Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão / Coorientador: Adriano Wagner Ballarin / Banca: Holmer Savastano Junior / Banca: Silvia Regina Lucas de Souza / Banca: Derval dos Santos Rosa / Banca: Carla dos Santos Riccardi / Resumo: A utilização dos resíduos sólidos como matéria-prima pode diminuir consideravelmente a extração de recursos naturais, diminuindo assim o impacto sobre o meio ambiente. Dentre os resíduos, os plásticos estão entre os que mais apresentam problemas, pois, mesmo quando descartados corretamente nos aterros sanitários, causam danos ao formarem uma camada impermeável que dificulta a compactação do lixo, afetando as trocas de líquidos e gases gerados e reduzindo a eficiência do processo de biodegradação da matéria orgânica. Diante dos problemas, este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a viabilidade técnica de utilização de dois tipos de processos: a extrusora dupla rosca e o misturador termocinético (Drais), na produção de compósitos de BOPP (Polipropileno Biorientado metalizado), reforçados com resíduos de cascas, de eucalipto (CE) e de arroz (CA). Das misturas entre esses resíduos, foram confeccionados 10 tratamentos, de onde se extraíram os corpos de provas, moldados por injeção. Foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas (flexão - módulo de ruptura-MOR e módulo de elasticidade-MOE, resistência à tração, resistência ao impacto e dureza Shore D), térmicas (avaliação da condutividade térmica e isolamento térmico), termomecânica (temperatura de deflexão sob aquecimento-HDT) e morfológica, com microscópio estéreo e aumento de 50 vezes para analisar a estrutura interna do corpo de prova, depois de fraturado pelo ensaio de impacto. Para análise das propriedades mecânicas dos corpos de p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of solid waste as raw material can considerably reduce the extraction of natural resources, thus reducing the impact on the environment. Among residues, plastics are among the most problematic ones because, even when they are properly disposed in landfills, they cause damage by forming a barrier layer which makes it difficult to compact the garbage, affecting the exchange of generated liquids and gases, reducing the efficiency of the biodegradation process of the organic matter. Before such problems, the objective of this work was to evaluate the technical feasibility of two types of processes, the double screw extruder and the thermokinetic mixer - dryser, in the production of BOPP (Bioriented metallized Polypropylene) composites, strengthened by residues of barks eucalyptus (CE) and rice (CA). From the mixtures among these residues 10 treatments have been prepared, from where the test bodies were extracted, molded by injection. Mechanical properties (flexurerupture modulus-MOR and elasticity modulus-MOE, tensile strength and impact strength towards Shore D hardness), as well as thermal (thermal conductivity and thermal insulation evaluation), thermo-mechanical (heat deflexion temperature-HDT) and morphological characteristics have been evaluated by using a stereo microscope and 50x magnification to analyze the internal structure of the test body, after being fractured by the impact test. For analyzing the mechanical properties of the proof bodies the standards ASTM ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The work presented in this thesis was carried out with a particular view of enhancing the of coal fired fluidised bed hot gas generator (HGG) at the Cantley factory of British Sugar. It covers combustion of coal and biomass and their blends also called co-firing in a fluidised bed combustor. Particularly it focuses on the effect of introduction of moisture as part of fuel or injection of water into the bed on the reduction of excess air to get a stable bed temperature. Although this thesis is focused on increasing the throughput of the HGG, the study has a broad application and can be beneficial in utilising relatively cheap, poor quality, unprepared biomass materials. The results of this study can be helpful in devising systems to deal with wastes from different industries in co-combustion with a fuel of higher calorific value such as coal. Thus the study will have dual impact on the industry; addressing waste management issues on one hand and producing useful energy on the other. This may contribute towards meeting the targets of Kyoto Protocol by reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (COi) as biomass is thought to be COa neutral. The fluidised bed at Cantley is used to dry animal feed and has a design capacity of 40 MW but due to limitations of flow of fluidising gases caused by high flow resistance through sparge pipes, the combustor is running under capacity. Consequently, some of the animal feed has to be dried by using expensive oil fired drier. In any combustion system excess air is used to control combustion temperature. In fluidised bed combustion excess air is used to control bed temperature. If the bed is cooled by other means the requirement of excess air can be reduced. This is the basic idea behind this study which is aimed at enhancing the capacity of the HGG by cooling the bed and thus reducing excess air requirements. The excess air thus spared can be used to combust more coal in the bed and thus will reduce dependence on oil fired dryer and will have financial benefits for British Sugar. Different fuels including wood pellets, wood chips and sugar industry by-products such as vinasse, raffinate and pressed pulp were fired/cofired with Thoresby coal in a fluidised bed test rig installed at the University of Glamorgan. The blends of wood chips and pressed pulp with coal are co-fired at different moisture contents. The tests were conducted at different thermal inputs at a wide range of excess air levels. Most of the work is focusedon the combustion of blends of coal and pressed pulp in different proportions. It was found that the maximum proportion of the pressed pulp in the blend with coal which could be burned successfully in the fluidised bed is 50%. During combustion of different coal-pulp and coal-wood chips blends it was found that excess air requirement is reduced by around 20% in comparison to coal only firing, over the range of the operating conditions tested. Because of the presence of potassium in pressed pulp, which could cause agglomeration during combustion in fluidised beds, longer term tests were carried out with 50/50 blend of coal and pulp. No signs of agglomeration were observed when the rig was fired for 8 days for almost 7 hours a day. However, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses of bed samples taken at the end of every day have shown the accumulation of potassium in the bed up to 1%. For comparison purposes tests were also carried out by co-firing coal with raffiante and vinasse and then it was observed that the bed defluidised relatively quickly, within 40 minutes of co-firing. Post experiment SEM analysis confirmed the accumulation of potassium in the bed which was found to be around 8% for raffinate and around 10% for the vinasse experiment. It was found that the pulp is difficult to deal with and particularly its feeding into the fluidised bed could be a potential problem. Therefore, injection of water into the bed, a relatively cheaper and adaptable option, was also investigated. It was found that emissions of carbon monoxide due to incomplete combustion or water gas shift reaction would not be a problem as long as the bed temperature is controlled above 800 °C. It was found that the injection of water at a rate of 4.5 1/h into the bed fired at 17 kW reduced the air flow requirement by around 7.5 m3/h which corresponds to a reduction of almost 20% which agrees with the finding with coal-pulp blends co-firing. This excess air can be used to burn around 5 kW equivalent of more coal and thus result in an increase in the thermal capacity by around 30%. Therefore, it may be possible to enhance the thermal capacity of the HGG at Cantley by 30% by injecting water into the bed or by co-firing coal and pulp.

A key engineering challenge is a transition to cleaner sustainable energy supply that is derived from renewable resources. Furthermore, affordable access to this modern sustainable energy services for communities in particular poor rural and urban communities is crucial. Microbial fuel cell (MFCs) is an emerging renewable alternative technology with potential to be self-sustaining that could alleviate the energy crisis and reduce environmental pollution. The use of the MFC as a dual system for electricity generation and wastewater treatment is been well reported in literature. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is an effective electro-catalyst that have been used for alkaline fuel cells and battery application. MnO2 have a high conductivity and high structural porosity for ion and gas transport. In addition, MnO2 have a favourable crystal morphology, which makes it particularly useful for improving oxygen reduction reaction in the fuel cell. Graphene (GO) will be loaded on MnO2 surface as an effective support material. GO is a material good for electrical conductivity and their mechanical strength is applicable in electro-catalytic activities and is cost effective. In this work, a constructed dual chamber MFC configuration with graphite rod electrodes, MnO2-GO electrocatalyst and proton exchange membrane (PEM) using municipal sewage wastewater to generate electricity. The MnO2 as an alternative electro catalyst used for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the MFC while using reduced graphene (rGO) as a support to enhance electrode surface area. Also addressing the effect of graphene material loading on MnOx catalyst for electrochemistry. The characterization of the MnO2-GO electrocatalyst have been analysed using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Brunau-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for structural properties. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) for MnO2-GO electrocatalyst. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) for the thermal properties, and the morphological properties probed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The dual chamber MFC design functioned successfully and tested for energy generation from municipality sewage wastewater. The maximum voltage of 586 mV reached during MFC operation with various sewage municipal wastewater COD of 100-300mg/L. The maximum power density of 248 mW/m2 with resistance of 16.98 Ω and highest current density of 1.72mA/m2 was observed at the first cycle as compare to other cycle. The lowest value of 0.002159 mA/m2 obtained at the end of 10 days. The content of municipality sewage wastewater is capable of generating electricity. The physico-chemical properties of α-MnO2 exhibits excellent cycling stability on the electrochemical. This excellent cycling stability of α-MnO2 as a super capacitor electrode material. In addition, the graphene material loading on α-MnO2 has improved the electro catalytic activity, which influences the kinetics of the reduction reaction. The α-MnO2 synthesized BET analysis specific surface area of 134.61m2 g-1 reported. MFC technology has the potential to finds its own niche in the energy industry as it is becoming more and more sustainable due to the lower cost of electro catalyst materials. Power densities of 248 mW/m2 using wastewater with COD of 291mg/l were much higher than those previously obtained using low strength wastewater. These results have opened doors for further investigation of improving electro catalysis, utilized high concentration wastewater with high COD and improved MFC design including electrode materials. / Civil and Chemical Engineering / M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-04-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:33:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brito_apf_me_rcla_parcial.pdf: 46116 bytes, checksum: 35801b67abbc09d78bf904d95a830e91 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A grande demanda e o crescente desenvolvimento urbano tem intensificado o esgotamento dos recursos naturais no mundo. Surge com a premissa de criar ambientes permanentes, “a permacultura”, uma ferramenta da agricultura a qual se criam zonas de ambientes equilibradamente produtivos com caráter sustentável. De acordo com técnicas de aproveitamento de resíduos para a agricultura, ao se pensar na questão urbana, as ETE (Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto), tratam as águas residuais e neste processo acumula nas unidades de tratamento, um lodo, cuja disposição final geralmente é problemática. Assim, são necessários estudos sobre a utilização do lodo em sistemas recicláveis, e como alternativa viável seu uso na agricultura. Dentro dos estudos realizados acerca dos impactos físicos, químicos e biológicos que este lodo pode causar ao ambiente, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a aplicação do lodo da ETE de Araraquara, em Argissolo Vermelho (PV). Para isso foram construídos lisímetros com o solo e aplicadas 2 doses de lodo denominados L5 com 500 g de sólidos totais/m2 e L15 com 1500 g de sólidos totais/m2. Ao longo de 89 dias foram realizados 4 aplicações acumulativas de lodo. Os lisímetros ficaram expostos à temperatura e a chuva ambiente. Durante os dias de chuva, foram coletadas amostras de água percolada e estas foram submetidas a análises em ICP-OES (Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado), para metais. Também foram realizados testes microbiológicos para um indicador biológico nas águas percoladas. Durante o tratamento, sementes remanescentes na camada superficial do solo, germinaram espécie denominada Brachiaria Decumbens, e análises químicas em ICP-OES foram realizadas em suas folhas. Observou-se que ao longo dos 89 dias, houve ausência de E. coli e coliformes totais... / The high demand and increasing urban development has intensified the depletion of natural resources in the world. Arises from the premise of create permanent environments, permaculture, an agricultural tool which are created zones balanced productive environments with sustainable character. Accordance with use of residues techniques for agriculture, when thinking about urban issues, the STS (Sewage Treatment Station), treat the wastewater and in the process accumulate in treatment units, one sludge, whose final disposition is generally problematic. Thus, studies are needed on usage of this sludge in recyclable systems, and how alternative viable their use in agriculture. Within these studies are the physical, chemical and biological impacts this sludge may cause to the environment, this study aimed to evaluate application of the sewage sludge of Araraquara, in PV - Paleudalf. For this tanks were constructed (lysimeters) with the soil applied and two doses of sludge called L5 with 500 g of solids total/m2 and L15 with 1500 g of solid total/m2. For 89 days four accumulative applications of sludge were performed. The tanks were exposed to environmental temperature and rainfall. During the rainy days, water samples were collected and percolated and they were subjected to ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) analyzes for metals. Microbiological tests were also performed on the percolated waters for a biological indicator. During treatment, seeds remaining in the surface layer of the soil, germinated species called Brachiaria decumbens, and chemical analyzes in ICP-OES were performed on their leaves. It was observed that over the 89 days, there were no E. coli and total coliforms in percolated water. For analysis of metals in waters held in ICP-OES, the test was reliable, and their concentrations in percolated... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dalfre_rr_me_rcla.pdf: 795320 bytes, checksum: f8e9dc00a65f4b32b938ecf5e969bdcd (MD5) / Este trabalho trata de ações voltadas a solucionar problemas decorrentes do descarte inadequado de resíduos sólidos no meio físico através da implantação do gerenciamento desses resíduos em uma indústria de cerâmica de revestimentos localizada na APL de Santa Gertrudes, município de Cordeirópolis, São Paulo. Os processos de caracterização, segregação, classificação, transporte, armazenamento, reutilização, reciclagem e disposição final fazem parte do gerenciamento dos resíduos. A implantação deste estudo é pioneira na região, contribuindo com o campo acadêmico e impulsionando os empresários a investirem nesta área. Neste estudo foi quantificado o volume de resíduos gerados na cerâmica, sendo que 4% dos resíduos são classificados como classe II B; 1% é classe II A destinados a reciclagem e 81% classificados como II A, porém retornam ao processo de beneficiamento da argila; e 14% são encaminhados para a unidade receptora de resíduos e destinados ao coprocessamento. Além da quantificação, foi elaborado o inventário de resíduos sólidos, permitindo obter um diagnóstico dos processos de gerenciamento de resíduos seguindo a Resolução CONAMA nº313/2002 e as exigências do órgão ambiental do Estado de São Paulo. Desta forma, a implantação do gerenciamento de resíduos na cerâmica foi realizada de forma a garantir o descarte e ou a disposição final adequada, reduzindo os riscos na geração de passivos ambientais, favorecendo o crescimento econômico e sustentável da empresa de forma a atender as normas e legislações vigentes relacionadas aos resíduos sólidos / The research deals with the implementation of Solid Waste Management in a Ceramic Tile Industry located in Cordeirópolis city, São Paulo state. The implementation of this study has emerged as an important vehicle for improving environmental performance by providing the ceramic industry with the tools to successfully manage their activities. The processes of characterization, segregation, classification, storage, and search for alternatives to disposal of solid waste are part of the waste management. This study quantified the volume of waste generated in the ceramic tile industry and prepared an inventory of solid waste, allowing diagnosis of waste management processes following the CONAMA Resolution nº 313/2002 and the requirements of the Environmental Agency of the State of Sao Paulo. In doing so, the implementation of waste management in the ceramic industry was made in order to ensure adequate final disposal, to reduce risks of environmental liabilities and promoting sustainable economic growth, following the standards and current legislation related to solid waste

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_vf_me_bauru.pdf: 2976389 bytes, checksum: e21e0a9689f0bf0fb407519966384e6e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O município de Bauru-SP, de acordo com o IBGE, possui área de 668 km2 e uma população de 346.650 habitantes em 2011. Considerando o aterro sanitário como uma saída prática para a deposição final de resíduos, de acordo com o Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (2010), e que o atual aterro de Bauru-SP encontra-se prestes a atingir sua capacidade de armazenamento, neste trabalho investigou-se a existência de possíveis áreas para a implantação de um novo aterro sanitário. A pesquisa foi feita através de técnicas de Geoprocessamento e Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), utilizando Análise Multi-Critério de Decisão para as visões Ambientais, Econômicas e Sociais, tendo estes ponderados de diferentes modos e utilizando a Análise Hierárquica de Processos - AHP. Após a etapa de estimativa do tamanho que o novo aterro deverá ter após 15 anos de funcionamento, verificou-se que área mínima necessária para a deposição de resíduos sólidos para o municipío de Bauru -SP entre os anos de 2013 a 2008 é de 0.53 km2. Vários cenários de simulaçãop foram testados, considerando todos os aspectos restritivos. Contudo, verificou-se que em Bauru não há áreas aptas para instalação do novo aterro, principalmente devido à necessidade de se respeitar faixa de segurança dos dois aeroportos: de Bauru de 13 km e de Bauru-Arealva de 20 km. Porém os demais cenários restritivos, encontram-se 4 áreas classificadas como de Muito Alta e Alta aptidão para a implantação do aterro sanitário, além de verificar quais as condições destas classes para a área contínua ao atual aterro. Porém, dependendo dos critérios restritivos utilizados, ainda há a possibilidade de encontrar um novo local. Caso a restrição seja de fato total, recomenda-se que seja... / The city of Bauru encompasses an area of 668 km2 and had 346,650 inhabitants in the year 2011. Considering the landfill as convenient way for final disposal of solid waste and that the current landfill Bauru-SP is almost reaching its storage capacity, in this paper it was investigated the existence of possible areas for the implementation of a new landfill. The research was carried out through techniques of Geoprocessing and Geographic Information System (GIS), using Multi-criteria Decision Analysis for visions Environmental, Social and Economic, which area weighted in different forms using the Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP. After the step size, we estimule that the needed area of the new landfill after 15 years of operation. Hence, it was found that the minimum area required for solid waste disposal for the Bauru-SP among the years 2013 to 2028 is 0.53 km2. Several simulations scenarios were tested. However, if all restrictive features were effectively considered, in Bauru there is no suitable area for installation of the new landfill. The main reason is existence the buffer area of the two airports: 13 Km for Bauru aerodrome and 20 km for Bauru-Arealva airport. On the other hand, for the other restriction scenarios, four places are classified as Very High or High suitable for sitting the new landfill. We conclude that there is an immense difficulty in finding areas for implementation of the landfill in the city of Buru-SP. However, depending on the restrictive criteria there is still the possibility of finding a new location, if the restriction is actually complete, it is recommended the consideration of consortia with neighboring municipalities, or... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 scoton_ej_me_bauru.pdf: 11700204 bytes, checksum: 4b50447a64f592bc0b8288e6d2b3ee17 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O desenvolvimento econômico e a necessidade de proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida a toda a população, constituem alguns aspectos responsáveis para que a produção de residuos sólidos seja cada dia maior, aumentando a necessidade da busca de soluções ambientais corretas, para sua destinação. A compostagem consiste em importante ferramenta para o tratamento da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos, através do uso de tecnologias que processam os resíduos originados da agricultura, agroindústria, silvicultura, dos domicílios e, ainda, do loda da estação de tratamento de esgoto, adequando-os para serem incorporados ao solo e contribuindo para redução de adubos químicos. No Brasil, o emprego do processo de compostagem, é ainda bastante restrito, pelo alto grau de empirismo utilizado no controle e avaliação do processo e por falta de conhecimento técnico. Este estudo aborda o problema do tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos provenientes das estações de tratamento de esgoto, através de pesquisa experimental de co-compostagem com outros resíduos orgânicos. No processo desenvolvido, denominado de método respirométrico, utilizou-se metodologia na qual os parâmetros de degradação biológica dos resíduos são quantificados na fase gososa. Os parâmetros avaliados, nesse trabalho, na fase gasosa de processos de co-compostagem do lodo de esgoto, possibilitaram a determinação do consumo de O2 e a geração de CO2 e da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO). Ao obter valores em substância totalmente homogênia, seu emprego apresentou como vantagens maior representatividade, precisão e confiabilidade, representando uma evolução quando comparados aos métodos tradicionais, permitindo o acompanhamento on line e contínuo. Os resultados foram muito superiores, quando... / Economic development and the need to provide better quality of life for the entire population, are responsible for some aspects of the production of solid waste each day is greater, increasing the need to search for environmental solutions right to your destination. Composing is an important tool for the treatment of the organic fraction of solid waste throgh the use of technologies that process the waste generated from agriculture, agribusiness, forestry, households, and also sludge from sewage treatment plant, adapting them to be incorporated into the solid and contribuing to reduction of chemical fertilizers. In Brazil the use of traditional composting process is still very limited, the high degree of empirism used in the control and evaluation of the process and lack of technical knowledge. This study addressed the problem of the treatment of organic solid waste from the sewage treatment plants, through experimental research of co-composting with other organic waste. In the process developed, called respirometric method was used methodology in which the parameters of biological degradation of waste are quantified in the gas phase. The parameters evaluated in this study, in the gas phase of the co-composting of sewage sludge, allowed the determination of O2 consumption and CO2 generation and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). By obtaining values in totally homogeneous substance, its use had advantages as greater representation, accuracy and reliability, representing an evolution when compared to traditional methods, enabling monitoring on line and continuous. The results were far superior when compared to the traditional method, obtaining data lines 1440/day, while in the conventional process, these data are sun up to a daily measurement of temperature, which makes the respirometric method an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-10-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 celeri_mj_dr_rcla.pdf: 6199628 bytes, checksum: a8484eb575b0136425f3d9baac369d33 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A aprovação da Lei nº 12.305/2010, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), após longos vinte e um anos de discussão no Congresso Nacional marcou o início de uma forte articulação institucional envolvendo os três entes federados – União, Estados e Municípios -, o setor produtivo e a sociedade civil na busca de soluções para os graves problemas causados pelos resíduos, que vêm comprometendo a saúde e a qualidade de vida dos brasileiros. Neste contexto, esta tese apresenta uma análise crítica dos principais objetivos, diretrizes, metas e instrumentos da política e, mais especificamente, avaliar a eficácia para a gestão e o gerenciamento através dos consórcios intermunicipais de resíduos sólidos, prioritários pela Lei. Para tanto, através do método Crítico-Reflexivo, foi verificada a situação do Consórcio Intermunicipal do Vale do Paranapanema (CIVAP) responsável pela gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos de 20 municípios no interior do Estado de São Paulo. A conclusão de que o mesmo não deveria ser tratado como prioridade pela Lei nº 12.305/2010 deve-se ao fato de ele não apresentar um Plano de Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos de acordo com a realidade regional. Neste sentido, esta tese contribui apresentando premissas de adaptação do CIVAP à PNRS, através da identificação de Grupos de Trabalho e na efetivação de três bases – Legal, Operacional e Orçamentária, que podem ser extrapolados a outros consórcios intermunicipais / The approval of Law Nº. 12.305/2010, which established the National Policy of Solid Waste (PNRS), after long twenty-one years of discussion in the National Congress marked the beginning of a strong institutional coordination involving three federal agencies - federal, state and municipalities - the productive sector and civil society to find solutions to the serious problems caused by waste, which over time have compromised the health and quality of life of Brazilians. In this context, this thesis presents an understanding of the main objectives, guidelines, targets and instruments of the policy in question and, more specifically, whether it is a tool for the administration and management of solid waste, through Intermunicipal Consortia, a priority by law. Therefore, using the method-Critical Reflective the situation of the Intermunicipal Consortium Valley Paranapanema (CIVAP) responsible for the management and solid waste management in 20 municipalities in the State of São Paulo, was here verified. The conclusion that it should not be treated as a priority by Law Nº. 12.305/2010 is due to the fact that it doesn't have a Plan of Integrated Waste Management according to the regional reality. In this sense, this thesis contributes presenting directions for the adaptation of the CIVAP to PNRS, by identifying the Working Groups and the execution of three bases - Legal, Operational and Budget, which can be extrapolated to other Intermunicipal consortia

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:48:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000833961_20160227.pdf: 122500 bytes, checksum: 8a205aae9003299a2e94966451b681d1 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-02-29T12:16:23Z: 000833961_20160227.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-29T12:17:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000833961.pdf: 767207 bytes, checksum: f6e44639cbf32216fc537ea67acf5917 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A falta de controle e consciência na utilização dos recursos naturais por muito tempo tem agora mostrado a humanidade suas consequências. A escassez de água potável ou própria para tratamento já é uma verdade para grande parte do mundo civilizado. As indústrias têxteis geram grande quantidade de resíduos com baixos níveis de degradação, incluindo os corantes utilizados no processo e há dificuldade de tratamento e disposição final desses resíduos. O presente trabalho visou a degradação de efluentes têxteis simulados através de processo eletrolítico, a avaliação da eficácia na degradação e a avaliação ecotoxicológica do efluente tratado através de testes com Lactuca sativa, Eruca sativa, Cucumis sativus, Artemia salina e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os corantes Acid Blue 40 e Acid Red 151 apresentaram toxicidade para as sementes de L. sativa, E. sativa e C. sativus, não apresentando toxicidade para A. salina e S. cerevisiae. O cloro residual livre se mostrou tóxico para todos os organismos tendo a A. salina como organismo mais sensível. A S. cerevisiae apesar de não demonstrar sensibilidade aos corantes nas concentrações analisadas, se mostrou sensível ao processo de eletrólise apresentando maior sensibilidade para os tempos de 30 e 40 min. Foi possível inativar todo o cloro residual livre gerado durante o processo com adição de tiossulfato de sódio ao efluente tratado. Conclui-se que o tempo de tratamento de 15 min é suficiente para remoção da cor inicial do efluente e apresenta menor toxicidade entre as amostras com a cor removida sendo este o tempo ótimo de tratamento nas condições em que estes foram realizados / The lack of control and consciousness in exploring the natural resources for a long period has now showed humanity its consequences. The scarcity of potable water or water eligible for treatment is already a truth for most of the civilized world. The textile industries generate large quantities of waste with low level, including dyes used in the process and there are difficulties in treating and disposal of those wastes. The present study aimed into the degradation of simulated textile effluents through electrolytic process, the evaluation of the effectiveness in the degradation and the ecotoxicological evaluation of the treated effluent through tests with Lactuca sativa, Eruca sativa, Cucumis sativus, Artemia salina, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Acid Blue 40 e Acid Red 151 dyes presented toxicity for the seeds of L. sativa, E. sativa e C. sativus, and not presenting toxicity for A. salina e S. cerevisiae. The free residual chlorine shown itself toxic to all of the organisms, having A. salina as the most sensitive of them. The S. cerevisiae although not demonstrating sensitivity to the dyes in the analyzed concentrations, presented sensible to the electrolytic process presenting more sensitivity to the samples of the 30 and 40 min. It was possible to inactivate all of the free residual chlorine generated during the process with the addition of sodium thiosulfate to the treated effluent. The study concludes that 15 min of treatment is enough to remove the initial color of the simulated effluent and presents less toxicity among the color-removed samples being this the optimal amount of time of treatment in the conditions in which the study was developed

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:09:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-13. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:26:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000834321.pdf: 4912246 bytes, checksum: e9d8f59c551ea6692564e1cbcfad7f0f (MD5) / Os resíduos domiciliares constituem um desafio para a gestão pública, pois concomitante ao crescimento populacional a geração de resíduos tem aumentado. Diante disso a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos do Brasil traçou metas para solucionar alguns problemas, como erradicar os lixões e aterros controlados, entretanto, atingir as metas com eficácia não é simples, assim há alternativas viáveis como a cooperação intermunicipal por consórcio, ou por meio de privatizações dos processos. Acrescentado a isto há a gestão integrada que envolve várias técnicas, tecnologias, estratégias e programas para atingir determinados objetivos. Portanto, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE) e consumo energético de seis cenários (1. Aterro regional, 2. Aterro regional menos 10% da geração total de resíduos, 3. Aterro regional mais 10% da geração total de resíduos, 4. Aterro regional mais reciclagem de 20%, 5. Aterro regional mais compostagem de 20%, 6. Aterro regional mais integração da reciclagem de 20% e compostagem de 20%) em dois contextos de aterros (particular e consórcio) para pequenos municípios localizados na região norte do Vale do Paraíba/SP. Por meio da técnica de construção de cenários e do modelo Waste Reduction Model (WARM) foi possível obter o total de energia em BTU, a quantidade de emissões de MTCO2E (toneladas métricas de dióxido de carbono equivalente) e MTCE (toneladas métricas de carbono equivalente) para as várias formas de situação. Portanto o crescimento de resíduos aumenta às emissões de GEE e consumo energético enquanto um programa municipal para redução na geração de resíduos contribui favoravelmente. O melhor cenário é aquele que integra compostagem e reciclagem, contribuindo com redução de carca de 72% para emissões de MTCO2E e MTCE, e diferindo 410% no consumo energético, evitando seu uso. O aterro em consórcio só terá... / Solid waste is a challenge for public administration because it increases as population grows. Thus, Brazil's National Policy on Solid Waste traced goals to solve of the problems (e.g., replacement of open dumps with controlled ladfills); however, effectively achieving the goal is not simple. There are viable alternatives such as inter-municipal cooperation by consortium and privatization. Furthermore, integrated management involves various tecniques, strategies, and programs to achieve certain goals. As a result, we aimed to evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption in six regional landifill scenarios: conventional, with 10% less waste generation, with 10% additional waste generation, with 20% recycling, with 20% composting. Each was considered in two contexts (inter-municipal cooperation and privatized) for small municipalities located in the north of Vale do Paraíba/SP. Through scenario-building and use of the waste reduction model, total energy in BTU, emissions in metric tons carbon equivalent (MTCE) were evaluated in various situations. When waste increases, so do GHG emissions and energy consumption; therefore a municipal program to reduce waste generation contributes favorably. The best scenario is one that integrates composting and recycling, contributing to a 72% reduction in MTCO2E and MTCE emissions, and differing 410% in energy use, avoiding it consumption. The consortium context will be effective only if the location is ideal because transportation is an important part of the environmental impact