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Mapeamento do potencial de instabilização de taludes rodoviários usando SIG e seções geológico-geotécnicas de campo com aplicação na rodovia SP-310 / Mapping of the potential of instabilization of road slopes using Sig and geological-geotecnical sections of field with application in highway SP-310Lopes, Ana Paula Rodrigues 14 September 2007 (has links)
O presente estudo desenvolveu uma metodologia para mapeamento de potencial de instabilização de taludes rodoviários. Utilizou-se, para tanto, SIG (Sistema de Informações Geográficas) e seções geológico-geotécnicas de detalhe obtidas em levantamentos de superfície. Esta metodologia foi utilizada em trecho da Rodovia Washington Luís (SP-310), sob duas condições distintas. Inicialmente, foi aplicada à totalidade da área estudada a ponderação dos atributos de percentual de declividade, materiais inconsolidados, curvatura de encostas e direção de vertentes, obtendo-se o mapa de potencial de instabilização. Na faixa da ADA (área diretamente afetada da rodovia - com 50 m de largura), esta metodologia deu especial ênfase às seções geológico-geotécnicas, que permitiram uma melhor compreensão da geometria dos taludes de corte e aterro e disposição dos materiais inconsolidados e foram utilizadas como critérios para a compartimentação destes taludes resultando no mapa de potencial de acidente. Outros produtos cartográficos deste estudo são os mapas hipsométrico, de declividade, de curvatura de encostas, de direção de vertentes e de materiais inconsolidados que serviram de base para a realização dos mapas de potencial de instabilização e de acidente, todos elaborados na escala de 1:10.000. / The present study developed a methodology for mapping of instability potential of road slopes. It was used, for in such a way, GIS (Geographic Information System) and obtained geologic-geotechnical of detail sections in surface surveys. This methodology was used in a section of Road Washington Luís (SP-310), under two different conditions. First, it was applied to the totality of the studied area the weight of the attributes of declivity percentage, unconsolidated materials, hillsides curvature and slopes direction, obtaining itself the map of potential of instability. In the ADA band (area directly affected of the highway - with 50 m of wide), this methodology gave special emphasis to the sections geologic-geotechnical that had allowed one better understanding of the unconsolidated materials disposal and had been used as criteria for the fill and cut slopes compartimentation, resulting in the map of potential of accident. Final products of this study are map of slope, derive slope, curvature, derive aspect and unconsolidated materials maps that had served as base for the accomplishment of the map subject of this work, the potential of instability and accident map. The main scale adopted for these cartographic documents was 1:10.000.
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A cost analysis and recidivism study of a pre-trial diversion programGreen, Ruth E. 01 January 1979 (has links)
This research project is a report of cost findings and rearrest rates from a program evaluation of a pre-trial diversion program. In 1978 Cascade Research Center (CRC) contracted with Clark County, Washington, to determine the cost-effectiveness and cost-efficiency of the Pre-Habilitation agency, which implements the Prosecuting Attorney's Pre-Trial Diversion Program.
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Atmospheric transport of anthropogenic semi-volatile organic compounds to the Olympic Peninsula of Washington StateKillin, Robert K. 21 April 2004 (has links)
Ambient high-volume (hi-vol) air samples were collected between March 15th and May
30th 2002, at Cheeka Peak Observatory (CPO), located on the tip of the Olympic
Peninsula, Washington State. This sampling campaign was in conjunction with the 2002
Inter-Continental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT 2K2) Campaign and the
Photochemical Ozone Budget of the Eastern North Pacific Atmosphere (PHOEBA2)
experiment, both of which studied the effect of Trans-Pacific transport on the U.S. West
Coast. The anthropogenic semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) measured during this
time period included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and various U.S. current-use
and historical-use pesticides. The total PAH concentration ranged from 0.480-4.49
ng/m³, which is comparable to other remote sites throughout the globe. Ten pesticides
(hexachlorobenzene, dacthal, chlorothalonil, heptachlor, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor,
endosulfan I, triallate, trifluralin, and mirex) were also measured and their concentrations
(0.104-57.0 pg/m³) were comparable to other remote sites and less than agricultural areas.
Gas-phase/particle-phase partitioning of SOCs was explored, with a significant
correlation with temperature found for endosulfan I and retene. A possible relationship at CPO of low total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration with the concentration of
non-exchangeable SOCs in the particle phase was found. Principal Component Analysis,
as well as a t-test, showed there were elevated concentrations and a unique pattern of
anthropogenic SOCs measured during possible Trans-Pacific events on March 15th-16th
March 27th-28th and April 22nd-23rd, 2002. These Trans-Pacific events were identified
using the GEOS-CHEM model and 10-day back air trajectories. The potential sources of
these compounds at CPO were determined using diagnostic ratios of their concentrations,
back trajectories calculated using HYSPLIT4, local meteorological conditions, and U.S.
pesticide use data. / Graduation date: 2004
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Habitat associations of riparian beetles (Coleoptera) at Big Beaver Creek Research Natural Area, North Cascades National Park, WashingtonLaBonte, James R. 18 March 2002 (has links)
Beetle diversity and habitat associations of five
prevalent riparian plant communities were examined along
the lower reaches of Big Beaver Creek Research Natural
Area, North Cascades National Park, Washington. These
communities were defined by dominant tree species, and
included Alder Swamps, Cedar-Hemlock Forests, Douglas-fir
Forests, Gravel Bars, and Willow-Sedge Swamps. Monthly
samples were taken with pitfall traps from 10 randomly
selected patches per habitat during the snow-free periods
(mid-June through mid-October) of 1995 and 1996.
A total of 8,179 non-necrophagous beetles was
collected, comprising 4 families and 290 species. Four
families - Staphylinidae (43%), Carabidae (31%),
Elateridae (12%), and Anthicidae (6%) accounted for 92%
of all individuals. Four families encompassed 65% of all
species Staphylinidae (31%), Carabidae (19%),
Elateridae (8%), arid Leiodidae (7%)
A few species accounted for the majority of
individuals. Almost 51% of individuals were found among
just 20 species. The five most abundant species in each
habitat accounted for 33% (Alder Swamps) to 71% (Gravel
Bars) of individuals.
Beetle abundance and species composition differed
among habitats. Abundance ranged from 1,530 (Cedar-Hemlock Forests) to 2,071 (Alder Swamps) . Abundance per
trap per month varied from 16 (Willow-sedge Swamps) to 27
(Alder Swamps). Species richness was lowest in Douglas-fir
Forests (76) and highest in Alder Swamps (119)
Simpson's 1-D index ranged from 0.74 (Douglas-fir
Forests) to 0.96 (Alder Swamps).
Species were categorized as detritivores,
fungivores, herbivores, omnivores, predators, and
unknowns. Individuals and species of predators and
fungivores were generally numerically dominant.
Herbivores and omnivores contributed few species and
individuals. Gravel Bars virtually lacked fungivores and
were the only community with many (more than 30%)
detrivorous individuals.
Two patterns of seasonal abundance were evident.
Abundance was highest in June in the two open habitats,
Gravel Bars and Willow-Sedge Swamps, thereafter sharply
and continuously declining into October. Abundance
peaked during September in the forested habitats.
Baseline data was acquired about the North Cascades
National Park beetle faunas, furthering Park goals to
perpetuate habitat and community assemblage integrity.
In a larger context, this information has also enriched
the understanding of the arthropod faunas of the Pacific
Northwest. / Graduation date: 2002
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Perceptions of international students in a community college-based coordinated studies programInsley, Andrea E. 24 July 2000 (has links)
This study presented an in-depth exploration of international student
perceptions of a coordinated studies program (CSP) at Seattle Central Community
College.
In conducting this research project, a phenomenological research methodology
was used. Qualitative data were collected through participant observations,
focus group, document review and individual in-depth interviews with nine
students. The data were analyzed systematically and categorized into the following
four themes: (1) program integration. (2) program content, (3) program structure,
and (4) program faculty. Data within each theme were then grouped under subcategories
and themes were presented with examples of student's statements to
illustrate each theme.
International students found that the coordinated studies program provided a
unique and positive educational experience. Of great importance, students found
that the experience was beneficial in addressing both social and academic areas in
their lives.
For most of the international students in the study, the sense of supportiveness
and relationship development opportunities were the most important features
of the experience. International students were able to build relationships with both
American students and other international students through prolonged cross-cultural
interaction in and out of class. The international students valued the cross cultural
learning and the introduction to American culture the CSP context provided.
The interdisciplinary nature of the CSP was, in general, viewed positively,
though, for many students it was a big stretch since these types of learning strategies
may not have been experienced in the past. Of the various activities in the
CSP, international students regarded the small group work as the most rewarding of
the in-class activities, and also enjoyed the out-of-class group projects and social
activities. / Graduation date: 2001
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Fescue taxonomy in the Pacific coast statesWilson, Barbara L. 25 February 1999 (has links)
Accurate taxonomy is essential to preservation and management of native
grasses. Four problems in fescue taxonomy were investigated: the identity of the
native fescue that dominates western Oregon and Washington prairies, the relationship
of native Festuca roemeri to closely related grasses, the status of F. howellii and F.
washingtonica, and fescue identification.
The cespitose fine-leaved fescue that dominates prairies in western Oregon and
Washington had previously been identified as F. rubra. Two fescues were found to
dominate these habitats, one introduced F. rubra var. commutata, and the other native
F. roemeri. The two differed in isozymes and subtle morphological traits.
Isozymes, flow cytometry of DNA, and leaf anatomy clarified relationships
among F. idahoensis, F. roemeri. and the northwest California fescue that shares
characters with both of them. Isozyme band patterns divided them into two groups; F.
roemeri and a mixture of populations of F. idahoensis and the northwest California
fescue. All three fescues were tetraploid. All three fescues were distinguished using
leaf anatomy. Festuca roemeri and the northwest California fescue shared leaves
elliptic to obovate in cross section and usually having three sclerenchyma bands, at
margins and midrib; F. idahoensis had leaves round to hexagonal in cross section, with
five or more sclerenchyma bands, Festuca idahoensis and the northwest California
fescue had numerous long adaxial leaf hairs; F. roemeri had few and short adaxial
hairs. Leaf shape was phenotypically plastic in F. roemeri and the northwest California
fescue, but constant in F. idahoensis. Leaf sclerenchyma development was greater in
the field than greenhouse for all three fescues.
The northwest California fescue was recognized as F. roemeri var. klamathensis
B. L. Wilson fined.
Morphometric analysis of F. howellii and F. washingtonica revealed that the
two are distinct taxa. Festuca washingtonica appeared to be a rare species endemic to
lightly grazed and ungrazed areas of eastern Washington. The F. howellii holotype was
conspecific with F. elmeri, not F. viridula as previously thought. Because F. howellii is
an earlier synonym, F. elineri must now be called F. howellii.
Identification keys were provided for identifying fertile or sterile fescues and
ryegrasses of the Pacific coast states. / Graduation date: 1999
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Influence of a sudangrass green manure on microorganisms and early dying of potatoes in two soilsParks, Robin L. 22 April 1998 (has links)
Effect of a sudangrass green manure in two soil types on the activity, populations
and community structure of soil microorganisms, populations of Verticillium dahliae in
soil and on potato roots, and potato early dying, were evaluated in a field microplot
experiment in the Columbia Basin. Potato cv. Russet Burbank was grown in identical
green manure and fallow soil treatments transported from Idaho and Washington where
sudangrass previously suppressed or enhanced early dying of potatoes, respectively.
Incorporation of sudangrass increased total microbial activity (TMA) by 46.2 and 30.1%
in the Idaho soil in 1996 and 1997, and by 43.0% in the Washington soil in 1996 only.
Neither green manure or soil type, however, affected soil populations of Fusarium, total
bacteria, or actinomycetes. Across soil type, fluorescent pseudomonad populations were
unaffected or increased by 107% in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Although not repeated
across years, Fusarium root populations were 19.7 and 28.3% higher in sudangrass
treated soil from Washington in 1996 and Idaho in 1997, respectively, but the proportion
of Fusarium species were similar across soil types. Bacterial rhizosphere communities, based on sole-carbon-source utilization patterns on Biolog GN microplates, did not differ among the soil types or green manure treatments. Across soil type, V. dahliae soil and root populations were unaffected in 1996, but were lower by 20.4 and 41.2% in Idaho sudangrass soil treatments in 1997. Apical stem populations of V. dahliae and disease severity, however, did not differ among the treatments. Although tuber yield in Washington soil was 31.5% higher than Idaho soil in 1996, yield was not affected by a sudangrass green manure. Because suppression of early dying of potato observed in Idaho was not replicated in transported soil in the Columbia Basin, the macroenvironment may interact with the sudangrass green manure to regulate the effect, or lack of effect on disease. TMA is not an indicator of disease suppressive ability of a soil following sudangrass as activity increased despite a lack of effect on disease. Based on this study, there is no evidence for differences in microbial populations or communities between the Idaho and Washington soils that could explain the suppression or enhancement of early dying of potato by a sudangrass green manure. / Graduation date: 1998
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Determining preliminary remediation goals for contaminated Hanford sitesHekkala, Darin R. 22 May 1996 (has links)
The Hanford nuclear reservation in Washington state was initially created
during World War II for the production of plutonium to be used in atomic bombs. A
perceived need for a large increase in the number of nuclear weapons spurred
expansions in production facilities at Hanford through the 1960's, and production was
continued through the mid 1980's. The production process included irradiation of
uranium fuel in reactors followed by chemical separation of the plutonium from the
other fuel constituents, and finally transformation of plutonium nitrate to plutonium
metal. The various steps in the process produced large amounts of radioactive as well
as chemical hazardous waste. Some of this waste was released to the environment
either through deliberate disposal methods or by leaks in transfer and storage systems.
As a result, the soil at many areas of Hanford is contaminated to a point at which it
would be unsafe for human contact for more than a short period of time. The current
focus of efforts at Hanford is cleanup of the environment as well as decommissioning
of the facilities. As part of the cleanup process, future land use must be determined
which will then affect the scale of the remediation effort. The proposed land use will
determine the residual contamination which will be left after all remediation is
complete and access is allowed to the site. This document details the process for
determining the residual contamination levels associated with various land use options.
Some possible land use options are explained in the form of exposure scenarios.
These scenarios give data in the form of exposure factors which describe the possible
exposure level of an individual to contaminated media. Once the exposure factors are
determined, they can be used in the equations outlined in the Hanford Site Risk
Assessment Methodology to calculate preliminary remediation goals. These goals are
presented as contaminant concentrations in environmental media which are the
maximum allowable in order to meet regulatory limits. The limits are expressed either
as a risk for carcinogens, or as a hazard quotient for non-carcinogens. / Graduation date: 1997
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Establishment of concentration ratios for riparian and shrub steppe areas of the eastern Washington Columbia basinNapier, Jonathan Bamberger 12 September 2012 (has links)
Concentration ratios are used to determine the transfer of nuclides from soil to biota to fauna. Some nuclides have limited associated data though, this has not prevented predictions from being performed at sites without associated data. These ratios are site specific and are not fully applicable when applied to other locations. A recent literature review for a waste repository performance assessment determined that a significant portion of the environmental data was based on recursively published material. To address this deficiency neutron activation analysis (NAA) was used to determine concentration ratios of certain biota. Three sites, two riparian and one shrub steppe, were sampled in the eastern Washington Columbia basin, near the Hanford site. Two hundred and fifty eight samples of opportunity were collected. This included 15 soil samples, 10 water and sediment samples, 40 different species of biota, and 2 terrestrial animal species and 3 aquatic animal species. These samples were prepared for NAA by drying, weighing, and in certain cases ashing to improve detection efficiency. After activation, the samples were placed in a HPGe detector to perform spectral analysis. The concentration results of 26 elements of interest are presented, along with newly established concentration ratios for all of the species sampled. / Graduation date: 2013
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Patterns and dynamics of context-dependency in the marine rocky intertidalBerlow, Eric Layani 09 June 1995 (has links)
As ecologists are being called upon to predict the consequences of human
perturbations to natural communities, an important goal is to understand what factors
drive variability or consistency in nature.
In the rocky intertidal of San Juan Island, Washington, a comparative
experimental approach was used to investigate spatial and temporal variation in
community organization. The effect of predation on B. glandula varied dramatically over
small spatial scales between microhabitats but was remarkably consistent over time
withing a given microhabitat. The effects of predation on S. cariosus varied over time
within the same microhabitat. By repeating previous landmark experiments at our study
site, and replicating these experiments across microhabitats, the domain of applicability
of previous experimental information was greatly expanded.
In an early successional assemblage on the Oregon coast, I tested the hypothesis
that, when the direct effect of one species on another increases in relative strength, its
total effect (direct + indirect) is less variable or conditional than if the link between those
species is weak. The effect of strong predation by whelks was less sensitive to the
presence of additional species and more consistently dampened natural variation between
experimental starting dates and between individual replicates within a given experiment.
In contrast, the outcome of weak predation was more spatially and temporally variable in
sign, and whether it magnified or dampened differences between individual replicates
varied between experiments. Consequently the mean total effect of weak predation
generally did not differ significantly from zero. However, in some cases, the range of
variation (both within and between experiments) in the effect of weak predation exceeded
the magnitude of the strongest total effect observed.
Longer term results of the experiments on the Oregon coast examined the role of
historic factors in influencing the degree to which successional paths are canalized and
repeatable or contingent and variable. Succession in mid-intertidal patches in the mussel
bed displayed complex patterns of historic effects that varied between species and
between different stages of succession. Despite its potential complexity, this system
exhibited some consistent and repeatable patterns of succession. Some important
canalizing, or noise-dampening forces in this system included: 1) physiological and life-history
constraints, 2) compensatory responses of functionally redundant species, and 3)
strong interactions between species. / Graduation date: 1996
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