos o talude da região por uma função tangente hiporbólica. O BA e o BRC foram aproximados através de funções gaussianas devidademente ajustadas aos contornos da isóbata de 80 m extraídas do conjunto ETOPO 2. Para identificar os mecanismos de crescimento das possíveis ondas instáveis, calculou-se o balanço de energia das simulações realizadas de acordo com o método de [Xue & Bane, 1997]. Os resultados de três experimentos numéricos realizados sugerem que o sistema CB-SNB-CCP é instável. Ciclones quase-estacionários do lado costeiro da CB surgem como o principal modo de variabilidade desta corrente. De acordo com a análise do balanço energético, o crescimento dessas feições resulta primariamente de instabilidade baroclínica do escoamento. A escala horizontal típica das ondas e vórtices instáveis modelados é dada pelo raio de deformação interno, como esperado pela teoria de instabilidade baroclínica de escoamentos realisticamente estratificados. Em particular, os resultados do experimento com o BA e o BRC idealizados comprovam que estes funcionam como gatilhos para o desenvolvimento de ondas instáveis, favorecendo amplamente o crescimento das estruturas verticais. Os trens de onda instáveis quase-estacionários aqui obtidos sugerem que provavelmente o meandramento da CB observado em latitudes que se estendem até 28°S pode ser parte de um único sistema que se origina na região dos BA e BRC. / The western boundary currents system that flows off the eastern brazilian coast between 15°S e 22°S is composed by the southward-flowing Brazil Current (BC), the northward-flowing North Brazil Under Current (NBUC) and the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) that flows south. Vigorous meanders and eddies are observed downstream of the Abrolhos (AB) and Royal Charlotte Banks (RCB) and the Vitória-Trindade Ridge. The main goal of this dissertation is to study the stability of this currents system, hereby named BC-NBUC-DWBC system, using the Princeton University Ocean Model (POM) in an idealized scenerio. We seek to answer how unstable is this system and what are the characteristics of the unstable waves in order to contribute to the understanding of the rich mesoescale dynamics observed in this region. We also aim to elucidate the role of the AB and of the RCB on this dynamics. Based on the high degree of baroclinicity of the western boundary currents system off the southeastern brazilian coast, we opted to represent the BC-NBUC-DWBC system through a parametric model of the mass field, calibrated with hydrographic data from the Abrolhos Cruises [Silveira et al., 2006]. Maintaining the idealized character of the study, we have also employed an analytical bottom topography, in which the region\'s continental slope is approximated by hyperbolic tangent function. The AB and RCB were approximated by gaussian functions properly adjusted to the 80 m isobath extracted from the ETOPO 2 database. To identify the growth mecanism of the unstable waves, the energy budget of the simulations was calculated according to [Xue & Bane, 1997]. The results from the three experiments conducted here suggest that the BC-NBUC-DWBC system is indeed unstable. Quasi-stationary cyclones in the coastal side of BC arise as the main mode of variability of this current. According to the energy budget analisys, the growth of these features results primarily from baroclinic instability of BC-NBUC-DWBC flow. The typical horizontal scale of the modeled unstable waves and eddies is given by the internal radius of deformation, as expected by baroclinic instability theory of realistically stratified flows. The quasi-stationary unstable wave trains modeled in the present study also suggest that the meandering of the BC observed down to 28°S are probably part of a single system that originates at the AB and RCB region.

Parmi les grands secteurs de fabrication de vaisselle du monde romain, Lezoux constitue le principal centre de production céramique aux IIe et IIIe s. ap. J.-C. en Gaule, et influence d’autres ateliers, principalement situés dans le bassin de Clermont, la Grande Limagne et la basse vallée de l’Allier. Ce sont surtout les productions de table à pâtes fines de ces ateliers, habituellement qualifiées de « céramiques fines », qui sont les mieux connues. Les productions de transport, de stockage, de préparation et de cuisson des aliments, à pâtes généralement plus grossières, sont quant à elles qualifiées de « céramiques communes » et ont moins suscité l’attention des chercheurs. Dans ce travail de recherches, l’accent a d’abord été mis sur l’antagonisme « céramiques fines » / « céramiques communes », sur ses différentes acceptions et sur son emploi par les chercheurs. Les recherches ont ensuite traité des vases à pâtes grossières et semi-fines généralement destinés au transport, à la resserre et à la cuisine. L’objectif était de les traiter dans une perspective technologique (façonnage, finition et cuisson des vases), culturelle (origine/acculturation, fonction et usage des vases) et économique (organisation de la production et diffusion des vases). L’étude de ces productions ne pouvait s’entendre sans celle, conjointe, des vases à pâtes fines qui leur sont presque toujours associées et souvent fabriquées dans les mêmes ateliers. En outre, l’artisanat céramique du Haut-Empire et ses productions standardisées ne pouvaient être abordés sans connaître au préalable ses antécédents du Ier s. av. J.-C. Pour ces raisons, ces recherches se sont également consacrées aux céramiques des ateliers du val d’Allier de la fin de l’époque républicaine et du début de l’Empire, qui présentent des pâtes semi-fines à fines et que l’on retrouve d’abord sur les tables arvernes (coupes, assiettes, pichets...), mais aussi dans la resserre ou pour le transport des denrées (amphorettes, grandes cruches...). / During the second and third centuries AD, Lezoux becomes the main production centre among the well known Gaulish pottery workshops of the Roman Empire, and influences other pottery producing centres mainly located in the Clermont-Ferrand basin, in the Grande Limagne and the lower Allier valley. Gaulish fine ware manufactured in these workshops, and especially the tableware, represents the best known and most studied production of Roman Gaul. Ceramics in coarse ware used for carrying and storing goods and for preparing and cooking meals are generally called “common ceramics” and have drawn much less attention of researchers. In this thesis work, emphasis was first placed on the antagonism “fine ware” / “coarse ware”, on its different meanings and on its uses by researchers. The research then dealt with jars in coarse and semi-fine wares which were mainly intended for transport, storage and cooking. The main goal was to treat them in a technological perspective (shape, finishes and firing of wares), cultural perspective (origin/acculturation, function and uses of wares) and economic perspective (production organisation and distribution). The study of this type of production must of course be combined with that of the fine ware which is almost always produced in the same workshops. Furthermore, the manufacture of pottery and its standardised productions couldn’t be treated without taking into consideration its precursors of the first century BC. Due to the facts mentioned so far, this research has also focused on ceramics from the Allier valley workshops of the end of the Roman Republic period and of the beginning of the Imperial era, which present semi-fine and fine wares found first on the Arvern tables (cups, plates, pitchers…), but also in the cellars or used for carrying goods (small amphoras, big jugs…).

Cette recherche doctorale porte sur l’analyse des « céramiques communes à pâte grossière » issues de 4 fouilles archéologiques de la Vénétie : celles de la cathédrale de Padoue, de Rocca de Monselice (Padoue), du château de Montagnone à Montegrotto Terme (Padoue) et de l’ancien cinéma Astra à Chioggia (Venise). Cette recherche se focalise plus particulièrement sur la « céramique commune à pâte grossière » employée pour l’usage culinaire à l’échelle de la Vénétie. Elle vise à mieux comprendre les changements de morphologies, de matières premières employées mais également de fonctionnalité entre le IVe et le XIV siècle apr. J.-C. Dans le cadre de ce travail, cette catégorie de céramique a été étudiée à travers une approche pluridisciplinaire associant, à la démarche d’archéologique et de typologique classique, des observations pétrographiques et des analyses chimiques de résidus organiques. La combinaison de ces expértises a permis d’observer :• une évolution typologique à l’échelle de la période chronologique investie pour la région de Padoue ces dernières ayant été confrontée avec des données déjà publiée pour la région de la Vénétie et des territoires limitrophes ;• des caractéristiques pétrographiques et un changement des « recettes » de pâtes employées dans la production de la céramique pour les usages culinaires ;• certains aspects fonctionnels des céramiques, notamment sur pour artefacts retrouvés lors de la fouille de la cathédrale de Padoue, permettant même de proposer des hypothèses sur les habitudes alimentaires ;• un lien entre l’évolution des « céramiques communes à pâte grossière » et les dynamiques économiques et politiques régionales. / The aim of this research is the study of cooking wares, founded in 4 archaeological sites of Veneto region (North-eastern Italy): the archaeological excavation near the Padua cathedral, the archaeological excavation of Rocca di Monselice Castle (PD); the archeological sites of Montagnone of Montegrotto Terme castle; and the excavation in the ex-cinema Astra in Chioggia (VE). Therefore the object of this research is to observe over long time (from 4th to 14/15th century) the cooking wares of a small territory of Veneto region, the central-eastern part, to understand the evolutional change of morphologies, the origins of raw materials and the pottery function.The pottery was studied with the exploitation of different techniques and methodologies: the archaeological and typological approach; the petrographical analysis and the organic residue analysis. This method allowed the observation of:$\begin{itemize}\item the pottery morphological evolution, over long time in a small territory, taking into account also the published ceramic datas of Veneto and the nearest regions;\item the petrographical characteristic and the different use of ceramic paste over a log term for the cooking wares;\item for the archaeological site of Padua cathedral, the functional aspect of pottery. This aspect permits to speculate on the diet habits;\item the link between the cooking and coarse wares and the historical and economical aspects of Veneto. \end{itemize}$Finally this research gives a database to better understand the production characteristics of Paduan cooking wares.

<p>This thesis is structured in six chapters. Chapter I contains an introduction and includes purpose, theory, method, and concepts. The main purpose, as depicted by the title, is to examine the roots of Swedish ideology concerning what today is generally named design, as embodied in the concept of more beautiful or better things for everyday life (in Swedish: ”vackrare vardagsvara”).</p><p>Chapter II contains a background and includes philosophical ideas and aesthetic movements in Europe which have influenced the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts (in Swedish ”Svenska Slöjdföreningen”, abbreviated SSF) which was later renamed the Swedish Society of Crafts and Design (in Swedish: ”Föreningen Svensk Form”). It considers these activities: the Arts and Crafts movement in England, the Swedish national romantic movement, Deutscher Werkbund in Germany, and Swedish moulders of public opinion and new ideas, like Ellen Key, Carl Larsson and Gregor Paulsson.</p><p>Chapter III is an ideological biography of Gregor Paulsson. The chapter deals with biographical data and ideological development, and the social aesthetical texts which were important in his activity in the National Museum and as director of The Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts. Gregor Paulsson is considered mainly in his role as social aesthetical propagandist and museologist.</p><p>Chapter IV concerns the early history and activities of the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts seen as an introduction to the Baltic Exhibition 1914, and the subsequent schism which eventually led to its reorganization and a new ideological orientation. Its activities were directed towards increased cooperation between artists and industry, and a special department was established as an employment office for companies and designers under the management of the textile artist Elsa Gullberg. This chapter also includes a brief portrait of key persons in the Society.</p><p>Chapter V is a study in several sections of the articles for everyday use seen in industrial practice, with Gustavsberg’s china factory and Orrefors’ glassworks as two separate historical studies. The 1917 Home Exhibition is surveyed as an example of the educational ambitions in the development of people’s taste. The focus of the chapter, however, is the international industrial art exhibition in Paris 1925, Exposition International des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, and the debate about it in the Swedish and French press.</p><p>Chapter VI consists of a concluding discussion with a final epilogue. It contains suggested questions for future research including relations between design and ethics.</p>

This thesis is structured in six chapters. Chapter I contains an introduction and includes purpose, theory, method, and concepts. The main purpose, as depicted by the title, is to examine the roots of Swedish ideology concerning what today is generally named design, as embodied in the concept of more beautiful or better things for everyday life (in Swedish: ”vackrare vardagsvara”). Chapter II contains a background and includes philosophical ideas and aesthetic movements in Europe which have influenced the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts (in Swedish ”Svenska Slöjdföreningen”, abbreviated SSF) which was later renamed the Swedish Society of Crafts and Design (in Swedish: ”Föreningen Svensk Form”). It considers these activities: the Arts and Crafts movement in England, the Swedish national romantic movement, Deutscher Werkbund in Germany, and Swedish moulders of public opinion and new ideas, like Ellen Key, Carl Larsson and Gregor Paulsson. Chapter III is an ideological biography of Gregor Paulsson. The chapter deals with biographical data and ideological development, and the social aesthetical texts which were important in his activity in the National Museum and as director of The Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts. Gregor Paulsson is considered mainly in his role as social aesthetical propagandist and museologist. Chapter IV concerns the early history and activities of the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts seen as an introduction to the Baltic Exhibition 1914, and the subsequent schism which eventually led to its reorganization and a new ideological orientation. Its activities were directed towards increased cooperation between artists and industry, and a special department was established as an employment office for companies and designers under the management of the textile artist Elsa Gullberg. This chapter also includes a brief portrait of key persons in the Society. Chapter V is a study in several sections of the articles for everyday use seen in industrial practice, with Gustavsberg’s china factory and Orrefors’ glassworks as two separate historical studies. The 1917 Home Exhibition is surveyed as an example of the educational ambitions in the development of people’s taste. The focus of the chapter, however, is the international industrial art exhibition in Paris 1925, Exposition International des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, and the debate about it in the Swedish and French press. Chapter VI consists of a concluding discussion with a final epilogue. It contains suggested questions for future research including relations between design and ethics.