Orientador: Lúcia Helena Sipaúba Tavares / Banca: Rodrigo Ney Millan / Banca: Maria do Carmo Calijuri / Resumo: A aquicultura tornou-se uma importante e lucrativa atividade agrícola, com grande interesse comercial e social, entretanto pode ser altamente impactante para o ambiente se não manejada de forma correta. O manejo adequado dos sistemas de criação de peixes em tanques e viveiros consiste na manutenção da qualidade da água, já que a produção de organismos aquáticos é dependente de subsídios externos como o aporte de nutrientes, gerando resíduos, cujo acúmulo no sistema, pode ser prejudicial ao peixe, à microbiota aquática e ao corpo receptor e efluente dessa atividade. Macrófitas aquáticas e o perifíton são importantes ferramentas agindo como biofiltros e minimizando as concentrações de material orgânico, influenciando na qualidade da água e nos organismos existentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do tratamento da água de tanques de piscicultura e seus efluentes, utilizando macrófitas aquática e/ou perifíton, avaliando a influência destes na qualidade da água e consequente influência na comunidade planctônica. O trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp (Caunesp), onde foram utilizados 4 tanques de 40 m2 e 1,5 de profundidade, com tratamentos diferentes (macrófita e/ou perifíton) recebendo a mesma água de abastecimento. Foi observado que a presença dos tratamentos apresentou influência direta nas condições bióticas e abióticas dos tanques, atuando na riqueza e abundância das espécies planctônicas. Através dos resultados obtidos foi observado que a água do tanque sem planta aquática e/ou perifíton apresentou associação com temperatura, condutividade, ortofosfato, fósforo total, DBO5, coliforme termotolerante, nitrogênio amoniacal total, sólidos totais suspensos e turbidez, assim como o efluente, que também esteve relacionado a essas variáveis. O sedimento dos tanques acumulou concentrações diferentes de nutrientes e metais, e o tanque controle... / Abstract: Aquaculture has become an important and lucrative agricultural activity, with great commercial and social interest, however can be highly impacting to the environment if not managed properly. Proper management of fish farming in pond systems and nurseries is to maintain water quality, since the production of aquatic organisms is dependent on external subsidies as the supply of nutrients, generating waste, whose accumulation in the system, can be harmful the fish, the aquatic microbiota and the receiving body and effluents that activity. Macrophytes and periphyton are important tools acting as biofilters and minimizing the concentrations of organic material, influencing the quality of water and the organisms living there. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of water treatment fishponds and their effluent using aquatic macrophytes and / or periphyton evaluating their influence on water quality and the consequent influence on plankton community. The study was developed in UNESP Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), where they were used four tanks of 40 m2 and 1.5 deep, with different treatments (macrophyte and / or periphyton) receiving the same water supply. It was observed that the presence of the treatments had a direct influence on biotic and abiotic conditions of the ponds, acting in richness and abundance of planktonic species. Through the results it was observed that the pond without aquatic plant and / or periphyton was associated with variables, temperature, conductivity, orthophosphate, total phosphorus, BOD5, thermotolerant coliform, total ammonia nitrogen, total suspended solids and turbidity. This condition provided the predominance of plankton community correlated positively to these factors, such as Rotifers, Copepods Cyclopoida, Cyanobacteria and Xanthophyceae, considered indicators of eutrophic bodies environment. In the treatment only with macrophytes, lower nutrient concentrations and increased transparency ... / Mestre

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007 / In order to develop an effective control strategy for the activated sludge process of a wastewater treatment plant, an understanding of the nature of the influent load disturbances to the wastewater treatment plant is necessary. Biological systems are among the most difficult to control and predict. Due to the complex biological reaction mechanisms, the highly time-varying, and multivariable aspects of the wastewater treatment plant ('MNTP), the diagnosis of the 'MNTP are still difficult in practice. The application of intelligent techniques, which can analyse the multi-dimensional nonlinear process data using a visualisation technique, can be useful for analysing and diagnosing the activated-sludge process in the VVVVTP. This complex capability for nonlinearity representation combined with the fact that no model exists for the WVVTP influent dynamics to a WVVTP, makes neural networks an ideal choice for a solution. Forecasting the behaviour of complex systems has been a broad application area for neural networks. Applications such as economic forecasting, electricity load I demand forecasting, and forecasting natural and physical phenomena have been extensively studied, hence the numerous papers presented at annual conferences in this focus area. The cognitive ability of artificial neural networks to map' nonlinear complex input-output relationships, which would allow for better prediction and corrective control of processes, make them particularly attractive. The values of the influent disturbances are usually measured off-line in ~ laboratory, as there are still no reliable on-line sensors available. This work presents the development of a neural network model for prediction of the values of the influent disturbances based on historical plant and weather data, which ultimately affect the activated sludge process. Three different neural networks including the multilayer perceptron, recurrent and radial basis functions neural network are developed for the prediction of the influent disturbances of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and influent flow rate respectively. The application area is the prediction of the influent variables at a local municipal wastewater treatment plant. The forecast result is used for the determination of the setpoint to a controller, in order to• optimize plant performance. The results are first applied to a pilot wastewater treatment plant. Much hype exists surrounding the subject of neural networks, and they are sometimes described as 'computers that think'. This sort of definition creates unrealistic expectations and is one of the reasons why it is discredited. The results obtained will hopefully present helpful insights as to the scope and possibilities as to the application for neural networks, but also present the practical challenges which neural network practitioners and designers of intelligent systems face. The solution of the problem for development of the mathematical model for dynamic behaviour of the influent disturbances according to the influence of the weather conditions and the season of the year is the first attempt in the scientific and research literature so far.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / An awareness campaign on the harmful effects of Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), especially Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been conducted to inform the general public about the impact of these organic compounds on hu-mans and biota. These compounds have been shown to be potential carcinogens, as indi-cated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development . A major concern about these chemicals is that they have been widely used in consumer products and have been detected in food and drinking water. They have been determined to be resistant to biological degradation, owing to their unique chemical and physical properties (fluorine atoms that have substituted hydrogen atoms in their chemical structure). Owing to their characteristics of being highly soluble in water, they cannot be removed from water using ordinary purification processes. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the removal of PFOA and PFOS from water using different methods. Among these methods, it has been proved that adsorption is a suitable method with the best adsorbent identified as activated carbon (AC). AC can be found in many forms, including as a fibre. The use of AC for the removal of PCFs can be augmented with sonica-tion and electro-chemical methods for rapid absorption of these compounds. The aim of this study was to remove these contaminants using a microporous AC fibre (ACF) made from an indigenous plant, Agave sisalana, which is widely available across sub-Saharan Africa, by using electro-physico-chemical methods. ACF has the following advantages when compared with granulated and/or powdered AC: it has a slightly larger reactive surface area; small quantities can be used; it is easily handled; it retains its shape under stress, thus does not require additional filtration to remove particulate residue; and can be regenerated easily. The manufacturing process of the ACF was done in several steps: 1) harvesting of the A. sisalana leaves, stripping them to obtain wet fibre by scrapping using traditional meth-ods, 2) chemical activation using NaOH, KOH, ZnCl2 and H3PO4, employing a spraying method instead of soaking, which was followed by drying, and 3) carbonisation in a furnace at the required temperature. The use of activation reagents involved the determination of an appropriate concentration, with optimum concentrations determined as 0.54M, 0.625M, 1.59M and 0.73M for NaOH, KOH, ZnCl2 and H3PO4, respectively. Apart from the fibre acti-vation, temperature and activation time were also important parameters that were optimised. A response surface methodology was used to design a set of experiments that provided the optimum temperature and activation time. From the input variables, the Expert design soft- ware generated experimental runs (n = 13) for each fibre activation reagent used with a tem-perature range of 450°C to 933°C being assessed for carbonisation time of between 17 to 208 minutes. ACF activated with KOH (0.54 M) and characterised by micropores with the highest surface area achieved being 1285.8 m2/g in comparison with Granular activated car-bon (Ounas et al., 2009) with an average surface area range of 1000 to 1100 m2/g. This sur-face area was measured using Dubinin-Astakhov isotherm with CO2 at 273 K. The physical characteristics of the ACF were analysed using a Scanning Electron Microscope to ascertain the integrity of the fibres. PFOA and PFOS were analysed using a solid phase extraction (SPE) method fol-lowed by analysis using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (SPE-LC/MS/MS). The water sample volume used for extraction was 60 mL. The instrument used was an HPLC - Ultimate 3000 Dionex HPLC system and MS model - Amazon SL Ion Trap, with the following MS/MS operational conditions and ion mode: MS Interface → ESI; dry temp → 350C; nebulising pressure → 60 psi; dry gas flow → 10 L/min; ionisation mode → negative; capillary voltage → +4500V; end plate offset → −500V, while the separation col-umn was a Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm, 4.6 × 150 mm column (supplier: Waters, Dublin, Ire-land), with an operational temperature of 30C. Initially, adsorption studies (n = 48) using sonication (20 kHz) in batch systems indi-cated efficient removal of PFOA and PFOS within 120 min, with numerous samples (n = 14) achieving complete removal for both PFOA and PFOS. The minimum removal rates ob-served were 65.55% for PFOA and 95.92% for PFOS. From the ACF samples in which high-est removal rates were achieved, a number (n = 3) of the ACF samples were selected for surface characterisation. Based on the sonication in the previous experiments, an electro-physico-chemical adsorption regime was designed, to facilitate the rapid adsorption of PFOS and PFOA from contaminated drinking water in an electrolytic cell. In these experiments, si-multaneous sonication and electrolysis were used. A comparison was made between ACF produced in this study and the commercial activated carbon. The result revealed that adsorp-tion of PFOA and PFOS on ACF was a monolayer adsorption type phenomenon and had the best fit using a Freundlich isotherm compared with the Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption of PFOA and PFOS on the commercial AC presented a multilayer adsorption type of isotherm fit with the Langmuir isotherm having the best fit compared with the Freundlich isotherm.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005 / The white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, produces enzymes, which are capable of degrading chemical pollutants. It was detennined that this fungus has multiple growth phases. The study provided infonnation that can be used to classify growth kinetic parameters, substrate mass transfer and liquid medium momentum transfer effects in continuous secondary metabolite production studies. P. chrysosporium strain BKMF 1767 (ATCC 24725) was grown at 37 QC in single fibre capillary membrane bioreactors (SFCMBR) made of glass. The SFCMBR systems with working volumes of 20.4 ml and active membrane length of 160 mm were positioned vertically. Dry biofilm density was determined by using a helium pycnometer. Biofilm differentiation was detennined by taking samples for image analysis, using a Scanning Electron Microscope at various phases of the biofilm growth. Substrate consumption was detennined by using relevant test kits to quantify the amount, which was consumed at different times, using a varying amount of spore concentrations. Growth kinetic constants were detennined by using the substrate consumption and the dry biofilm density model. Oxygen mass transfer parameters were determined by using the Clark type oxygen microsensors. Pressure transducers were used to measure the pressure, which was needed to model the liquid medium momentum transfer in the lumen of the polysulphone membranes. An attempt was made to measure the glucose mass transfer across the biofilm, which was made by using a hydrogen peroxide microsensor, but without success.

Thesis (DTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The water desalination process needs large quantities of energy, either directly from fossil fuel or electricity from the national grid. However, these sources of energy significantly contribute to problems such as global warming in addition to creating a drain on the economy, due to their high cost. This dissertation is a description of the research undertaken with the aim of producing a water desalination prototype; a novel approach that was designed using state-of-the-art solar water heating equipment, incorporating the technologies of evacuated tubes and heat pipes. During the execution of the project, various modifications to the original commercially-available solar water heating system were attempted, each aimed at increasing the production of pure water. Finally, the system proved capable of producing a reasonable amount of pure water after twelve lengthy indoor experiments conducted in a laboratory in the department of Mechanical Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Cape Town, South Africa. Each experiment lasted five days on the basis of seven hours of exposure to an average amount of simulated solar radiation, followed by seventeen hours daily of inactivity and partial cooling down of the system.

(DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. / The problem for effective and optimal control of wastewater treatment plants is very important recently because of the increased requirements to the quality of the effluent. The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater process characterized with complex dynamics and because of this proper control design and implementation strategies are necessary and important for its operation. Since the early seventies, when a major leap forward was made by the widespread introduction of dissolved oxygen control, little progress has been made. The most critical phase in the solution of any control problem is the modelling stage. The primary building block of any modern control exercise is to construct and identify a model for the system to be controlled. The existing full Activated Sludge Model 1 (ASM1) and especially University of Cape Town (UCT) models of the biological processes in the activated sludge process, called in the thesis biological models, are highly complex because they are characterised with a lot of variables that are difficult to be measured on-line, complex dependencies and nonlinear interconnections between the biological variables, many kinetic parameters that are difficult to be determined, different time scales for the process dynamics. The project considers reduction of the impact of the complexity of the process model over the methods for control design and proposes a solution to the above difficulties by development of a reduced model with small number of variables, but still with the same characteristics as the original full model for the purposes of real time control design. Then the research problem can be stated in the following way: To develop mathematical methods, algorithms and programmes for transformation of the complex biological and mass balance models of the activated sludge process into simpler reduced models of the process convenient to be used for optimal parameter estimation, control design and control implementation in real- time.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / In the recent past, the poultry industry in South Africa has grown due to an increased demand of poultry products as a result of population growth and improved living standards. Furthermore, this has led to poultry slaughterhouses generating high strength wastewater which is laden with a high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants from the slaughtering process and sanitation of equipment and facilities. As a result, South Africa has promulgated restrictions and a set of quality standards for effluent discharged into the environment to minimize ecological degradation and human health impact. Hence, there is a need for improved Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater (PSW) pre-treatment prior to either discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) or on-site secondary treatment processes such as anaerobic digesters. Additionally, amongst the pre-treatment methods for Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) laden wastewater, flotation remains the most popular with Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) system being the most applied. However, modelling and optimization of a biological DAF system has never been attempted before in particular for a bioflocculant supported DAF (BioDAF) for PSW pre-treatment. Process modelling and optimization involves process adjustment to optimize influential parameters. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to develop an empirical model of a BioDAF for pre-treatment of PSW, for which a bioflocculant producer including production conditions, flocculant type and its floc formation mechanism, were identified. Twenty-one (n = 21) microbial strains were isolated from the PSW and their flocculation activity using kaolin clay suspension (4g/L) was quantified, with a mutated Escherichia coli (mE.coli) [accession number LT906474.1], having the highest flocculation activity even in limited nutrient conditions; hence, it was used for further analysis in other experiments. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for bioflocculant production achieved using RSM were pH of 6.5 and 36°C conditions which induced instantaneous bioflocculant production with the highest flocculation activity. The bioflocculant produced by the mE.coli showed the presence of carboxyl/amine, alkyne and hydroxyl functional groups, which was indicative that the bioflocculant contained both polysaccharides and some amino acids.

A presença de compostos de nitrogênio nos seus diferentes estados de oxidação é um indicativo de contaminação de recursos hídricos e de possíveis condições higiênico sanitárias insatisfatórias para a população que usufrui da água para consumo. O nitrito e o nitrato estão associados a dois efeitos adversos à saúde: a indução à metemoglobinemia nas crianças (síndrome do bebê azul) e a formação potencial de nitrosaminas e nitrosamidas carcinogênicas em adultos. O excesso de nitrogenados nas águas superficiais é derivado, na sua maioria, de dejeto animal, efluentes domésticos, efluentes industriais e de fertilizantes agrícolas. Neste contexto, busca-se avaliar a contaminação das águas de corpos hídricos do município de Caxias do Sul por compostos de nitrogênio, através da determinação de nitrogênio amoniacal, nitratos e nitrito, frente à resolução do CONSELHO NACIONAL DO MEIO AMBIENTE n° 357. No Brasil, a concentração máxima permitida de nitrato, nitrito e nitrogênio amoniacal na água potável é de 10, 1,0, e 1,5 mg.L-1, respectivamente (CONAMA, 2005). Para atingir os padrões de potabilidade, alguns métodos convencionais de tratamento são utilizados atualmente: troca iônica, adsorção, desnitrificação biológica e, também, os processos de separação por membranas. Neste trabalho, foram testados dois sistemas distintos de PSM para tratar e separar os íons nitrato (NO3 -), nitrito (NO2 -) e amônia (NH4 +): a osmose inversa (OI) e a eletrodiálise (ED). Soluções sintéticas contendo os íons de interesse foram utilizadas com os dois processos, separadamente. Posteriormente, uma amostra real, proveniente de um arroio de Caxias do Sul, foi testada com o sistema de OI para analisar a sua eficiencia de remoção dos íons supracitados. Os resultados dos ensaios de ED e OI, para as soluções sintéticas foram de um percentual de remoção acima de 90%. Para a amostra real de água, os resultados da OI demonstraram uma eficiência de remoção acima de 90% para nitritos e amônia, e de 20% para os nitratos. Atribuindo este último resultado às interações iônicas decorrentes dos diversos íons em solução. Conclui-se então, que ambas as técnicas foram efetivas para remoção de nirogenados das soluções e amostra real testadas. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES / The presence of nitrogen compounds in their different oxidation states is an indicator of contamination of water resources and possible unsatisfactory sanitary conditions for the population that consumes this water. Nitrite and nitrate are associated with a number of adverse health effects: induction of methemoglobinemia in infants and a potential formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines and nitrosamides in adults. Excess of nitrogen in surface water is mostly derived from animal waste, household and industrial effluents, agricultural fertilizers. In this context, the aim is to evaluate the contamination of the water bodies of the municipalities of Caxias do Sul by nitrogen compounds, through the determination of ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates and nitrite, before the resolution of the NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL (CONAMA) n° 357. In Brazil, the maximum concentration of nitrate, nitrite and ammoniacal nitrogen in water is 10, 1.0, and 1.5 mg.L-1, respectively (CONAMA, 2005). To achieve potability standards, some of the treatment methods that are currently used are: ion exchange, adsorption, biological denaturing, and also membrane separation processes (MSP). In this work, two different MSP systems were tested to treat and separate nitrate (NO3 -), nitrite (NO2 -) and ammonia (NH4 +) ions: reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED). The synthetic solutions containing the ions of interest were used with both processes, separately. Subsequently, a real sample from Arroio Belo (Caxias do Sul) was tested with the system to evaluate its efficiency of removal of ions mentioned above. The results of the ED and RO tests, for which they were synthesized at a removal percentage above 90%. For Arroio Belo water, RO results showed a removal efficiency above 90% for nitrites and ammonia, and 20% for nitrates. Assigning the latter result to the interactions, it was concluded that the units were effective for the removal of nitrogenous from the solutions and from the Arroio Belo sample tested.

Orientador: José Euclides Stipp Paterniani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T22:17:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franco_Monalisa_M.pdf: 2504289 bytes, checksum: c3dab56362e90efdcc7aec3f404bc2bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A água é recurso indispensável para a sobrevivência do ser humano. Em comunidades onde os sistemas convencionais de tratamento de água enfrentam difícil implantação é necessária a busca por tecnologias adequadas. Os filtros lentos apesar da simples manutenção e baixo custo se tornaram limitados devido à degradação da qualidade dos mananciais, sendo necessário o uso de pré-tratamentos para melhoria da qualidade de água para o seu emprego. Coagulantes naturais, dentre eles aquele produzido a partir de sementes de Moringa oleifera são alternativas para o tratamento de água para regiões desprovidas de tecnologias convencionais. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência de diferentes dosagens do coagulante natural de Moringa oleifera na eficiência das etapas do sistema de filtração em múltiplas etapas no tratamento de água. O sistema foi constituído por pré-filtro dinâmico, pré-filtros de fluxo ascendente e filtros lentos, e em alguns ensaios por floculador granular. Em seguida, foram definidas as dosagens de 131mg.L-1 de solução coagulante de Moringa oleifera a ser aplicada na etapa da pré-filtração e 106 mg.L-1 e 53mg.L-1 a serem aplicadas nas etapas de filtração lenta, que poderiam passar pelo floculador ou não. No filtro lento em que houve a introdução da solução coagulante foram testados primeiramente três camadas de mantas não tecidas de gramatura de 400g.m-2 e em seguida uma camada de 150 g.m-2 no topo da camada de areia. A aplicação da solução coagulante proporcionou na etapa da pré-filtração, média de turbidez de 11NTU e cor aparente de 73mg.L-1 PtCo. Na etapa da filtração lenta esses valores foram 1,15NTU e 11mg.L-1PtCo, para dosagem de 106mg.L-1 de Moringa oleifera e de 5NTU e 42mg.L-1PtCo para a dosagem de 53mg.L-1 da solução coagulante. A aplicação de apenas uma camada de manta não tecida no topo do meio filtrante do filtro lento demonstrou ser benéfica para o sistema, pois manteve o alto índice de eficiência de remoção de turbidez e cor aparente. Deste modo conclui-se que o uso do coagulante extraído das sementes de Moringa oleifera melhorou a eficiência do tratamento de água pelo sistema de filtração em múltiplas etapas, principalmente quando o coagulante foi aplicado na etapa de pré-filtração. Entretanto, a aplicação direta da solução coagulante no filtro lento causou rápida colmatação da manta e menor tempo de duração da carreira, além disso a passagem da solução coagulante pelo floculador granular não apresentou resultados satisfatórios / Abstract: Water is the most important resource for human survival. In communities where the conventional water treatment faces difficult deployment is necessary to search for simple technologies. Simple maintenance and low cost are presented for slow sand filter, however the water degradation has limited this operation system and now pre treatments are necessary for using this technology. Natural coagulants and among them those produced from Moringa oleifera seeds are alternatives for water treatment in regions where there is not conventional technologys. Therefore, this study aims is evaluate the influence of different dosages of natural coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds on multistage filtration system. The system was composed with dynamic roughing filter, uplflow roughing filters, slow sand filters and some tests by granular flocculator. The dosage of 131mg.L-1 of Moringa oleifera solution was defined to be applied on upflow roughing filter and the dosages of 106mg.L-1 and 53mg.L-1 on slow sand filter, which could pass through flocculator or not. The slow sand filter that received the coagulant solution was tested with three layers of nonwoven blankets with 400g/m² and afterward with one layer of nonwoven blanket with 150g/m² at the top of the sand. After the application of natural coagulant solution in upflow roughing filter, the mediums values of turbidity and apparent color were 11NTU and 73mg.L-1 PtCo, respectively. In slow sand filtration stage these values were 1,15NTU and 11mg.L-1PtCo for the dosage of 106mg.L-1 of Moringa oleifera, and 5NTU and 42mg.L-1PtCo for the dosage of 53mg.L-1 of the coagulant solution. The application of a single layer of nonwoven blanket on top of slow sand filter proved to be beneficial to the system because it maintained a high rate of removal efficiency of turbidity and apparent color. Thus it is concluded that the use of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds improved the efficiency of water treatment by multistage filtration system. However, the direct application of the coagulant solution into the slow sand filter caused rapid clogging of the blanket and shorter career length. Furthermore, unsatisfying results was showed from the passage of the coagulant solution by granular flocculator / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T01:24:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Senna_PaulaReginaCoeliBarbosa_M.pdf: 5617120 bytes, checksum: 340fdd25e903f12f594069b1c57b10b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O excesso de nutrientes, provenientes principalmente de esgotos sanitários, que são lançados em corpos receptores pode levar ao processo de eutrofização, ocasionando efeitos adversos ao meio ambiente. Surge então a necessidade do tratamento avançado ser considerado no planejamento dos recursos hídricos. Deste modo, avaliou-se a desnitrificação de uma parcela do efluente sanitário proveniente UNICAMP. Para isso, esta água residuária foi tratada por um filtro anaeróbio com recheio de bambu (Bambusa tuldoides), operado com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 9 horas, sendo logo após direcionada para um filtro de areia (aeróbio). Tendo como alternativa o reuso agrícola, o processo de desnitrificação do efluente é fundamental evitando-se a percolação do nitrato no solo. Na primeira fase do estudo, o efluente dos filtros de areia foi aplicado em reator anaeróbio com recheio de brita, variando-se as vazões de fonte de carbono de 20 para 25L e o tempo de detenção hidráulica de 4 para 7 horas. Na segunda fase, o efluente nitrificado no filtro de areia foi recirculado para o filtro anaeróbio com recheio de bambu, em proporções de 15% e 20% em relação ao esgoto bruto. As duas fases do tratamento atingiram até 60% de desnitrificação, com efluente dentro de padrões de lançamento para DQO, DBO para fase 1 como também eficiência na desinfecção referente a Coliformes Totais e Escherichia Coli de acordo com Legislação, podendo o efluente ser lançado em corpos hídricos de classe 2, como também aplicado em práticas de reúso de classe A, B e C / Abstract: The excess nutrients, mainly from sewage released into receptors, can lead to eutrophication, causing adverse effects to the environment and also the health of the population. Then comes the need for advanced treatment be considered in the planning of water resources. Thus, we estimated the denitrification of the University of Campinas Hospital's sanitary effluent, through a combination of aerobic and anaerobic filter. To do so, the wastewater was treated by an anaerobic filter filled with bamboo (Bambusa tuldoides), operated with hydraulic retention time of 9 hours, forwarded by a sand filter. Intermittent operation was used to ensure a wide ground layer oxygenation, causing nitrification of 80% of the affluent. Denitrification is an essential process when reusing wastewater for agricultural purposes, as it prevents the percolation of nitrate in the soil. The denitrification analysis was done in two phases. First, the sand filter's effluent hás been applied into the anaerobic reactor filled with gravel with flows of carbon source of 20 and 25L and hydraulic retention time from 4 to 7 hours. The obtained values were within the standards for reuse. Second, the nitrified effluent in sand filter is recirculated to the anaerobic filter filled with bamboo, in proportions of 15% and 20% compared to raw sewage. Both phases of the treatment achieved a rate of 60% effluent denitrification and, for first phase, the effluents are in agreement with the standards releases of COD, BOD as well as the disinfection efficiency regarding coliform and Escherichia Coli. According to law, the effluent may be flowed out into bodies of water Class 2 and also can be applied in reuse practices of class A, B and C / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil