Thesis (M.A. in economics)--Washington State University, May 2007.

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 20, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Mus. Arts)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-231).

The Red Mountain formation (Lower Pennsylvanian?) of the Chilliwack group (Carboniferous) was mapped in five areas of northwestern Washington. Except for a few outcrops of Devonian strata, the formation represents the oldest known sedimentary rocks in this region. It consists primarily of argillite, graywacke, chert, tuff and limestone, and is overlain by conglomerate of the Black Mountain formation (Lower Permian). The base of the formation is nowhere exposed. Correlation of the Red Mountain formation is dependent essentially on the presence of large crinoid stems, foraminifera, and similarity of stratigraphic relationships. Limestones of the upper portion of the formation represent deposition under conditions of marked tectonic stability, whereas enclosing strata are indicative of deposition in an unstable, subsiding realm. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Archaeocyathids are an extinct group of animals that lived and thrived in the warm, clear marine waters of the Lower Cambrian. In general shape, they resemble rugose corals, but in skeletal details, numerous differences between these groups exist, i.e. inner and outer walls, central cavities, parieties, etc. are unique to Archaeocyathids. The Archaeocyathids which are the subject of this thesis were collected by Dr. H. Little from the South Fork of the Salmo River, and from north of Colville, Washington. In the Salmo area, they occur in a narrow band of limestone at the base of the Laib group. The Colville collection is from an outcrop of Old Dominion limestone. The identification and description of the species present in these collections are the main considerations of the thesis. Two new species are described, Ethmophyllum lineatus and Syringocnema colvillensis. The former species occurs in the Lower Cambrian limestone of the Laib group, Salmo area; the latter is reported from the Old Dominion limestone of the Colville area. Archaeocyathids may be useful in the correlation of Lower Cambrian formations, providing further accurately located (stratigraphically) collections are made. At present, insufficient stratigraphic data are available to erect Archaeocyathid zones. However, some attempt to correlate the known Archaeocyathid occurrences is made. In correlating the ten known Archaeocyathid occurrences from Washington to the Yukon Territory, it is suggested that the most southerly, Colville, Washington, is stratigraphically lower than the Salmo occurrence, and that the latter is, in turn, stratigraphically lower than the northern localities. These northern occurrences are considered to be late Lower Cambrian. The age assigned to the northern localities is, in general, based on stratigraphic and paleontological evidence other than that afforded by Archaeocyathids. The occurrences of Archaeocyathids in the northern part of the Cordillera are given below with their related lithologic unit where possible: 1) Colville, Washington - Old Dominion limestone 2) Salmo, B.C. - lower part of the Laib group 3) Dogtooth Range, B.C. - Donald formation 4) Quesnel Lake, B.C. - Cariboo series 5) Sinclair Mills, B.C. - 6) Pine Pass, B.C. - Misinchinka schists 7) Aiken Lake, B.C. - upper Wolverine complex 8) McDame Creek, B.C. - Atan group 9) Wolf Lake, Yukon Territory - Lord's group B and c units 10) Quiet Lake, Yukon Territory – It is believed that these occurrences outline the western edge of the geosyncline present in this region in Lower Cambrian time. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

For many years mathematicians and mathematics educators have been stating that teachers of arithmetic need a greater knowledge in mathematics and methods of teaching mathematics. Many colleges have required more mathematics for their future elementary teachers. The belief is that an individual with a stronger mathematical background will better teach mathematics to his elementary students. The review of the literature as a whole does not agree. Few researchers have found significant relationships between teacher knowledge and teacher effectiveness. The review of the literature further indicates that most researchers did not measure teacher variables precisely. Also, most researchers neither partitioned nor measured directly student growth. They used standardized tests or administrative ratings to determine teacher effectiveness. Procedures Two instruments were constructed to measure teacher understanding and teacher attitude. The test of understanding was designed to measure the mathematical understandings as related to the arithmetic series and syllabus of the two school districts participating in this study. The attitude inventory was a forced choice inventory which measured the teacher's attitude toward contemporary mathematics as opposed to traditional mathematics. Each participating teacher also completed a questionnaire giving information about 12 other commonly reported variables. These were in the areas of quarter hours of college mathematics, quarter hours of new mathematics, quarter hours of mathematics methods, experience, and principal's ratings as he viewed the teachers. To determine teacher effectiveness, student tests were constructed to directly measure the material of the arithmetic series and syllabus of the two school districts participating in this study. Three tests were constructed for each grade level; an understanding test, a problem solving test, and a computation test. The pre-test post-test procedure was used to determine student growth. The population for this study was 61 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade classes and their 61 teachers. The population was randomly selected from over 400 teachers in two Washington State school districts. The districts used the same arithmetic series and a similar syllabus, but are in different geographic locations. Results and Conclusions With the minor exception of a significant correlation between principal's rating and growth in computation, there were no significant relationships between any of the teacher variables, when taken individually or in groups, and student growth in any of the three areas—understanding, problem solving, and computation—when taken individually or in groups. In this study, every effort was made to eliminate the deficiencies of previous studies. Yet their results are, in general, confirmed. If mathematicians and mathematics educators are to persist in their opinion that the educational background of teachers is related to student gains, then it seems that different independent variables must be identified. It seems highly unlikely that success would reward any further exploration of those identified in this study, / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

1 / SPK / archives@tulane.edu

Scale 1 in = 2 miles. Rural free delivery service for Washington and adjoining counties. Produced by P.T. Samuel, Knoxville, Tenn. Marks post offices within Washington and adjoining counties from 1796 - 1900 along with various delivery routes. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1167/thumbnail.jpg

Scale 1 in = 2 miles. Prepared by the Tennessee Department of Highways Research and Planning Division in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Bureau of Public Roads. Highway map from 1969 with a legend for public areas along with zoomed in circles for areas of interest. Identical to the map with filename "mapcoll_012_03" with the exception being the current map lacks handwritten indications of local county bridges. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1168/thumbnail.jpg

Scale 1 in = 2 miles. Prepared by the Tennessee Department of Highways Research and Planning Division in Cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Bureau of Public Roads. Highway map from 1969 with a legend for public areas along with zoomed in circles for areas of interest. Identical to the map with filename "mapcoll_012_02" with the exception being added handwritten indications of local county bridges. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1169/thumbnail.jpg