Adaptive Governance approaches are being implemented by officials in Swedish municipalities. A close dialogue and cooperation between municipalities, and the acceptance of the uncertainty and unpredictability of climate change are included in the strategic work, and facilitate the introduction of Adaptive Governance approaches. However, Adaptive Governance approaches are at the same time hindered by the municipal systems, which does not allow for the introduction of new and innovative information. In particular, this study demonstrates that the systems are not structured to include such information from informal sources, such as citizens and farmers. This comparative study investigates water quality management at the local level, applying the concept of Adaptive Governance in three Swedish municipalities: Kalmar, Västerås and Upplands Väsby.The analysis is based on the theoretical framework of Adaptive Governance that expands on the understanding of adaptive management. The 17 semi-structured interviews conclude that the facilitators for Adaptive Governance are most evident within the areas of collaboration and shared responsibility between municipalities. Barriers to the development of Adaptive Governance are identified as a failure in the systems to include ecological knowledge. Expanding Adaptive Governance research to a larger number of municipalities within the European Union would shed some more light on what facilitates and what hinders the inclusion of Adaptive Governance approaches at the local level. Such research would have a dual effect: as a contribution to science and as a promotion for the practical implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive according to the Adaptive Governance approaches of the European water quality management.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is considered the staple food for about 2.4 billion people, is the product of greater economic importance in many developing countries. Water management is one of the most important in Rice yield factors. In the pre-germinated cultivation as in other systems of cropping system, the blade height of water emerges as an issue to be resolved if this influences yield components of rice. In this sense, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of blade height of water in the performance of two cultivars in different planting densities in pre-germinated cultivation in the Fourth Cologne / RS system region. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a factorial model with subdivided in space, consisting of the four treatments in plots heights of water level (1, 6, 11 and 16 cm) and 2 cultivars IRGA 425 and IRGA 428, subplots and three seeding (80, 120 and 160 kg.ha-1). The results show that there is the influence of the height of the water depth and seeding rate on yield components of cultivar IRGA 425. The grain yields, IRGA 425 and IRGA 428 answered the influence of blade height of water and seeding rate. Yielded the best results in IRGA 425 in blade height of 6 cm water and seeding rate of 80 kg.ha-1, and IRGA 428 in blade height of 11 cm water and sowing density of 80 kg.ha-1. / O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é considerado o alimento básico para cerca de 2,4 bilhões de pessoas, sendo o produto de maior importância econômica em muitos países em desenvolvimento. O manejo da água é um dos fatores de maior importância na produtividade do arroz irrigado. No sistema de cultivo pré-germinado como nos demais sistemas de cultivo, a altura lâmina da água surge como uma questão a ser resolvida, se esta exerce influência nos componentes de produção do arroz irrigado. Neste sentido o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência da altura da lâmina de água sob o desempenho de duas cultivares em densidades de semeadura diferentes, no sistema de cultivo pré-germinado na região da Quarta Colônia/RS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, em esquema bifatorial com parcela subdividida no espaço, constituídos pelos tratamentos nas parcelas de quatro alturas de lâmina de água (1, 6, 11 e 16 cm) e 2 cultivares a IRGA 425 e IRGA 428, e nas subparcelas três densidades de semeadura (80, 120 e 160 kg/ha). Os resultados apresentados demonstram que existe a influência da altura de lâmina de água e a densidade de semeadura nos componentes de produção da cultivar IRGA 425. A produtividade das cultivares, IRGA 425 e IRGA 428 responderam a influência da altura de lâmina de água e densidade de semeadura. Obtiveram-se os melhores resultados na cultivar IRGA 425 na altura de lâmina de água de 6 cm e densidade de semeadura de 80 kg.ha-1, e na cultivar IRGA 428 na altura de lâmina de água de 11 cm e densidade de semeadura de 80 kg.ha-1.

In future cities, urban drainage and flood management systems should be designed not only to reliable during normal operating conditions but also to be resilient to exceptional threats that lead to catastrophic failure impacts and consequences. Resilience can potentially be built into urban drainage systems by implementing a range of strategies, for example by embedding redundancy and flexibility in system design or rehabilitation to increase their ability to efficiently maintain acceptable customer flood protection service levels during and after occurrence of failure or through installation of equipment that enhances customer preparedness for extreme events or service disruptions. However, operationalisation of resilience in urban flood management is still constrained by lack of suitable quantitative evaluation methods. Existing hydraulic reliability-based approaches tend to focus on quantifying functional failure caused by extreme rainfall or increases in dry weather flows that lead to hydraulic overloading of the system. Such approaches take a narrow view of functional resilience and fail to explore the full system failure scenario space due to exclusion of internal system failures such as equipment malfunction, sewer (link) collapse and blockage that also contribute significantly to urban flooding. In this research, a new analytical approach based on Global Resilience Analysis (GRA) is investigated and applied to systematically evaluate the performance of an urban drainage system (UDS) when subjected to a wide range of both functional and structural failure scenarios resulting from extreme rainfall and pseudo random cumulative link failure respectively. Failure envelopes, which represent the resulting loss of system functionality (impacts) are determined by computing the upper and lower limits of the simulation results for total flood volume (failure magnitude) and average flood duration (failure duration) at each considered failure level. A new resilience index is developed and applied to link resulting loss of functionality magnitude and duration to system residual functionality (head room) at each considered failure level. With this approach, resilience has been tested and characterized for a synthetic UDS and for an existing UDS in Kampala city, Uganda. In addition, the approach has been applied to quantify the impact of interventions (adaptation strategies) on enhancement of global UDS resilience to flooding. The developed GRA method provides a systematic and computationally efficient approach that enables evaluation of whole system resilience, where resilience concerns ‘beyond failure’ magnitude and duration, without prior knowledge of threat occurrence probabilities. The study results obtained by applying the developed method to the case studies suggest that by embedding the cost of failure in resilience-based evaluation, adaptation strategies which enhance system flexibility properties such as distributed storage and improved asset management are more cost-effective over the service life of UDSs.

Ph.D. / Mining operations significantly influence the environment due to direct and indirect discharges of waste products into the aquatic systems. The primary aim of this study was to assess the current situation in the platinum mining area and develop a management plan to ensure that existing and potential environmental impacts caused by platinum mining and processing are mitigated. To do this, an assessment was carried out to investigate changes in critical aquatic invertebrate and fish community distributions and assess how they relate to measured environmental factors. Five sites were selected, one reference site which is upstream of heavy mining activities and four sites within heavy mining and processing activities. Standard techniques for water, sediment, invertebrate and fish sampling were used. Macro-invertebrates sampled were identified to family level whereas fish were identified to species level. Multivariate analysis used was cluster analysis by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) for both macro-invertebrates and fish. Three methods of ordination were used to analyze the biotic and abiotic data namely N-MDS, Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Cluster analysis of macro-invertebrates data revealed three major groups based on sampling period (low flow or high flow) and the last cluster according to the locality. Multidimensional scaling ordination of high and low flow for macro-invertebrate communities confirmed the groupings detected by cluster analysis. Cluster analysis for fish communities revealed two groups at 50% similarity; the first group is the combination of reference and exposure sites for both high and low flow sampling regimes. No fish were sampled at site 4 during both low and high flow regimes. Multidimensional scaling ordination of high and low flow fish communities confirmed the groupings detected by cluster analysis. Analysis using a similarity profile (SIMPROF) test indicated that fish communities are statistically (p=5%) the same. It was found that macro-invertebrates and fish respond differently to environmental variables.

This thesis examines the interaction of political-economic restructuring, sustainability, and the governance of municipal services in the province of Ontario, Canada. Two issues are studied: the restructuring of business models, and programs for sustainable infrastructure management (focusing on programs for the reduction of water consumption and production). The primary data are derived from a province-wide expert survey, archival research, a one-day expert workshop, and seven municipal case studies. Since the early 1990s, political-economic restructuring in Ontario predominantly reflects processes and policy orientations consistent with neoliberalization. Two strands of research posit particular relationships between neoliberalization and sustainability. One (associated with political ecology) asserts that neoliberalization yields negative outcomes for environmental policy. The other (ecological modernization) asserts that neoliberal restructuring leads to environmental improvements. This thesis tests and complicates both sets of claims. Specifically, neoliberalization does not necessarily induce improved programming for sustainability and can, hinder its development. Neoliberalization, however, is not the unique hindrance to progress on sustainability. Rather, a techno-physical approach to service delivery combined with governance arrangements that neither empower nor compel a variety of necessary actors presents a key barrier to sustainability. In terms of the restructuring of business models, I find that the primary neoliberal strategy is the depoliticization of governance through the pursuit of arms length business models for service delivery. This, however, is not readily accomplished in complete or straightforward ways. Municipal governments and anti-neoliberal alliances have complex relationships to neoliberalization that prove important in restructuring outcomes. Specifically, neoliberalization is also contested within municipal government and for environmental advocates, although their best option, the municipal department model remains unsatisfactory. Concerning sustainable infrastructure management, the thesis finds that up-take of supply and demand management in Ontario has been limited to date. This results from incentives created by policy processes associated with neoliberalization (specifically new public management) and technically-driven management methods in the water sector. Moreover, where programs for sustainable infrastructure management currently occur, they are rarely motivated by sustainability concerns. Importantly, however, sustainable infrastructure management is underdeveloped for reasons other than neoliberalization; governance arrangements and the continuing supply-side orientation of water utilities are other factors. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This master thesis deals with the very current topic of ballast water management, a very specific field in the maritime shipping industry. The aim of the thesis is to introduce the subject clearly and to sum up the main issues which restrain a smooth implementation of new regulations that emerged from a recently adopted international treaty. This treaty, the so-called Ballast Water Management Convention, will possibly have immediate impact on the seafreight market rates and thus on the entire international trade. So purpose of this thesis is to estimate what the result might be like.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This study examined the impact of the City’s water management strategies, specifically the water management devices, on selected households in Saxonsea. The impact of cost recovery policies on poor households was interrogated in the light of government’s distributional and procedural equity in service delivery. The main issues arising from the study were lack of consultation, inadequate information, and perception of powerlessness. The study concludes that although water management devices have contributed to significant improvements in water saving, poor households are burdened with the responsibility of saving water. If the idea is to save water across the board, this regimen should be extended to all water users and not targeted at poor households only

A renovação da outorga que permite reverter as águas das bacias dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) para abastecer a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo através do Sistema Cantareira constituiu um importante momento de decisão sobre a gestão dos recursos hídricos. Diante disso e do processo de descentralização na gestão das águas, possibilitando a ação de diversos atores, com a instituição do Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos em São Paulo (SIGRH), existe a necessidade de conciliação de interesses, de cooperação entre os atores e de negociação de conflitos. Este trabalho pretendeu analisar como a existência de um histórico de cooperação entre os membros dos Comitês das Bacias PCJ contribuiu para o fortalecimento da sua capacidade de negociação no processo de renovação da outorga do Sistema Cantareira. Para tanto, a pesquisa contou com a aplicação de um questionário fechado junto aos membros dos Comitês PCJ, que permitiu observar a existência de cooperação entre eles e de outros elementos que constituem o conceito de capital social. Percebeu-se que os Comitês PCJ possuem uma estrutura de organização que possibilita um desempenho satisfatório na tomada de decisões, na mobilização de recursos, na facilidade de comunicação e na solução de conflitos. Verificou-se que entre os seus membros existem relações consistentes de cooperação, confiança, solidariedade e reciprocidade, através das quais foram construídos arranjos institucionais nesses Comitês para resolver problemas relacionados à gestão dos recursos hídricos, como foi o caso da renovação da outorga do Sistema Cantareira. Com a nova outorga, a operação do Sistema passou a ser descentralizada e transparente. Todo esse processo contribuiu para que o capital social existente entre os atores envolvidos na gestão das águas se desenvolvesse e fortalecesse os seus laços. Também contribuiu para o amadurecimento técnico e político dos Comitês PCJ, para sua capacidade de negociar o recurso comum e para a institucionalização do SIGRH na busca pela gestão compartilhada das águas. / The renovation of the water permit that makes possible the reversion of water from the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basin to supply the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, through Cantareira System, consisted of an important decision making moment on the water management. With regard to that and to the decentralization process on water management, that enables the participation of several actors with the Integrated Water Management (IWM) in Sao Paulo, the conciliation of interests, cooperation among actors and conflict negotiation have become necessary. This research aimed to analyze how the existence of cooperation among the members of the PCJ River basin Committee contributed to strengthen their negotiation capacity during the process of renovation of the Cantareira System water permit. A questionnaire, applied to the members, enabled the observation of cooperation and other elements that constitute the concept of social capital among them. It was possible to observe that the PCJ Committee has an organization structure that enables a satisfactory performance on the decision making process, resource mobilization, communication and conflict resolution. It was also observed that among them there are consistent cooperation, trust, solidarity and reciprocity relations, through which institutional arrangements were built to solve problems related to the water management. With the new water permit, the System operation has become more decentralized and transparent. All the process contributed to develop and strengthen the existent social capital and ties among the actors. It also contributed to the technical and political maturity of PCJ Committee, to its capacity of negotiating the common resource and to the institutionalization of IWM in the search for an integrated water management.

Os jogos de papéis (role-playing games) têm sido utilizados em diversos projetos de gestão participativa dos recursos naturais em processos de formação, pesquisa e intervenção de apoio à negociação de conflitos em várias partes do mundo. Uma série de estudos demonstram o potencial destas metodologias para lidar com temas complexos num processo de Educação para a participação, principalmente de atores locais da sociedade civil. Partimos do pressuposto de que os fóruns de negociação de conflitos socioambientais exigem um aprendizado técnico e social para uma participação efetiva da sociedade civil. O objetivo da pesquisa consiste em analisar os potenciais e limites destas metodologias em relação aos princípios da Educação Ambiental. Primeiramente realizamos um levantamento e comparação de experiências brasieliras de formação relacionadas à gestão urbana e ambiental. Em seguida, analisamos de forma mais aprofundada um protótipo de jogo de papéis, com enfoque na modelagem de acompanhamento, que corresponde ao foco do trabalho - O Jogo dos Mananciais. O jogo em destaque trata da problemática da gestão dos recursos hídricos em áreas de mananciais peri-urbanos. Os resultados da análise mostram que o jogo apresenta diversas potencialidades como metodologia de apoio à formação, embora seus limites estejam relacionados à complexidade da ferramenta e ao tempo dispendido na sua elaboração. Além disso, como uma metodologia didática, o jogo de papéis (RPG) deve estar inserido num processo de formação mais amplo. / Role playing games in natural resources management have recently been tested as training, research and intervention tools all over the world. Various studies point out their potential to deal with complex issues and to contribute on the training processes. We believe that a social learning process is necessary to empower the local communities to take part on the negotiation channels. The objective of this contribution is to briefly analyze the limits and potential of games within environmental education from the critical perspective. The analysis begins by a comparison of four Brazilian experiences, which are \"regular\" RPGs, developed to deal with the complexity of urban and environmental management. They were used within an educational process focusing on either local communities or technicians. The comparison of these experiences is based on (i) an analysis of the materials (game support) provided by the developers, (ii) interviews with authors and game developers and (iii) participation in game sessions whenever possible. Then we deeply analyze the RPG (Jogo dos Mananciais), the research focus. This game is a prototype based on Companion Modeling Approach. It deals with the water resources management in peri-urban catchments. The results show role-playing games have many possibilities as a training methodology, however their limits are related to the complexity of the toll. So, the RPG must be inserted into a wider educational process.

Questões de planejamento aliadas ao aumento da impermeabilização contribuem para a redução do amortecimento das águas, o que possibilita a ocorrência das enchentes urbanas. Assim, é imprescindível a adoção de instrumentos e ferramentas que permitam um adequado gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, bem como de sua drenagem. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho consistiu em propor e aplicar novas metodologias de medidas compensatórias não-estruturais como instrumentos de gestão das águas urbanas (Balanço Hídrico de Terceira Geração, \"IPTU Hidrológico\") em escala de lote urbano, de forma a gerar cenários prospectivos, que mostrem a influência da adoção de indicadores de pegada hídrica e de medidas estruturais da drenagem urbana no grau de neutralidade dos impactos no lote. A metodologia consistiu no dimensionamento e análises de custos das medidas estruturais (tanque de água e trincheira de infiltração) para um lote de 200 \'M POT.2\', a serem incorporadas ou não nas medidas não-estruturais (Balanço Hídrico de Terceira Geração e \"IPTU Hidrológico\"); que por sua vez, foram calculadas em função das componentes das águas urbanas, variáveis hidráulicas e hidrológicas. Ao final, foram formados 4 cenários em escala prospectiva atual (2010), 2025, 2050, 2075 e 2100: Global Orchestration, Order from Stregth, Adapting Mosaic, TechnoGarden e realizadas análises de sensibilidade das medidas não-estruturais em nível de escala de lote, bem como ponderações das componentes das águas urbanas para a obtenção dos valores monetários de IPTU. Por fim, foram extraídas justificativas pertinentes a tais medidas, com base em elementos técnicos, econômicos, sociais e ambientais de Águas Urbanas sob o contexto da Lei Federal de Saneamento Básico nº 11.445/07. / Planning\'s questions with the increase of impervious areas contribute to reduce the damping of water, allowing urban flooding\'s occurence. Thus, it\'s necessary to adopt instruments and tools that allow an appropriate management of water resources, as well as its drainage. In this sense, this paper proposed and implemented new methods of non-structural compensating measures as tools for urban water management (3rd Generation of Water Balance and \"Hydrological IPTU tax\") on urban scale in order to generate future scenarios that show the influence of the adoption of waterfootprint\'s indicators and structural measures in the neutrality of impacts in urban drainage. The methodology consisted in the design and cost analysis of the structural measures (water tank and infiltration trenches), for a 200 \'M POT.2\' lot, to be incorporated or not on the non-structural measures, which in turn were determinated by the hydraulic and hydrologic components of urban water. In the end, four scenarios were formed in time scale, current (2010), 2025, 2050, 2075 and 2100 (Global Orchestration, Order from Strength, Adapting Mosaic and TechnoGarden), as well as were performed sensibility analyses of non-structural measures in terms of urban scale and are assigned weights of the urban water\'s components to obtain the monetary value of taxes. Finally, relevant justifications were described, based on technical, economic, social and environmental questions of urban water, under the context of Sanitation\'s Federal Law nº11.445/07.