This was an investigation of organizational response to retrenchment in higher education. The presidents and deans of Washington State's 32 community and technical colleges were surveyed to measure the severity of, as well as the strategic and economic approaches taken to the retrenchment. It was found that although there was a statistically significant association of .69 (p > .05) between colleges that viewed retrenchment as a serious threat and the pursuit of revenue enhancing options, there was also a statistically significant association of 87 (p > .05) between the use of strategic retrenchment plans and a decremental approach. These findings support those in the literature which hold that the political context in which retrenchment ls carried out precludes implementation of strategies that are 1n the best long-term interests of the college. This investigation concludes that development of techniques for protection of administrators from retaliation by the college community during retrenchment episodes may be the most effective way to enhance college response. / Ed. D.

It was my objective to develop a design-method with which I could define and capture the spirit of an urban monastery. The spirit of this monastery was to dictate the form, structure, volume, materials and details. Each part of the project, inside and outside, were to have the spirit of an urban monastery. lt was my hypothesis that the best way to capture the spirit of a project was to begin with conceptual models. These models were based on abstractions of how I felt about the monastery and its parts. Words such as hard, soft, dark, light, loud, quiet, open, closed, inviting and defensive were used to define the models. These models would grow and change, adapting to new situations, always gaining in detail until I would finally end up with a final design. / Master of Architecture

Have we lost the Art of Architecture? In this post-industrial epoch economics, capitalism, apathy, and popular culture are causing modern man to neglect aspects of his humanity. The essence of his existence and the quality of his life are quietly becoming a superficial image, T.S. Eliot sees this decay as the desacralization of modernity: "(the) assertion is that no culture has appeared or developed except together with a religion ......I see no reason why the decay of culture should not proceed much further...." Modernity has blinded man, he is unable to see any significance between reality or representation, poetry or banality, the eternal or the temporal. The ontological view of man is being lost to a historical view of man. Thus the actuality which gives meaning, significance, and value to man's existence - the poetics; and the actuality that transcends man over time - the eternal, are slowly being dissolved in a solution of neglect, opinion, and apathy. Architecture is the making of sacred space. Permanence and poetics are the signification for Architecture and the sacred. The poetics are man's desire to express, create and understand meaning in this world. Being a significant act of man, this expression of the infinite, manifests itself in Architecture. This is the ability to transcend beyond the need for a basic shelter toward something which expresses the aspirations, desires, wisdom and tragedies of man. The eternal has both physical and spiritual attributes. The physical aspect is man's skill and ability to make things. By joining together material, structure, gravity and geometry man assembles an artifact with the intent that it will endure and weather over time. The spiritual aspect is man's memory of things compelled by his own mortality which leads him toward permanence. Modern Architects are faced with the fact that their abilities are disappearing. The ability to define meaning, to profoundly seduce materials, to perform the ritual of construction and to mark a place - the ability to make a work of Architecture is slowly becoming extinct. If permanence and poetics cannot be reconciled with modernity, if man cannot create an artifact which is transcendent, existential, and eternal; the Art of Architecture - a language of man - will be lost. / Master of Architecture

Architecture occurs at the meeting of interior and exterior forces of use and space. These interior and environmental forces are both general and particular, generic and circumstantial. Architecture as the wall between inside and outside becomes the spatial record of this resolution and its drama. And by recognizing the difference between the inside and the outside, architecture opens the door once again to an urbanistic point of view. Robert Venturi It is the role of design to adjust to the circumstantial. Louis Kahn The existential purpose of building (architecture) is therefore to make a site become a place, that is, to uncover the meanings potentially present in the environment. Christian Norberg-Schulz / Master of Architecture

The population of this study was that of an urban school district located in the District of Columbia. Eight intact fourth, fifth, sixth, tenth, and twelfth grade classes were selected to participate in the study. The primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a career guidance program on the career maturity and self-esteem of a selected group of students and to assess the perception of the parents and students toward the program. The secondary purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of selected variables (gender, grade, CTBS test scores (math and reading on the elementary level), and socio-economic status to the career maturity and self-esteem of the students. The experimental group participated in a four month career guidance program using the National Career Development Guidelines as the standards for program development. A week prior to the beginning of the career guidance sessions, data were gathered using the Individual Student Profile, Crites' Attitude Scale and Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory. The experimental groups were exposed to a Career Guidance Program of fifty minute sessions during a period of four months. The whole class sessions included guidance activities that focused on self-awareness, career exploration, and career planning for the future. The data collected for the study were coded numerically and then compiled by a computer software programming (Number Cruncher Statistical System). The significance of the difference between the groups on the Career Maturity and Self-Esteem Inventories was determined by using the t-test for independent samples and the Pearson correlation Coefficient techniques for relationship between pairs of dependent measures. The findings derived from analysis of the data revealed that: (a) fourth, fifth, sixth, and twelfth graders of the experimental group scored significantly higher in self-esteem and career maturity as compared to their counterparts of the control group; (b) tenth graders of the experimental group did not score significantly different in self-esteem and career maturity as compared to their counterparts of the control group; (c) subjects with higher level of self-esteem scored significantly higher on career maturity as compared to subjects who had lower level of self-esteem; (d) gender, age, socio-economic, and reading and math skills were not significant factors on self-esteem of the participating subjects as a result of the short-term career guidance program; (e) a majority of the subjects who participated in the short-term career guidance program showed positive attitudes toward the overall effectiveness of the program; and (f) a majority of the parents reported to observe improvement in their children's self-awareness, knowledge of careers, and career planning and decision making skills. / Ed. D.

With rising concentrations of CO₂ in the Earth's atmosphere causing concern about climate change, many solutions are being presented to decrease emissions. One of the proposed solutions is to sequester excess CO₂ in geological formations such as basalt. The deep subsurface is known to harbor much of the microbial biomass on earth and questions abound as to how this deep life is going to respond to the injection of CO₂. Many studies have used model microorganisms to demonstrate the ability of microbes to aid in the safe, permanent sequestration of CO₂ in the subsurface. The objective of this research is to characterize the microbial community present in the basalts at the Wallula pilot carbon sequestration well prior to the injection of CO₂ and then perform laboratory studies to determine how the native microbial community will respond to carbon sequestration conditions. Six samples were collected from the Wallula pilot well prior to the injection of CO₂ into the system. The microorganisms in these samples were characterized by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, revealing a community dominated by the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The organisms detected were related to microbes known to metabolize hydrogen, sulfur, and single carbon compounds. These microorganisms may be stimulated in formations located at the fringe of the pool of injected CO₂. Laboratory studies revealed that the native microbial community suffered a two order of magnitude loss of population upon exposure to CO₂ under carbon sequestration conditions. The community also shifted from being dominated by Proteobacteria prior to CO₂ exposure to being dominated by Firmicutes after exposure. Specifically, the genus Alkaliphilus, which was previously undetected, appeared after CO₂ exposure and became dominant. The dominance of Alkaliphilus, along with other rare organisms which did not compose a majority of the population prior to the introduction of CO₂ to the system, indicates that members of the rare biosphere may be better adapted to changing environmental conditions specific to CO₂ sequestration than other indigenous cells. Thus, the rare biosphere should be examined closely as part of any environmental study, as these minority microorganisms may be the first indication of perturbation or impact. / Graduation date: 2013

The Portals proposal, “the restructuring of an isolated site into an existing urban fabric.” This weaving of the site back into the urban environment is accomplished by extending the project beyond the limits or boundaries of the site to try to increase pedestrian activity through the site and allow new access to the waterfront. The project is a microcosm of the city in the sense that it provides a place to live, work, and play. Incorporating these elements into the program assures a rich variety of social relationships which is the key to the vigor and richness of life in the city. / Master of Architecture

"The word Type represents not so much the image of a thing to be copied or perfectly imitated as the idea of an element that must itself serve as a rule for the Model... The Model, understood in terms of the practical execution of art, is an object that must be repeated such as it is; Type on the contrary, is an object (an idea) according to which one can conceive works that do not resemble one another at all. Everything is precise and given in the Model; everything is more or less vague in the Type." (Quatremere de Quincy, 1832) "The rustic hut ... is the model on which all the magnificent achievements of Architecture have been imagined. It is by moving closer, in the execution of work, to the simplicity of this first model that we avoid the essential defects and attain the true perfections ...It is the essential parts which contain all the beauties ... " (M.-A. Laugier, 1755) / Master of Architecture

This dissertation is a qualitative secondary content analysis of clinical records collected for the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to domestic and intimate partner violence (IPV). The Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization have identified intimate partner violence (IPV) as a health policy issue. Most studies of intimate partner violence and children exposed to violence have used samples from domestic violence shelters, large phone-based community surveys, or convenience samples such as college students. Currently, studies of families that have experienced intimate partner violence and received services in their homes do not exist. As such, the process and effects of intimate violence in families residing in their homes have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify the structural issues, factors affecting service engagement, family characteristics, and factors promoting resiliency in families that experienced intimate partner violence and were served by the Spokane Safe Start Project in Spokane, Washington, a program designed to offset trauma in children exposed to caregiver intimate partner violence. To this end, the four research questions were: 1) What are the underlying structural problems that affected these families? 2) Is family functioning at intake associated with the length of time with the program? 3) Of the families that engaged with Safe Start for at least five face-to-face contacts, what are the caregiver and/or family characteristics that seem to indicate the presence or absence of resilience in the caregivers? This study involved the analysis of the clinical case records of 30 families that received Spokane Safe Services. The primary source of data for this study came from the narrative portions of the electronic ACCESS and written client clinical records. The Spokane Safe Start clinical narratives served as a record of clinician observations, interactions, and service delivery to families greatly affected by intimate partner violence. Using the bio-ecological perspective and family systems theory as the theoretical frameworks to understand intimate partner violence and its effects on children, data analysis and synthesis, I used qualitative content analysis thematic analysis, and data matrices. In essence, this is a multiple case study producing "context-dependent knowledge" that is vital to develop ecologically sound interventions to address intimate partner violence and its effects on families (Flyvbjerg, 2006, p. 221). This study revealed three main findings. Families encountered roadblocks in the form of environmental and individual obstacles. These obstacles included family-of-origin dynamics, severe financial problems, and individual issues such as relationship ambivalence and substance abuse that posed serious limitations to developing resilience. Parent-child interactions were strained and difficult in most families. The majority of children experienced chronic IPV and many had a history of maltreatment as well. Although many parents were concerned about the future wellbeing of their children, they also had difficulty reflecting on their children’s emotional needs and experiences. Evidence of resilience in the case narratives was quite limited. There was evidence, one particular clinician's model of service provision was more successful at engendering resilience than that of the other clinicians. Results were triangulated with the extant literature and previous quantitative studies conducted by Washington State University on the Spokane Safe Start data indicating the results of this study are trustworthy and credible. This study makes an important contribution to the family violence literature and may serve as a resource for policy and program development. / Graduation date: 2012

Several lakes located in the blast zone of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens were studied to determine if the plankton in the lakes were limited in their growth by nitrogen or phosphorus availability. Long term nutrient enrichment experiments were performed on lake water from five lakes and measures of chlorophyll-a, carbon fixation, and nutrient uptake were used to evaluate the extent of limitation. Nutrient concentrations, ratios, and uptake from 14 lakes provided additional evidence for limitation by nitrogen and/or phosphorus. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the lakes were also examined to monitor the return of these lakes to pre-eruption conditions. Lakes heavily impacted by the 1980 eruption (Ryan, Fawn, and Hanaford Lakes) and newly formed Castle Lake produced positive responses to nitrogen additions, reflecting the continuing importance of nitrogen in these lakes. Evidence for colimitation by phosphorous was apparent in some of the lakes. Venus Lake, located near the fringe of the blast zone received less organic debris and responded only with phosphorus additions. Evaluations of nutrient depletion from the photic zones of these lakes during the growing season supported the results from the bioassays. Two measures of growth (chlorophyll-a and carbon fixation) often responded differently to enrichment, suggesting active algal and bacterial communities in some of the lakes. Qualitative measures of alkaline phosphatase activity normalized to chlorophyll-a indicated that those lakes which contained the highest dissolved organic carbon and bacterial counts following the eruption had higher alkaline phosphatase activities than less impacted lakes, suggesting bacterial enzyme production. Alkaline phosphatase activity confirmed that phosphorus limitation was more severe in lakes having less soluble reactive phosphorus. Most of the lakes appear to be similar to other Cascade Mountain lakes, although many have reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters during stratification. Incomplete mixing of these lakes during periods of circulation may regulate the decomposition of the organic material and hence, full recovery of these lakes.