Uma nova Constituição Federal foi estabelecida no final dos anos 80 conferindo à sociedade civil o direito de participar ativamente nas tomadas de decisões em diversas áreas, como a de recursos hídricos, através de representações de segmentos sociais. No contexto da gestão participativa das águas, o Estado do Rio de Janeiro instituiu sua Política Estadual de Recursos Hídricos, pela Lei n 3.239 em 1999, e criou o Sistema Estadual de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos. Dentro das diretrizes estabelecidas pela Lei das Águas, nove comitês fluminenses foram criados, de acordo com as divisões de bacias hidrográficas. Este trabalho propõe analisar os comitês de bacia, quanto ao desempenho de suas atribuições, através de uma pesquisa qualitativa junto aos membros titulares desses colegiados. Com metodologia baseada no conceituado Projeto Marca dÁgua, um extenso questionário foi aplicado utilizando-se de uma plataforma Survey via internet, onde no total coletou-se 112 respostas. Dos resultados, no geral, conclui-se que os Comitês fluminenses vivem um momento de progresso e que a gestão realizada vem demonstrando resultados satisfatórios. / A new Constitution was established at the end of the 1980s, allowing civil society to take part actively in decision-making in several areas, such as the one of water resources, through representatives from specific social segments. In the context of participatory management of water resources, Rio de Janeiro State has set up its Water Resources State Policy, through the Law n3.239, in 1999, and created the State System of Water Management. According to the policy established by the Law of Waters, nine committees were created, one for each river basin. This study analyzes the river basin committees as to their performance, through a qualitative research which was conducted with their members. The methodology applied was based on the highly esteemed study of the Watermark Project. Each committee member was given an online questionnaire in the Survey platform. The total amount of answers collected was of 112. From the results, the conclusion was that the committees in Rio de Janeiro are experiencing a moment of progress and that the management measures have demonstrated satisfactory results.

A growing number of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes are being implemented in developing and developed countries alike in order to effect some internalisation of environmental costs. In China schemes under the name of ‘eco-compensation’ are often considered to be similar to PES. Neither the term eco-compensation itself, nor the projects that are supposedly examples of eco-compensation have been subject to scrutiny. This thesis therefore aims to investigate eco-compensation in China, with particular emphasis on water-related programmes. The thesis begins with a comprehensive review of PES literature in order to establish the definition and essential characteristics of such schemes, and to enable an examination of how China’s eco-compensation differs from PES. The analysis of PES provides a framework for focusing on eco-compensation by examining voluntariness, project types, payment, actors, and scales. A broad-scale analysis of 19 Chinese schemes is then undertaken, and this reveals that eco-compensation projects predominantly involve government agents, often with different levels of government as service sellers and buyers; in China individual land users are only directly involved in a few cases. Literature suggests that PES schemes are not simply technical solutions, but are inherently political. Having undertaken this general survey, the political dimension of eco-compensation is then examined in two case studies in great detail, based on semi-structured interviews and project documents. The first case study is of the Xin’an River eco-compensation scheme in which an upstream provincial government is paid to protect water quality to benefit the downstream province. Drawing from studies of “scale”, this case explores the power relationships of central-provincial governments and intra-provincial governments in transboundary river water quality management, especially in the negotiation process of the eco-compensation scheme. It finds that the upstream government mobilises the concept of “eco-compensation” to persuade the downstream government to share the costs of protecting the river and to gain favourable terms in setting the water quality target, using the narrative of “climate change”. The central government adopts a tough stance on the issue of environment protection by the upstream government by setting water quality targets and by introducing basin management planning. This case suggests that eco-compensation is shaped by struggles and conflicts among different actors concerning their strategies in defining eco-compensation rules, and that eco-compensation can also reconfigure power dynamics among these actors. The second case study is of the Miyun Reservoir watershed scheme, in which farmers in the upstream of the contributing watersheds are paid to convert from growing paddy rice to less water-intensive crops, and to reduce fertiliser use. The declared purpose is to increase the water supply to Beijing city, and improve water quality. Applying a political ecology approach, the case examines the history of water provision to China’s capital city, showing that Beijing has been extracting water from its territory and beyond by using its political power. This eco-compensation scheme is just a part of this story. The case also shows that the eco-compensation is justified by framing the upstream agricultural water consumption as the cause of decreasing water flow, while ignoring that large-scale afforestation has significantly contributed to water shortages through the excessive consumption of water. Meanwhile, Beijing has ignored its own huge environmental impact on water quality. This case provides useful insights into how eco-compensation is shaped and framed according to certain priorities and interests, and that it can lead to control over access to water resources amongst the less powerful farmers in order to support water uses in the politically-dominant urban centre. This thesis suggests that although eco-compensation in some instances can be similar to PES, more often than not it is a mechanism used to adjust the relationships between different governments. It includes both incentive-based and regulatory components. That makes it a potentially effective arrangement for river basin water quality management, in spite of contested negotiations. But caution must be exercised, as it can also be used under the market logic by powerful actors to control water resources.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-03-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 orlando_phk_dr_prud.pdf: 2362674 bytes, checksum: 0735ad1403e14b79c05d200eead66965 (MD5) / Inicialmente o trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a produção do espaço no capitalismo e sua relação com o papel gestor territorial que o Estado moderno acaba por assumir nos dias atuais, visando garantir as condições necessárias para que possa haver, dentro de suas fronteiras nacionais, a acumulação do capital. Intenta-se mostrar nessa parte o contexto no qual se insere a gestão hídrica em nosso país e de uma porção espacial em particular: a Bacia do Rio Paraibuna. Em seguida, procuramos mostrar que o espaço na Bacia do Rio Paraibuna é fruto das profundas transformações que ocorreram nos vários períodos históricos nessa área. Este trabalho aponta a necessidade de se alargar os horizontes dos processos de gestão hídrica, em especial na Bacia do Rio Paraibuna, valorizando, entre outras coisas, a dimensão local das pequenas comunidades, povoados e cidades, para que se perceba tanto a trama das relações sociais aí presentes quanto o potencial existente para a construção de um processo de gestão hídrica participativa que atenda aos interesses comuns das populações como um todo, em especial nas decisões relativas à utilização das águas. Por fim, a análise realizada conduziu à percepção de que a gestão do território por políticas setoriais desarticuladas, com objetivos diferentes a serem alcançados, e por diferentes âmbitos de poder sem um grau desejável de integração é, também, elemento crucial a limitar as possibilidades de uma gestão hídrica eficiente, pois não assegura a sustentabilidade das águas e dos demais recursos ambientais como condição primordial para um desenvolvimento social abrangente que alcance todas as classes sociais. / This study begins with showing a reflexion about the spatial production in Capitalism system and its relation with the territorial management role played by the modern State. For its turn, the State is in charge of, in its national border, supporting the capital accumulation. Therefore, this thesis try to search for the larger context where the water management in each spatial scale of our country is involved. Afterwards, we are based on the idea that the space in the Paraibuna river basin is the result of profound transformations occurred through several historic periods in this area. This study points out the need of enlarging the view predominant in the process of water management, in special, in the Paraibuna River basin. On the way to this new practice it requires valorizing the local dimension of small communities, villages, so that the net of existing social relations and the resources to the building of a participative water management able to answer effective to the population interests as a whole, specially much care to the decisions linked to water usage. At last, this analysis conducted to the perception that territorial management made by partial and disarticulated polices with distinct aims to be reached, and, undertaken by different agents (municipal, state and federal) without a desirable integration are relevant factors on the way to limit a efficient water management capable to guarantee water sustainability and others environmental resources as a prime condition to a social development reaching to all social classes.

In recent years, the increasing awareness of scarcity of water resources, indications of likely climate variability, and the increasing pressure to use available fresh water resources more efficiently have together reinforced the need to look at infrastructure solutions with due regard to environmental considerations and social impacts, present and future. There is a vital need to apply an integrated approach to catchment management to implement sustainable solutions to resolve issues such as water supply and sewerage, drainage and river flooding. Many potentials solutions are available to control water demand and manage flood problems. Greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting are novel technologies. However, their catchment scale impacts on hydraulic and hydrological flows are poorly understood. The research aim is to identify the hydrologic and hydraulic impacts of scaling up such technologies at catchment scale. For this particular study, a computer simulation model will be used to evaluate how increasing urbanisation, climate change and the implementation of greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting may alter the water balance within a representative catchment. To achieve these aims data from the Carrickmines catchment in Ireland have been collected; a simulation model has been adapted to carry out the study, the model has been calibrated and validated, results have been analysed, and finally, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out. The results show that rainwater harvesting systems are comparatively more effective than greywater recycling techniques in reducing flood frequency and intensity. Under five year return period rainfall events, the implementation of rainwater harvesting at any scale and number of units is a useful technique to control river flow and floods. However, the study also shows that under extreme conditions the efficiency of rainwater harvesting systems decreases. The study concludes that implementing the two technologies within a single catchment is not a solution to several forms of hydrological problem. The study shows that implementing rainwater harvesting or re-use technologies are a very useful way to protect local freshwater reserves and therefore conserve our environment.

Following the necessity for spatial planning to focus on ‘what works’ in terms of implementation and policy delivery, during the last decade, the notion ‘soft’ spaces of cooperation have been in the spotlight of many academics working on territorial cooperation units. ‘Soft’ spaces of cooperation have been introduced mainly to explain what was happening for real through the continuous attempts to promote new policy scales, initially through the device of fuzzy boundaries. However, despite the necessity to address interests beyond existing rigid administrative boundaries, still issues related to financial power, infrastructure coordination and investment, ecological and environmental concerns, etc., all are situated within hierarchical structures of government and governance. Challenges arise and affect the interaction of actors in these areas, given the different institutional and cultural settings. This research investigates ways in which governmental institutions influence the coordination between non-governmental actors, points of interests that can foster the cooperation between governmental institutions and, more specifically the main challenges that non-governmental actors face while trying to cooperate due to cultural differences and institutional set-up in a ‘soft’ territorial cooperation. The research has been carried out in the Dutch-German border area, focusing on a common natural linkage and asset such as the Rhine river. While coordination between different sectoral policies exists in both sides of the border, different social context, planning mode and different legal and political conditions make the implementation of common projects a challenge.

abstract: This dissertation presents a new methodology for the sustainable and optimal allocation of water for a river basin management area that maximizes sustainable net economic benefit over the long-term planning horizon. The model distinguishes between short and long-term planning horizons and goals using a short-term modeling component (STM) and a long term modeling component (LTM) respectively. An STM optimizes a monthly allocation schedule on an annual basis in terms of maximum net economic benefit. A cost of depletion based upon Hotelling’s exhaustible resource theory is included in the STM net benefit calculation to address the non-use value of groundwater. An LTM consists of an STM for every year of the long-term planning horizon. Net economic benefits for both use and non-use values are generated by the series of STMs. In addition output from the STMs is measured in terms of sustainability which is quantified using a sustainability index (SI) with two groups of performance criteria. The first group measures risk to supply and is based on demand-supply deficits. The second group measures deviations from a target flow regime and uses a modified Hydrologic Alteration (HA) factor in the Range of Variability Approach (RVA). The STM is a linear programming (LP) model formulated in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and the LTM is a nonlinear programming problem (NLP) solved using a genetic algorithm. The model is applied to the Prescott Active Management Area in north-central Arizona. Results suggest that the maximum sustainable net benefit is realized with a residential population and consumption rate increase in some areas, and a reduction in others. / Dissertation/Thesis / PHP files / Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2015

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Pessoa da Cruz Centurion / Banca: Itamar Andrioli / Banca: Ivana Marino Bárbaro / Banca: Claudia Fabrino Machado Mattiuz / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Resumo: Objetivou-se verificar se a época de semeadura, o grau de compactação do solo e o conteúdo de água no solo influenciam o comportamento de duas cultivares de soja (CAC-1, classificada como resistente e FT-Cristalina, como suscetível), em relação a severidade da podridão vermelha da raiz (PVR). Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na FCAV/UNESP/Jaboticabal, envolvendo etapas de casa de vegetação e de campo. No campo, as cultivares FT-Cristalina e CAC-1 apresentaram níveis de doença variáveis conforme a época de semeadura, sendo que no outono/inverno 2009, na cultivar CAC-1 foi observado maior número de plantas com sintomas da PVR na parte aérea. Na primavera/verão 2009/10, a cultivar FT-Cristalina apresentou maior número de plantas com sintomas. Graus mais elevados de compactação e de umidade do solo (-0,001 MPa) favoreceram a ocorrência da PVR, e reduziram o desenvolvimento e produtividade da soja. Houve maior desenvolvimento radicular na camada superficial (0,0-0,10 m) onde a compactação foi menor comparada a camada de 0,10-0,20 m. Tanto na cultivar resistente quanto na suscetível à PVR, observaram-se maiores áreas, comprimentos, densidades e massas seca de raízes nas plantas inoculadas. Em casa de vegetação, na primavera/verão de 2009/10, o maior grau de compactação (resistência a penetração = 0,602 MPa) foi o qual proporcionou menor desenvolvimento radicular. No outono/inverno de 2010, a PVR foi influenciada pela irrigação, sendo que nas menores tensões de água observaram-se maiores severidades dos sintomas na parte aérea em ambas cultivares. Os tratamentos infestados, nesta época, tiveram a altura de plantas reduzida em relação aos não infestados. A infestação do solo com F. tucumaniae promoveu redução significativa do desenvolvimento do sistema radicular / Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to assess the influence of sowing time, soil compaction level, and soil water content on the severity level of sudden death syndrome (SDS) in two soybean cultivars - one (CAC-1), classified as resistant and another (FT-Cristalina) as susceptible. Experiments were carried out in Jaboticabal, a campus of the Paulista State University, in Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiments were conducted both in the field and under green house conditions. In the field both cultivars showed variable levels of SDS, depending on sowing time. When sowing was made during the 2009 Fall/Winter period, CAC-1 cultivar showed the highest number of plants with the sudden death syndrome. When sowing took place during the 2009/10 Spring/Summer period, FT-Cristalina was the cultivar with the highest number of plants exhibiting the symptoms. High soil compaction and moisture (-0.001 MPa) degrees favored the occurrence of SDS and this resulted in plant growth and yield reductions. Plant root system, due to soil compaction, was more developed at the depth of 0.0 - 0.10 m than at 0.10 - 0.20. Plants of both cultivars showed root larger areas, lengths, densities, and dry matter when they had been previously inoculated. Under green house conditions, during the 2009/10 Spring/Summer period, the highest degree of soil compaction (penetration resistance of 0.602 MPa) was the factor causing the lowest root development. During the 2010 Fall/Winter period, SDS was influenced by irrigation - the lower soil water's tensions (high irrigation level), the more severe the symptoms in both cultivars. Infected plants were shorter than the non infected ones. Soil infection with F. tucumaniae caused significant reductions in root system development / Doutor

Uma nova Constituição Federal foi estabelecida no final dos anos 80 conferindo à sociedade civil o direito de participar ativamente nas tomadas de decisões em diversas áreas, como a de recursos hídricos, através de representações de segmentos sociais. No contexto da gestão participativa das águas, o Estado do Rio de Janeiro instituiu sua Política Estadual de Recursos Hídricos, pela Lei n 3.239 em 1999, e criou o Sistema Estadual de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos. Dentro das diretrizes estabelecidas pela Lei das Águas, nove comitês fluminenses foram criados, de acordo com as divisões de bacias hidrográficas. Este trabalho propõe analisar os comitês de bacia, quanto ao desempenho de suas atribuições, através de uma pesquisa qualitativa junto aos membros titulares desses colegiados. Com metodologia baseada no conceituado Projeto Marca dÁgua, um extenso questionário foi aplicado utilizando-se de uma plataforma Survey via internet, onde no total coletou-se 112 respostas. Dos resultados, no geral, conclui-se que os Comitês fluminenses vivem um momento de progresso e que a gestão realizada vem demonstrando resultados satisfatórios. / A new Constitution was established at the end of the 1980s, allowing civil society to take part actively in decision-making in several areas, such as the one of water resources, through representatives from specific social segments. In the context of participatory management of water resources, Rio de Janeiro State has set up its Water Resources State Policy, through the Law n3.239, in 1999, and created the State System of Water Management. According to the policy established by the Law of Waters, nine committees were created, one for each river basin. This study analyzes the river basin committees as to their performance, through a qualitative research which was conducted with their members. The methodology applied was based on the highly esteemed study of the Watermark Project. Each committee member was given an online questionnaire in the Survey platform. The total amount of answers collected was of 112. From the results, the conclusion was that the committees in Rio de Janeiro are experiencing a moment of progress and that the management measures have demonstrated satisfactory results.

Orientador(a): Luciana Togeiro de Almeida / Banca: Ademar​ ​Ribeiro​ ​Romeiro / Banca: Stela​ ​Luiza​ ​de​ ​Mattos​ ​Ansanelli / Resumo: A dissertação é composta por dois artigos. O primeiro deles tem como principal objetivo avaliar se a gestão dos recursos hídricos no Estado de São Paulo foi falha no período de 2010 até 2015, levando à crise hídrica entre 2013 e 2015, através uma análise dos dados oficiais a partir de indicadores de gastos em investimento realizados pela Secretaria de Meio Ambiente e Secretaria de Saneamento e Recursos Hídricos. Conclui-se que existem problemas sérios de planejamento a longo prazo e que a crise hídrica não está ligada somente a fatores climáticos, mas também a investimentos erráticos e abaixo dos originalmente planejados. O segundo artigo tem como principal objetivo avaliar a experiência da adoção da cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos no estado de São Paulo, utilizando o caso dos três primeiros comitês de bacia hidrográfica que a adotaram, através dos resultados principais da variação do Índice de Qualidade da Água, indicador síntese de diversas medições sobre a poluição hídrica entre 2004 e 2015 e de indicadores financeiros relativos à arrecadação utilizando a cobrança, a tendência observada no período e a diferença entre o que foi cobrado e o que foi efetivamente arrecadado. Conclui-se que adoção do instrumento gerou a possibilidade de gastos que não seriam possíveis sem esse tipo de arrecadação, mas não conseguiu resolver os principais problemas de poluição e sobreutilização de recursos hídricos, que se mantiveram num patamar estável entre 2004 e 2015 / Abstract: This master thesis is composed by two articles. The main objective of the first one is to evaluate if the management of water resources in the State of São Paulo was flawed in the period from 2010 to 2015, leading to the water crisis between 2013 and 2015. It performsan analysis of the official data from the indicators of investment spending carried out by the Department of the Environment and the Department of Sanitation and Water Resources. Itis concluded that there are serious long-term planning problems and that the water crisis is not only linked to climatic factors but also to erratic and below planned investments.Thesecond article main objective is to evaluate the experience of adopting water charges in the state of SãoPaulo, using the case of the first three river basin committees that adopted it.resultsofthe variation of the Water Quality Index, a summary indicator of severalmeasurementsonwater pollution between 2004 and 2015. After this environmental indicator, it presents an financial indicator about how much was charged during the period and the difference between what was charged and what was actually collected. Itconcludesthattheadoptionoftheinstrument generated a possibility of expenditures that would not, without this type of collection, carry out many projects but could not solve the main problems of pollution and overutilization of water​ ​resources,​ ​which​ ​remain​ ​at​ ​a​ ​stable​ ​level​ ​between​ ​2004​ ​and​ ​2015 / Mestre

The difficulty involved addressing issues related with water management in Peru is the article’s starting point. Therefore, the water issue approach is introduced explaining its administrative procedures, the rights involved and making a critical analysis of 2008 Water Resources Law. Finally, the need for an integrated management analysis of the water resource is highlighted by integrally understanding the General Water Law as well as the current Water Resources Law, and encouraging dialogue among social actors involved in order to avoid future conflicts. / El artículo toma como punto de partida la dificultad de abordar los temas relacionados con la gestión del agua en el Perú. Por ello, nos presenta un acercamiento al tema hídrico, explicándonos sus modalidades administrativas, los derechos que involucra y un análisis crítico de la Ley de Recursos Hídricos del año 2008. Finalmente, nos plantea la necesidad de analizar la gestión integrada del recurso hídrico comprendiendo integralmente la Ley General de Aguas y la actual Ley de Recursos Hídricos y fomentando el diálogo entre los diversos actores sociales involucrados para evitar futuros conflictos.