Cada vez mais, os resíduos industriais são vistos como uma fonte alternativa de materiais a serem utilizados na construção civil. Dessa maneira, realizou-se a pesquisa com o objetivo de analisar a utilização de resíduos da Caustificação: dregs, grits e lama de cal, originados de uma fábrica de celulose Kraft do Espírito Santo, utilizando cal residual como ligante. Os teores de dregs variaram entre 0 e 45 %, os de grits de 0 à 45 %, os de lama de cal de 0 à 30 % e a cal residual variou entre 10 e 25 %. Os corpos de prova cilíndricos de 20 x 20 mm apresentaram valores máximos de resistência à compressão uniaxial, no 3° dia de cura de 5,9 MPa, no 7° dia de 7,9 MPa, no 14° dia de 9,3 MPa, no 60° dia de 18,5 MPa e no 180° dia de 19,3 MPa. Através dos métodos de Fluorescência de Raio-X, Difração de Raio-X, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva foram determinadas as interações físico-química dos componentes das misturas iniciais e os processos de formação das estruturas dos novos materiais. O aumento dos valores das propriedades mecânicas observadas durante a cura ocorre em função da dissolução das superfícies das partículas sólidas dos componentes em ambiente alcalino, ocasionando à síntese das novas formações amorfas e cristalinas, especialmente da calcita. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram concluir que os resíduos da Caustificação associados ao Resíduo da Produção de Cal podem ser utilizados como matéria prima em compósitos destinados à construção civil. / Increasingly the industrial wastes are used with alternative source of raw material in the civil construction. Thus, the study was conducted with the objective to analyze the use of wastes from chemical recovery of Kraft pulp production: dregs, grits and cal mud, generated for one Kraft pulp industry of Espírito Santo, Brazil, and waste from the lime production using as a binding agent. The concentration of dregs varied between 0 and 45 %, grits - between 0 and 45%, cal mud – between 0 and 30 % and waste of lime production ranged between 10 and 25%. The maximum values of materials for uniaxial compressive strength on the 3-rd day of curing was 5.89 MPa, on the 7-th day – 7.95 MPa, on the 14-th day – 9.35 MPa, on the 60-th day – 18.52 MPa and on the 180-th day it reached the value of 19.34 MPa. Through the methods X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy were determined physical-chemical interaction of the components to initial mixtures and the processes for structures formation of new materials, which can explain the values of mechanical properties during curing. They occurred due to dissolving of the solid particles surfaces of the components in an alkaline environment and to synthesis of new formations, amorphous and crystalline, especially of calcite. The results of the study indicate that the waste from chemical recovery can be used in the production of composites for civil construction.

Plusieurs types de dispositifs mécaniques (à vibration, à cylindre tournant, à lit fluidisé) mettant en jeu l'effet triboélectrique sont actuellement utilisés pour charger électriquement les constituants des mélanges de matériaux isolants granulaires, en vue de leur séparation dans un champ électrique intense. La non-uniformité de la charge des granules à la sortie de ces dispositifs affecte l'efficacité de la séparation, d'où l'intérêt des recherches visant la mise au point de procédés électrostatiques nouveaux, notamment pour des applications dans le domaine du recyclage des déchets. L'utilisation simultanée de l'effet triboélectrique, de la force de Coulomb et de la force d'image électrique est la solution innovante selon laquelle ont été conçus les quatre dispositifs à lit fluidisés réalisés ou améliorés dans le cadre de cette thèse. L'évaluation des performances de ces dispositifs a été rendue possible par la mise en oeuvre de systèmes de mesure complexes, permettant l'enregistrement continu et simultané des charges et des masses des produits de la séparation. Ainsi, la méthode des plans d'expériences pour surfaces de réponse a pu être utilisée pour modéliser le processus de séparation et déterminer les valeurs optimales des variables de contrôle de chacun des dispositifs, tels que le niveau de la haute tension d'alimentation ou la vitesse de l'air de fluidisation. Les résultats obtenus sur les installations de laboratoire et sur un prototype préindustriel recommandent cette classe de procédés tribo-aéro-électrostatiques comme la solution de choix pour le recyclage des déchets granulaires d'équipements électriques et électroniques. / Several types of mechanical devices (vibratory trays, rotating drums, fluidized beds) make use of the triboelectric effect for electrically charge the constituents of insulating materials granular mixtures, in view of their separation in a high-intensity electric field. The non-uniformity of granule charge at the exit of these devices adversely affects the separation efficiency, justifying the researches aimed at the development of novel electrostatic processes, mainly for applications in the field of waste recycling. Simultaneous usage of the triboelectric effect, the Coulomb force and the electric image force is an innovative technical solution according to which four fluidized bed devices were built or improved within the framework of this thesis. The performances of these devices could be evaluated by setting up complex measurement systems that enable the continuous and simultaneous recording of the charges and masses of the separated products. Thus, the experimental design methodology could be used for modeling the separation process and identify the optimum values of the control variables of each device, such as the high voltage level of the speed of the fluidization air. The results obtained on laboratory devices as well on an semi-industrial pilot installation recommend this class of tribo-aero-electrostatic separation processes as the solution of choice for the selective sorting of plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertecao_luiz_leopoldino.pdf: 1390050 bytes, checksum: 21411ec6ef43cce9a49a50276eaf7723 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-30 / This research aimed to evaluate the perception of some workers involved with the disposal of construction wastes present in the city of Recife. Thus, the investigation of waste from construction in the city of Recife is important considering many are recyclable, which can provide lower costs in the works and the better the quality of life measure that seeks to find ways to reuse of such waste. The methodology adopted to achieve the proposed objectives, consisted of a literature review that addresses the theme, a survey of construction areas licensed in 2011 in Recife, a questionnaire with the construction workers at construction sites; identification and photographing of areas of irregular disposal of waste from construction. Among the local deposition of irregular construction waste can be highlighted: the slopes (which cause overload, condemning the vegetation causing the instability of slopes), watercourses (which undermines the urban drainage and contaminates the water), parks (which allows the proliferation of vectors), and also near hospitals (making the environment more unhealthy). Recycling is now a steady rise in activity and of great importance for the development of the country. It was found that in Recife in the neighborhoods near the center, the buildings have deposits collectors construction waste that are dumped without any separation and are awaiting collection. However in marginal neighborhoods is common view deposition irregular margins county roads, state and federal, highlighting the need for stricter monitoring and comprehensive to the entire municipality and increased investment in information and reuse projects of construction waste in the construction. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral avaliar a percepção de alguns trabalhadores envolvidos com o descarte dos resíduos da construção atual na cidade do Recife. Desse modo, a investigação da composição dos resíduos de construção civil na cidade do Recife é importante haja vista muitos serem recicláveis, o que pode proporcionar a redução dos custos nas obras e melhor a qualidade de vida da população a medida que busca encontrar mecanismos de reutilização de tais resíduos. A metodologia adotada para alcançar os objetivos propostos, constou de uma revisão da literatura que aborda o tema proposto, um levantamento de áreas de construção licenciadas no ano de 2011 na cidade do Recife; aplicação de questionário com os trabalhadores da construção civil nos canteiros de obras; e identificação com registro fotográfico de áreas de disposição irregular de resíduos da construção civil. Dentre os locais de deposição irregular dos resíduos da construção civil pode-se destacar: encostas (que provocam sobrecarga, condenando a vegetação provocando a instabilidade dos taludes); cursos d água (o que prejudica a drenagem urbana e contamina as águas); logradouros (o que permite a proliferação de vetores); e, ainda, próximos a hospitais (tornando o ambiente ainda mais insalubre). A reciclagem é hoje uma atividade em constante ascensão e de grande importância para o desenvolvimento do país. Constatou-se no Recife que nos bairros próximos ao centro, as construções possuem depósitos coletores de resíduos da construção civil, que são despejados sem qualquer separação e ficam aguardando a coleta. Entretanto em bairros marginais é comum visualizar deposição irregular as margens de rodovias municipais, estaduais e federais, evidenciando a necessidade de uma fiscalização mais rigorosa e abrangente a todo o município e maior investimento em informação e projetos de reutilização de resíduos da construção civil na própria construção.

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The Master's thesis "Food Waste in the United States as an Issue of Federal Public Policy Making" analyzes the role of the federal government in dealing with food waste. It mainly focuses on federal legislation, but it also examines actions on the state level to illustrate the contrast between the two. In the thesis, the author examines the causes and sources of food waste, federal jurisdiction for intervention, and the history of passed legislation, as well as proposed legislation, and solutions. The main goal of the thesis is to demonstrate that federal involvement is fundamental in achieving any significant change, but so far has failed to do so. Primary literature consisting largely of bills, materials published by federal agencies, and reports by non-profit organizations were used to uncover the character of passed legislation. Academic secondary literature in the form of articles, reports, and factsheets offered context to understand the scope and impacts of the legislation. Analysis of those sources revealed federal authority to deal with the issue, as well as possible obstacles standing in the way of an extensive federal intervention. Research also showed that in the absence of federal action, some states have stepped up to introduce legislation to reduce food waste, but this legislation is...

Cette thèse, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR Eco-Tech TRIPTIC, a eu comme objectif de contribuer au tri industriel en cadence de polymères contenant des traceurs détectables grâce à leurs propriétés en fluorescence X ou UV. Dans un premier temps, étant donné que le coût des traceurs choisis pour l’étude TRIPTIC est assez élevé, nous avons réalisé une étude préliminaire, avec des particules modèles de silice, visant à optimiser la dispersion de charges dans une matrice polypropylène/éthylène propylène rubber (PP/EPR). Nous avons montré que l’extrusion à taux de cisaillement élevé est une technologie efficace permettant une dispersion homogène de charges de tailles micro ou nanométriques. Dans un deuxième temps, après optimisation des conditions de dispersion, nous avons extrapolé nos résultats à la dispersion de particules de traceurs UV dans différentes matrices thermoplastiques. Nous avons montré que la dispersion de 1000 ppm de particules de traceurs, de tailles micrométriques, dans des matrices polypropylènes, en extrusion à haute vitesse (N= 800 rpm), n’a pas d’impact sur les propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques des mélanges tracés, ainsi que sur la photo-dégradation sous rayonnement UV. Cette fine dispersion a non seulement permis la conservation des propriétés des polymères tracés mais aussi une bonne détection dynamique, tant en fluorescence X qu’UV, sur un prototype conçu par des partenaires du projet (Pellenc Selective Technologies, CEA-LITT et ENSAM- LCPI). Enfin, nous avons validé l’extrusion à haute vitesse pour compatibiliser des mélanges de polymères ternaires (PP/EPR)/PE (polyéthylène) pouvant correspondre à la valorisation de polymères post-consommation, par exemple dans l’hypothèse où on souhaite recycler (PP/EPR) et PE ensembles. Les propriétés prometteuses des mélanges obtenus doivent leur permettre de trouver des applications dans l’industrie automobile, par exemple. Cette voie est d’un grand intérêt pour les applications industrielles, car elle permet d’envisager des propriétés mécaniques élevées pour les polymères recyclés. Elle ouvre aussi de nouvelles perspectives pour l’élaboration de matériaux allégés, obtenus à partir de matières vierges ou recyclées. / This thesis, which is part of the ANR Eco-Tech TRIPTIC project, had the objective of contributing to industrial sorting rate of polymers containing tracers detectable by their fluorescence X or UV properties. At first, given that the cost of tracers selected for TRIPTIC study is quite high, a preliminary study is conducted with models of silica particles to optimize the dispersion of fillers in polypropylene / ethylene-propylene rubber (PP / EPR) matrix. It was found that processing under high shear rate is an effective technology for accomplishing a homogeneous dispersion of micro or nanoscale fillers. In a second step, after optimization of dispersion conditions, our results are extrapolated to the dispersion of UV tracer in different thermoplastic matrices. It was shown that the dispersion of 1000 ppm of micrometer tracer particles, in polypropylene matrices, extruded at high shear rates (N = 800 rpm), has no impact on the mechanical and physico-chemical properties as well as in the photo-degradation of the polymer after UV irradiation exposure. This fine dispersion was beneficial not only for the conservation of the properties of traced polymers but also for achieving a good dynamic detection of UV or X tracers using a prototype developed by the project partners ( Pellenc Selective Technologies , CEA- LITT and ENSAM - RPI ). Finally, high shear processing has successfully used to the compatibilization of ternary blends ( PP / EPR ) / PE (polyethylene) which may correspond to the post-consumer polymers. This technique has proved to be an effective method to produce polymer blends with unique mechanical properties. This novel strategy of compatibilization is of a particular interest, especially for industrial application prospects. It also opens new perspectives for materials lightening as well as “high shear recycling” of immiscible polymers.

Пластиковые отходы занимают первое место по стоимости и скорости накопления среди твердых коммунальных отходов. Вторичное использование отходов пластика способствует существенному сокращению использования первичных ресурсов, снижению вредного воздействия на окружающую среду. Цель исследования заключается в разработке практических рекомендаций по оптимизации схем переработки бытовых пластиковых отходов на основе оценки их эколого-экономической эффективности исходя из анализа существующей ситуации в системе обращения с отходами в Свердловской области. В работе проведен анализ региональной политики по обращению с отходами и опыта переработки твердых коммунальных отходов. Предложен проект по созданию производства по переработке ПЭТ-пластика с оценкой его эколого-экономической эффективности. Впервые количественно оценен дополнительный экологический эффект от замены первичного сырья на вторичное при реализации проекта. / Plastic waste takes first place in terms of cost and rate of accumulation among municipal solid waste. Recycling of plastic waste contributes to a significant reduction in the use of primary resources, reducing the harmful effects on the environment. The purpose of the study is to develop practical recommendations for optimizing recycling schemes for household plastic waste based on an assessment of their environmental and economic efficiency based on an analysis of the current situation in the waste management system in the Sverdlovsk region. The work analyzes the regional policy on waste management and the experience of processing municipal solid waste. A project is proposed to create a production for processing PET plastic with an assessment of its environmental and economic efficiency. For the first time, the additional environmental effect of replacing primary raw materials with secondary ones during project implementation was presented.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing household awareness and participation in domestic waste disposal and recycling, focusing on environmental educational (EE), wealth and location of suburb. The study was carried out in four suburbs in the Tshwane Metropolitan Area (TMA), namely Waterkloof, Lynnwood, Sunnyside and Mamelodi. A literature review was conducted, covering concepts of domestic waste management - waste prevention, collection, recycling and reuse, followed by household analysis using empirical data. The analysis shows that there is a low level of household awareness about the environmental implications of domestic waste management in TMA, and hence low level of participation in domestic waste sorting, disposal and recycling. Among relevant factors are the level of EE and income of the households across all suburbs. This calls attention to the need for strengthening EE not only in schools, but also in suburbs using both formal and informal outreach programmes. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)

An evaluation of electronic waste (e-waste) management in Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality was undertaken in this study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the electronic waste management practices such as generation, storage, collection, transportation and disposal in Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality. This was achieved through questionnaires distributed to residents in Namakgale and Phalaborwa residential areas, structured interviews with municipal workers under the Environmental Health Division and observation in the landfill site and collection points were also used in gathering information on the electronic waste management. In the study it was found that a wide range of electronic waste is generated and lighting equipment, small household equipment and ICT equipment are disposed of in large numbers in the study area. The municipality is responsible for waste management in the study area. Electronic waste generated is stored, collected and disposed together with all other domestic waste in the area. No segregation or recycling at household level was evident. It was also found that the municipality does not have a formal relationship with electronic waste recycling companies to eliminate the flow of electronic waste from households to the landfill site. A lack of own regulatory and by-laws on electronic waste was noted and seemed to be one of the challenges the municipality is facing. The findings highlighted the low level of community awareness regarding electronic waste. The study concluded that there is a lack or absence of good management of electronic waste storage, collection, transportation in the Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality. From the study, it is recommended that there is a need for meaningful community awareness, environmental education, formulation of by-laws and formal recycling projects for effective electronic waste in Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

E-waste is a world-wide, interregional, and domestic problem. E-waste management is a challenging task not only due to its speedily increasing volume but more outstandingly because of its hazardous nature. This study examined the e-waste management and disposal methods in the city of Addis Ababa to propose appropriate e-waste management model. Further, it attempted to comprehend the existing policy gap by identifying the different obstructions to the adoption of e-waste management policy. To this end, the study employs both descriptive and explanatory research designs. It selected 100 household heads from Bole and NSL sub-cities, 72 GSD personnel from the educational institutions and governmental sector offices, and 6 higher government officials. The quantitative data were analysed using IBM SPSS 21. Thus, the frequencies, the chi-square tests, t-tests, a one-way ANOVA, the partial and product-moment correlations, the ordinal, multiple and Poisson regression models were computed. The qualitative data were analysed using ATLAS ti 7. The findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents were not aware of e-waste and its management. The households generated about 4,010 number of non-functional, 2,077 obsolete, and 1,856 broken e-waste. Besides, the educational institutions and governmental sector offices generated about 11,153 non-functional, 15,911 obsolete, and 11,360 broken e-waste. The monthly income was statistically significant in the e-waste management whereas family sizes, gender, and educational qualifications were insignificant. The major e-waste causes encompass rapid obsolescence rate, breakage, and the demands for extra and innovative models or designs of electronic gadgets. The most common e-waste disposal method was storing. The recycling, reusing, donation, and refurbishing of e-waste had hardly been practiced. The study found the absence of good disposal methods and recyclers as the root causes for the prolonged storage and improper disposal of e-waste. E-waste laws, legislation, projects, activities, and recycling centres were non-existent. What is more, the administrative, economic, and socio-cultural challenges triggered the poor e-waste management of the city. Based on the findings, the study proposed a workable e-waste management model, which would most likely result in efficient and sustainable e-waste management in the city. Further, it calls for the stakeholders to work jointly to ensure proper e-waste management. / Geography / D. Lit. et Phil. (Geography)