Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. / One of the greatest problems Mozambique is currently facing is the increased involvement of sectors in producing large amounts of solid waste on a daily basis. These sectors are involved in activities that take place in homes, industry, mining, agriculture and commerce. As a result, this problem needs to be treated efficiently by the Municipality of Maputo. Solid waste produced each day in Maputo is not only an aesthetic problem but poses a threat to citizens' health and it damages the environment. With the production of large amounts of waste each day, the Municipality of Maputo is faced with an ineffective solid waste management system. This ineffectiveness is due to a number of reasons, which include lack of resources, inadequate or no staff training, poor management of solid waste by both the municipal and the government, inappropriate laws to regulate solid waste collection, poor control of such laws in terms of removal and disposal of the waste, using past colonial methods for dealing with solid waste and poor community involvement, The problem not only affects the Municipality of Maputo but it also affects both citizens and the environment. Ineffective solid waste management is linked to poor management, lack of resources, poor staff training, and unskilled public officials. The city gets dirtier as the amount of waste increases day by day, due to the fact that citizens living in rural areas have immigrated to the city looking for work after the civil war, which took place between 1977 and 1994. Emerging from a severely damaged war-torn economy, Mozambique is still in the process of reconstituting many of its public institutions. Communities, local government, industry, commerce, civil society, academics and religious organisations can no longer turn a blind eye to poor solid waste management. Instead, they need to join to fight against poor management of solid waste. The current situation demonstrates that too few individuals, non-profit organisations and private companies are involved in solid waste management activities. Effective solid waste management can only be effective if it engages all producers of waste and captures the policy strategies, planning and challenges of sustainable development.

Orientador: Antonio Batocchio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:45:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LomboCarrillo_JennyCarolina_M.pdf: 4246562 bytes, checksum: 73c3918f87fdff4311620e55062bdcaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A variedade de produtos tem se proliferado a um grau exagerado, e a competição por imitação é destruidora da margem de lucro. Nesse ambiente competitivo o modelo de manufatura enxuta (Lean Production) tem sido objeto de grande interesse por parte de empresas do setor industrial, que têm se empenhado em obter ganhos de competitividade. As iniciativas pioneiras de implantação de técnicas de produção e fornecimento Justo a Tempo (JIT) em empresas brasileiras datam da década de 80. No presente momento, as práticas enxutas se expandem por outras áreas das organizações e por diferentes ramos de atividades, recebendo algumas denominações, tais como: pensamento enxuto (lean thinking), organização ou empresa enxuta (lean organization ou lean enterprise), etc. Equipamentos eletrônicos desempenham atualmente um papel muito importante e insubstituível em nossa vida diária. Hoje em dia a rápida evolução da tecnologia fornece uma ampla gama desses equipamentos a preços cada vez mais acessíveis, aumentando o consumo. Este consumo leva a uma maior geração de resíduos. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa tem seu foco na produção enxuta buscando encontrar as ferramentas aplicáveis aos processos de produção de eletroeletrônicos e o ambiente enxuto, buscando entender e, posteriormente, traçar sugestões para as práticas enxutas e seus impactos e benefícios ao meio ambiente / Abstract: A huge diversity of products has been proliferated in a exaggerated way, and the unfaithful competition has caused a low markup. On this challenging environment the Lean Manufacturing model has turned matter of interest of industrial companies, whose has pursued on getting winnings on the competitive edge. The pioneer initiatives of production techniques and just-in-time (JIT) supply on Brazilian companies came from the 80's. Nowadays, the lean approach has been expanding through another organizations and on different branches, been renamed after like: lean thinking, lean organization or lean enterprise. Electronic devices play a role, very important and irreplaceable, on our life. Today a quickly evolution of technology provides a wide range of this kind of devices with lower prices producing an increase of the number of costumers. The consumption leads to a greater production of disposals. In this context, this research work has set-up on lead manufacturing in order to find the tools of the production of electronic devices and lean environment, to understand, and lately propose production practical lean, based on impacts an benefits to our natural environment / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica

Communities around the globe are confronted by environmental challenges such as waste management. These challenges are further aggravated by factors such the increasing volumes of waste, landfills that are running out of capacity and scarcity of suitable land to construct new landfill sites. The National Waste Management Strategy requires participation from all members of society including households, businesses, community organisations, nongovernmental organisations, parastatals and the three spheres of government, to promote practices that minimise the volumes of waste generated. The purpose of the research was to assess and investigate the current waste management practices at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), and recommend a waste management system. The research employed a quantitative approach, where participants were asked to complete a survey questionnaire. A literature review was conducted on waste management at higher learning institutions, with particular focus on the contribution that a university can make in alleviating some of the adverse effects of waste management. The outcome of the review highlighted some of the opportunities and barriers that can either disrupt or augment the process of implementing a waste management system. The results from the research revealed that CPUT does not conform to the hierarchy of waste management, and there is no waste management policy in place. The effect of this is that the stakeholders were not satisfied with the lack of leadership on waste related challenges. By developing a policy, providing leadership, conducting awareness campaigns and prioritising environmental challenges such responsible management waste, could improve the image of the institution in the eyes if its stakeholders.

Companies are constantly expected to be more competitive while working in an environment in which time and cost are limited, thereby preventing such companies from taking the time required to be responsive. It is, therefore, important that companies understand that conventional knowledge and methods will not serve unless there is a concerted focus on improvement of organisational performance toward fulfilling increased expectations, not just maintaining that which is comfortable. A more sustainable approach may be the introduction of lean manufacturing techniques. The lean manufacturing process is one that continuously strives to eliminate waste, thereby increasing the percentage of time that may be devoted to value-adding activities. Lean manufacturing principles were applied in the Can Coating Plant of Duco Speciality Coatings. This study was intended to identify waste in the current production process in the Can Coating Plant and then to use lean tools and principles to eliminate such waste. Implementation of these lean tools proved to result in a leaner and more value-adding process. The new process rendered a positive result on Duco Coating’s costs, quality and product performance. Recommendations on further improvements were also offered.

Please read the abstract in the front part of this document / Thesis (PhD (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemistry / unrestricted

No Brasil, a parcela orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) representa mais de 50% de sua composição, na grande maioria dos municípios. No entanto, a compostagem, como método de tratamento dos resíduos orgânicos, não é empregada como poderia, somente 1,5% dos RSU no país é compostados; mesmo a compostagem caseira sendo prática de baixo custo e apropriada a áreas residenciais não é usual. O presente trabalho enfatiza a educação ambiental (EA) como instrumento para a organização e participação social, visando à minimização de resíduos sólidos urbanos, através da implantação de composteiras caseiras. O enfoque é dado no envio dos resíduos orgânicos domiciliares para compostagem caseira e na incorporação de novos hábitos, após execução de programa de educação ambiental em uma comunidade, do município de Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brasil. No presente estudo, partiu-se das seguintes hipóteses; comunidades de baixos ingressos e pouca instrução, localizadas em bairros periféricos de centros urbanos, são capazes de se organizar e alterar seu comportamento com relação à questão da geração e descarte de RSU, quando convidados a integrar grupos submetidos a programa de Educação Ambiental, com metodologia participativa; aliando-se atividades teóricas e práticas elaborado de acordo com as necessidades específicas da comunidade e implantados considerando-se a realidade local. Os resultados alcançados foram a organização social da comunidade, com o desvio de 83,5% dos resíduos orgânicos do aterro para a compostagem, isso quando não foram minimizados antes, no aproveitamento completo dos alimentos. A prática da compostagem possibilitou testar vários tipos de composteira caseira e garantiu melhorias nas condições de disposição dos RSU, reduzindo os impactos ambientais. / In Brazil, the organic portion of the solid wastes represents more than 50% of its composition in most of the cities. However, the composting , as a method of organic wastes treatment, is not applied as it could be, only 1.5% of the Urban Solid Waste (USW or in Portuguese, RSU) is recycled; even the home composting, which has a low cost and is appropriated in residential areas, is not common. This current paper emphasizes the environmental education as an instrument for the social organization and participation as well as minimization of solid wastes, which are essential elements for a sustainable development. The approach is based on the reduction of solid wastes by sending the home organic waste to home composting and the incorporation of new habits after the execution of an environmental education program in a community from the city of Campos do Jordão (São Paulo - Brazil). The research was originated on the hypothesis that communities with lack of basic facilities and lower education rates located in surrounding areas of urban centers are capable of organizing and changing its habits in relation to production and discarding of USW. This is possible especially when people are invited to integrate groups committed to an environmental education program according to the specific needs of the community and considering the local reality. The obtained results were the social organization of the community, with the allocation of 83,5% of the organic wastes from landfills to composting, that is when it was not minimized before, with the complete use of food. The composting made it to possible to test various types of home composting and assured improvements in the disposal conditions of the USW, reducing environmental impact.

Worldwide, around 17% of food waste produced in high income countries is constituted of dairy products. In Sweden, Dairy Company A has been dealing with food waste production throughout all their sites. Although it already practices actions such regarding food waste minimization such as biogas generation and animal food, reduction and prevention practices are still an area of opportunity. The aim of this study is to explore alternatives for food waste prevention in Company A CSE dairy supply chain and generate recommendations that help the company achieve a more sustainable supply chain.  This study furthermore proposes a 5-step research methodology to identify food waste causes and drivers, including data gathering mainly through interviews and analysis based on proposed frameworks in relevant literature. It was found that activities related to systematic root cause identification and information storage and sharing play a key role in improving existing practices that aim to reduce and minimize food waste production from a supply planning perspective.  The research identified and recommended not only to raise awareness, which is key to reducing food waste, but to put into a broader context how decisions taken by any planner could be influencing the sustainability of the supply chain. This could be done through the adoption of process-driven mechanisms to share relevant information as well as food waste root cause identification. / Över hela världen utgörs cirka 17 % av matavfallet som produceras i höginkomstländer av mejeriprodukter. I Sverige har Mejeriföretag A sysslat med produktion av matavfall på alla sina anläggningar. Även om det redan tillämpar åtgärder som när det gäller minimering av matsvinn, såsom generering av biogas och djurfoder, är metoder för reduktion och förebyggande fortfarande ett område med möjligheter. Syftet med denna studie är att utforska alternativ för att förebygga matsvinn i Company A CSE-mejeriförsörjningskedjan och generera rekommendationer som hjälper företaget att uppnå en mer hållbar försörjningskedja.  Denna studie föreslår dessutom en 5-stegs forskningsmetodik för att identifiera orsaker och drivkrafter för matsvinn, inklusive datainsamling främst genom intervjuer och analyser baserade på föreslagna ramverk i relevant litteratur. Det visade sig att aktiviteter relaterade till systematisk rotorsaksidentifiering och informationslagring och -delning spelar en nyckelroll för att förbättra befintliga metoder som syftar till att minska och minimera produktionen av matavfall ur ett utbudsplaneringsperspektiv.  Forskningen identifierade och rekommenderade inte bara att öka medvetenheten, vilket är nyckeln till att minska matsvinnet, utan för att sätta in i ett bredare sammanhang hur beslut som fattas av alla planerare kan påverka leveranskedjans hållbarhet. Detta skulle kunna göras genom antagandet av processdrivna mekanismer för att dela relevant information samt identifiering av rotorsak för matavfall.

This case study of the waste management at a pharmaceutical company investigates the current situation and possible improvements for future work in terms of amount of waste generated, treatment methods and economy. The scope of the project was to assess all current waste streams from the everyday activities and find potential areas for improvement. Chemical/solvent waste have not been investigated thoroughly because of the complexity to make changes within the manufacturing processes. Waste generated during demolition and construction by external contractors have been excluded since it is not a part of the business as usual. The company has set the goal to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 20% and waste generated by 15% and to achieve these goals the waste diagnostic project have been initiated. Waste reports and guided tours at each department have been compiled to assess and map out all waste streams at the site. The waste management hierarchy has been used as a tool together with performance measurements to evaluate current situation and with examples from literature, other sites and industries recommendations have been made. The waste management hierarchy is a tool used to prioritize waste management to reach a circular economy, with landfill at the bottom and reduction/reuse at the top of the hierarchy the current status of a company can be assessed and also what areas that have to be improved in order to climb the hierarchy. The company shows a good environmental performance today and comply with internal standards, the waste metric scoring calculation results in a value of, , 464 which corresponds to energy recovery level of the waste management hierarchy. An ISO certificate ensures customers that a product or service meet the standards the customer have. There are ISO standards within many different areas and ISO 14001 applies to environmental management which the company is not certified with. The company comply with the internal standards but an ISO certificate would result in extra credibility. Some of the recommendations to the site includes a waste management communication program to engage employees, reuse of disposable pallets, drying of wastewater sludge and installation of paper shredder to reduce costs related to classified documents. / Denna fallstudie om avfallshanteringen på ett läkemedelsföretag undersöker den nuvarande situationen och potentiella förbättringsmöjligheter för framtida arbete beträffande mängd avfall som genereras, behandlingsmetoder och ekonomi. Projektets mål var att utvärdera alla avfallsströmmar från de dagliga aktiviteterna och identifiera potentiella områden för förbättring. Kemiskt/lösningsmedelavfall har inte undersökts på djupet på grund av komplexiteten att göra ändringar inom tillverkningsprocesserna. Projektavfall som genererats under rivning och byggande av externa entreprenörer har uteslutits eftersom det inte är en del av den dagliga verksamheten. Företaget har satt som mål att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser med 20% och avfall genererat med 15% och för att uppnå dessa mål har ”waste diagnostic” projektet inletts. Avfallsrapporter och guidade turer vid varje avdelning har sammanställts för att utvärdera och kartlägga alla avfallsströmmar på siten. Avfallshierarkin har använts som ett verktyg tillsammans med prestandamätningar för att utvärdera den aktuella situationen och med exempel från litteratur, andra siter och branscher har rekommendationer gjorts. Avfallshanteringshierarkin är ett verktyg som används för att prioritera avfallshantering för att uppnå en cirkulär ekonomi, med deponering i botten och minskning / återanvändning högst upp i hierarkin kan den aktuella statusen för ett företag bedömas och även vilka områden som måste förbättras för att nå högre upp i avfallshierarkin. Siten visar på en bra miljöprestanda idag och uppfyller de interna standarder som fastställts. Beräkningen av ”waste metric scoring” resulterar i ett värde, , på 464 vilket motsvarar nivån för energiåtervinning i avfallshanteringshierarkin. Ett ISO-certifikat garanterar kunder att en produkt eller tjänst uppfyller de standarder kunden har. Det finns ISO-standarder inom många olika områden och ISO 14001 är certifikatet för miljöledning som siten inte är certifierad med. Företaget följer de interna standarder som har satts men ett ISO-certifikat skulle resultera i ökad trovärdighet. Några av de identifierade rekommendationerna till företaget inkluderar ett kommunikationsprogram för avfallshantering för att engagera och utbilda anställda, återanvändning av engångspallar, torkning av slam och installation av dokumentförstörare för att minska kostnaderna kring sekretessbelagda dokument.

Yes / The concept of sustainable development implies that social, economic and environmental objectives should be delivered together, and that they can be achieved through enhanced community participation. The concept of social capital indicates how these objectives interrelate, implying that community involvement enhances trust and reciprocity, thus promoting better governance and greater prosperity. This paper draws on a survey of Community Waste Projects to explore how these concepts can inform investigations of community projects. It argues that the concepts provide useful guides to research and debate, but highlights the resource requirements of empirically confirming the claims of the social capital perspective.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: At the Mondi Kraft paper mill in Piet Retief, paper machine effluent is pre-treated by means of dissolved air flotation (DAF) and a mierostrainer prior to ultrafiltration (UF). Despite the rigorous pre-treatment of the effluent, severe fouling of the UF membranes still persisted, resulting in a sharp decrease in operational flux. In an attempt to improve the flux performance of the UF membranes an investigation was launched into the possible causes of membrane fouling. The study yielded the following results: Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric analyses of varIOUS effluent samples collected from different locations at the mill indicated the presence of aromatic compounds. Lignosulphonate appeared to be the main constituent in all the samples analysed. UV-Vis spectrophotometry was also performed on fouling extracted from membranes In order to evaluate the different approaches attempted to reduce membrane fouling. Most of the UV-Vis spectra obtained did not show the absorbance maxima below 210 nm that were seen for the paper machine effluent, DAF product, lignosulphonate and mierostrainer product. This indicated that the compounds with absorbance at lower wavelengths did not foul the membranes to the same extent as the aromatic substances with absorbance maxima between 230 and 400 nm. The influence of pH on the absorption of the various effluent samples was also investigated. An increase in pH resulted in (1) a "shift" in the wavelength scans from a lower to a higher wavelength, suggesting ionisation (deprotonation) with a subsequent delocalization of electrons and (2) an increase in the turbidity. The increase in turbidity which accompanied the Increase in pH could be explained by complex formation between the carboxylate ions, phenolic groups and divalent metal ions present in the effluent. Inductively coupled plasma analyses of several effluent samples with pH values 7 and 13 indicated the presence of significant amounts of Ca2+ ions in the effluent. There was a significant decrease in the Ca2+ levels with an increase in pH, which supported the hypothesis that Ca2+ might contribute to complex formation. This resulted in a decrease in solubility and an increase in turbidity. The addition of a chelating agent (ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid disodium salt) to an effluent solution at pH 13 redissolved the precipitate and considerably reduced the turbidity. The subsequent addition of CaCh again induced precipitation and increased turbidity, confirming the role of Ca2+ in complex formation. Gel permeation chromatographic analyses of mierostrainer product at pH 13 showed the formation of high molecular mass organo-calcium complexes. The exact molecular mass of the complexes present in the mierostrainer product could not be determined by electro spray mass spectrometry because of their poor ionisation ability. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed distinct differences in the membrane surface texture before and after fouling. Furthermore, SEM images of the UF membranes exposed the limited ability of the 30 urn microstrainer, installed downstream from the DAF unit, to remove residual fibres from the DAF product. Static fouling experiments performed on all the flocculants and coagulants used In the paper-making process at the mill showed that none of these substances fouled the UF membranes. Cleaning of the UF membranes with Triton XIOO®, a nOn-IOnIC surfactant, caused a temporary increase in the operating flux to values higher than that of the initial flux. Mechanical cleaning of the UF membrane surface with spongebalIs proved to be one of the most effective and successful methods to prevent flux loss caused by fouling. Pre-coating of the UF membranes with Plutonic" FI08, another non-ionic surfactant, did not promote membrane productivity. Evaluation of various types of membranes indicated that hydrophilic or negatively charged membranes withstood membrane fouling more effectively than hydrophobic UF membranes under the same operating conditions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: By Mondi Kraft se papier meule in Piet Retief word afloopwater vanaf die papiermasjiene vir hergebruik met behulp van ultrafiltrasie (UF) behandel. Opgeloste lugflotasie (OLF) en mikrosiwwing word as voorbehandeling vir die UF membraanproses ingespan. Ondanks die intensiewe voorafbehandeling wat toegepas word, vind daar geweldige aanvuiling van die UF membrane plaas wat tot die vinnige verlaging in bedryfsfluks aanleiding gee. 'n Ondersoek na die moontlike oorsake van membraan-aanvuiling het die volgende bevindinge opgelewer: Ultraviolet-sigbare (UV-Vis) spektroskopie van water monsters wat by die meule versamel is, het die teenwoordigheid van aromatiese komponente aangetoon, met lignosulfonaat die hoofkomponent in al die monsters wat ontleed is. Ekstrakte afkomstig van aangevuilde membrane is ook met behulp van UV-Vis-spektroskopie geanaliseer om verskeie benaderings te evalueer om 'n afname in membraan-aanvuiling te bewerkstellig. Die oorgrootte meerderheid spektra het nie die absorpsie maksima onder 210 nm aangetoon wat teenwoordig was in monsters van die papier masjien afloopwater, OLF uitvloeisel, lignosulfonaat en mikrosif produkwater nie. Dit het aangedui dat die komponente wat by laer golflengte absorbeer nie die UF membrane in dieselfde mate aanvuil as daardie komponente wat by hoër golflengtes (tussen 230 en 400 nm) absorbeer nie. Die invloed wat pH op die absorpsie van komponente teenwoordig in die onderskeie afloopwatermonsters het, is ook ondersoek. 'n Toename in pH het bygedra tot (1) 'n verskuiwing in die spektra vanaf 'n lae na 'n hoër golflengte vanweë ionisasie (deprotonering) met gevolglike delokalisasie van elektrone en (2) 'n toename in turbiditeit. Die toename in turbiditeit wat verband hou met die toename in pH was verduidelik aan die hand van kompleksvorming tussen die karboksilaat ione, fenoliese groepe en divalente metaal ione in die afloopwater. Induktief gekoppelde plasma analise van verskeie water monsters by pH 7 en 13 het die teenwoordigheid van 'n groot hoeveelheid Ca2+ aangetoon. 'n Verlaging in die vlakke van opgeloste Ca2+ het met die toename in pH verband gehou. Dit het die moontlike verbintenis tussen Ca2+ en kompleksvorming ondersteun wat bygedra het tot die afname in oplosbaarheid en toename in turbiditeit. Die byvoeging van etileendiamientetra-asynsuur-dinatriumsout, 'n kelerings reagens by afloopwater (pH 13) het die presipitaat weer in oplossing gebring en die turbiditeit merkwaardig verlaag. Die byvoeging van CaCh het weer presipitasie geïnduseer, met 'n gevolglike toename in turbiditeit. Hiermee is Ca2+ se rol in kompleksvorming bevestig. Gelpermeasie-chromatografiese analise van die mikrosif produk (pH 13) het die vorming van hoë molekulêre massa organo-kalsium komplekse bevestig. Dit was egter nie moontlik om met behulp van massaspektrometrie die korrekte molekulêre massa van die komplekse te bepaal nie vanweë hul onvermoë om te ioniseer. Atomiese krag mikroskopie en skandeer elektron mikroskopie (SEM) het duidelik die voor en na verskil getoon wat aanvuiling op die membraantekstuur gehad het. 'n SEM foto van die aangevuilde UF membraan het die onvermoë van die mikrosif blootgelê om oorblywende vesels vanuit die OLF produkwater te verwyder. Resultate bekom gedurende passiewe aanvuilingseksperimente het aangetoon dat al die in-proses flokkulante en koagulante wat gebruik word by die papier meule geen bydrae tot die aanvuiling van die UF membrane maak nie. Skoonmaak van die UF membrane met Triton XIOO® bring 'n verhoging in bedryfsvloed teweeg, maar die verhoging, wat hoër as die oorspronklike vloed is, is kortstondig. Meganiese skoonmaak van die buismembrane met behulp van sponsballe blyk die mees effektiewe skoonmaakmetode te wees. Voorafbehandeling van die UF membrane met Plutonic" F 108 het nie die membraanproduktiwiteit verhoog nie. Daar is ook bevind dat hidrofiliese of negatief gelaaide membrane groter weerstand bied teen aanvuiling in vergelyking met hidrofobiese UF membrane onder dieselfde bedryfstoestande.