Diante da escassez hídrica na vivida na Região metropolitana de São Paulo e com tantas incertezas climáticas, as ações dos gestores da água na RMSP ficam em evidência e mais do que nunca surge a necessidade de se discutir sobre e os conceitos de governança da água e segurança hídrica na RMSP. Esse estudo analisou com a ajuda do programa DSCSoft software diversos discursos de atores envolvidos com o tema da água na RMSP, o software ajudou a separar os discursos dos indivíduos e a construir um Discurso do sujeito Coletivo (DSC). O DSC considera o discurso de um ator o representante do pensamento e somado a outros sujeitos, representa também o coletivo. O objetivo foi identificar quais as percepções individuais, mas também pensamentos e ações coletivas dos diferentes atores sociais envolvidos na gestão ou militância da água na RMSP. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram a existência de dois grupos: Técnico- Capitalista (com pensamentos mais técnicos e voltados ao lucro) e o Eco-Social (com pensamentos voltados a preservação do meio ambiente e a agua como um direito). Foi identificado nesses grupos as diferentes visões sobre o recurso água e também as diferentes ideais sobre qual seria um modelo adequado da gestão e segurança hídrica. Analisando esses discursos, foi possível realizar uma reflexão e uma discussão sobre os conflitos existentes para que haja de fato a governança da água. Esses discursos foram cedidos pelo grupo de pesquisa da USP participante do projeto Bluegrass - As lutas pelo ouro azul que entrevistou diversos atores importantes envolvidos com o tema da água na RMSP e Litoral Norte de SP. O projeto Bluegrass foi financiado pela FAPESP e tem parceria com México, Peru e Estados Unidos e o centro de pesquisa CIRAD na França / Faced with the water shortage in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and with so many climatic uncertainties, the actions of water managers in the RMSP are evident and more than ever, there is a need to discuss the concepts of water and safety governance In the RMSP. This study analyzed with the help of the \"DSCSoft\" software program various speeches from actors involved with the theme of water in the RMSP, the software helped to separate the speeches of individuals and to construct a Collective Subject Discourse (DSC). The DSC considers the speech of an actor the representative of thought and added to other subjects, also represents the collective. The objective was to identify the individual perceptions, but also collective thoughts and actions of the different social actors involved in the management or militancy of the water in the RMSP. The results of this study showed the existence of two groups: Technical-Capitalist (with more technical and profit-oriented thoughts) and Eco-Social (with thoughts focused on preserving the environment and water as a right). The different views on the water resource were identified in these groups and also the different ideals on which would be an appropriate model of water safety and management. Analyzing these discourses, it was possible to make a reflection and a discussion about the existing conflicts so that there is indeed water governance. These speeches were given by the USP research group participating in the project \"Bluegrass - The Blue Gold Fights\" that interviewed several important actors involved with the theme of water in the SPM and North Coast of SP. The Bluegrass project was funded by FAPESP and has partnership with Mexico, Peru and the United States and the CIRAD research center in France.

Diante da escassez hídrica na vivida na Região metropolitana de São Paulo e com tantas incertezas climáticas, as ações dos gestores da água na RMSP ficam em evidência e mais do que nunca surge a necessidade de se discutir sobre e os conceitos de governança da água e segurança hídrica na RMSP. Esse estudo analisou com a ajuda do programa DSCSoft software diversos discursos de atores envolvidos com o tema da água na RMSP, o software ajudou a separar os discursos dos indivíduos e a construir um Discurso do sujeito Coletivo (DSC). O DSC considera o discurso de um ator o representante do pensamento e somado a outros sujeitos, representa também o coletivo. O objetivo foi identificar quais as percepções individuais, mas também pensamentos e ações coletivas dos diferentes atores sociais envolvidos na gestão ou militância da água na RMSP. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram a existência de dois grupos: Técnico- Capitalista (com pensamentos mais técnicos e voltados ao lucro) e o Eco-Social (com pensamentos voltados a preservação do meio ambiente e a agua como um direito). Foi identificado nesses grupos as diferentes visões sobre o recurso água e também as diferentes ideais sobre qual seria um modelo adequado da gestão e segurança hídrica. Analisando esses discursos, foi possível realizar uma reflexão e uma discussão sobre os conflitos existentes para que haja de fato a governança da água. Esses discursos foram cedidos pelo grupo de pesquisa da USP participante do projeto Bluegrass - As lutas pelo ouro azul que entrevistou diversos atores importantes envolvidos com o tema da água na RMSP e Litoral Norte de SP. O projeto Bluegrass foi financiado pela FAPESP e tem parceria com México, Peru e Estados Unidos e o centro de pesquisa CIRAD na França / Faced with the water shortage in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and with so many climatic uncertainties, the actions of water managers in the RMSP are evident and more than ever, there is a need to discuss the concepts of water and safety governance In the RMSP. This study analyzed with the help of the \"DSCSoft\" software program various speeches from actors involved with the theme of water in the RMSP, the software helped to separate the speeches of individuals and to construct a Collective Subject Discourse (DSC). The DSC considers the speech of an actor the representative of thought and added to other subjects, also represents the collective. The objective was to identify the individual perceptions, but also collective thoughts and actions of the different social actors involved in the management or militancy of the water in the RMSP. The results of this study showed the existence of two groups: Technical-Capitalist (with more technical and profit-oriented thoughts) and Eco-Social (with thoughts focused on preserving the environment and water as a right). The different views on the water resource were identified in these groups and also the different ideals on which would be an appropriate model of water safety and management. Analyzing these discourses, it was possible to make a reflection and a discussion about the existing conflicts so that there is indeed water governance. These speeches were given by the USP research group participating in the project \"Bluegrass - The Blue Gold Fights\" that interviewed several important actors involved with the theme of water in the SPM and North Coast of SP. The Bluegrass project was funded by FAPESP and has partnership with Mexico, Peru and the United States and the CIRAD research center in France.

Demand for both food and water are projected to increase substantially in the next four decades. Water scarcity is also projected to increase in scale and complexity. Climate change is projected to increase temperatures, spatio-temporal variability in rainfall, frequency and severity of droughts and soil water stresses to crops. Due to the crucial role of water in crop growth and yield formation, prolonged or severe soil water deficits in crop producing areas can result in substantial yield penalties. The potential of food trade to help address food insecurity as a result of insufficient water availability for crop production has been rationalized in the virtual water concept. The aim of this thesis was to improve the evidence base for understanding and evaluating the relationships between future water availability for crop production and food trade (or virtual water flows), and the utility of the virtual water concept to inform policy and management decisions on water-food security. The UK and barley were used as a model country and crop, respectively. Three crop growth simulation models (AquaCrop, CropWat and WaSim) were evaluated for their abilities to estimate the water use of 10 barley genotypes. Subsequently, the effect of projected climate change on UK barley yields in the 2030s, 2040s and 2050s was simulated using the high, medium and low emission scenarios data from the UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09). Projections of total UK feed barley supply and demand were performed to quantify potential virtual water flows and to analyse the implications for food security and policy. The results show that the predicted water use of barley differed between the models but not among the genotypes. Predicted seasonal water use of the barley genotypes ranged from 241.4 to 319.2 mm. Based on the root mean square error (RMSE) and the index of agreement (D-Stat) values, CropWat performed poorly while AquaCrop and WaSim performed excellently. Barley yields under projected climate change increased substantially over baseline yields in all UK regions. Projected mean barley yields for the UK ranged from 6.04 tons ha-1 (2030s) to 7.77 tons ha-1 (2050s). In spite of the projected increase in yields, the UK faces the risk of large deficits in feed barley and meat supply from the 2030s to the 2050s due to a combination of population growth, increased per capita meat demand and reductions in land area allocated to barley production. Finally, current water scarcity concepts were found to be incompatible with water availability and consumption in crop producing areas, a situation that diminishes the usefulness of the virtual water concept for policy. To address this deficiency, a framework for making water scarcity compatible with crop production was proposed. In conclusion, the poor performance of CropWat has implications for its wider use in quantifying global virtual water flows associated with crop trade. Even though UK barley yields are projected to increase under projected climate change, the projected deficits in feed barley and meat supply threatens to destabilize future UK food security. The UK can rely on import to offset the large deficits in feed barley and meat supply but can use the proposed framework to reduce the effect of its imports on water scarcity in the exporting countries. The proposed framework improves understanding and evaluation of the role and usefulness of the virtual water concept in water-food security policy and management decisions.

In the first chapter, I consider the institutional structures as well as the doctrines typically encountered in the surface water sector. To investigate the sources and methods of government support in the water sector, I categorize different sorts of government support according to the location of water along the water cycle. I conclude the section with examples of observed water markets. In the second chapter, I consider the problem of water usage, developing a model to analyze the optimal pricing of water within a second-best economy. As a water supplier, the local government may price discriminate across consumers and farmers. I introduce the second-best pricing scheme, derive conditions for the marginal-cost pricing and inverse-elasticity rules, and analyze when the government optimally deviates from these two pricing schemes. In the third chapter, I provide an analysis of the data I collected from Turkey. First, I examine the data on reservoir flows, including service share and fixed costs of the reservoirs. Then, I provide details about the relationship between the quantity and price of irrigation and of tap water. Finally, in the fourth chapter, I apply the theoretical framework to the data from Turkey. In Turkey, the current water-pricing policy is dictated by the sole objective of breaking-even in each period. This results in large withdrawals, which is not sustainable in the long-run, hence not optimal. I analyze the dynamic optimal water resource management problem of a benevolent government. I compare the implications of the current and the optimal pricing policies.

The scarcity of water poses a threat to domestic and global economic sustainability while inhibiting the operational efficiency of food and beverage industry firms. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies some food and beverage industry leaders in the United States used for implementing sustainable water consumption practices to improve operational efficiency. The conceptual framework for the study was stakeholder theory. The primary data source was semistructured interviews with 4 food and beverage industry leaders in Wisconsin who have responsibility for implementing their firms' sustainability practices, and the secondary data source was corporate sustainability reports. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data, which resulted in 4 themes: efficient equipment, stakeholder and sustainability focus, water recycling, and supply chain support. The implications of this study for social change include the potential for leaders in the food and beverage industry to use findings to create more sustainable water supplies and demonstrate greater stewardship of the environment.

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2011 / The legacy of apartheid has left the Democratic South African government with many challenges. Sixteen years of governance have not been enough for the state to close the gap between the rich and the poor. Instead, the gap is widening day by day. The Black Economic Empowerment (BEE), the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) and other government intervention strategies have not done enough to uplift the standard of living of the majority of people in the country. The poor, living in rural areas, remain the most hard-hit and recipients of the bitter fruits of the past. Little or no development has been taking place in their communities. Regardless of the many efforts by the current government, water supply and sanitation in rural areas are a nightmare. The study was conducted in two rural villages in Bushbuckridge Local Municipality (BLM), namely, Clare B and Islington. In some parts of the villages residents have never fetched water in their streets less than one kilometre for close to a year. The results show that villagers are negatively affected by the lack of water in their communities. The economic power of these communities is very low, most of them are living below the poverty line. The results suggest, as elsewhere, that the BLM should install water pipes that will transfer water from the Injaka Dam to all rural areas in the municipality, as the two villages under study are not the only ones experiencing water shortages in the area.

River barriers, such as dams, culverts and diversions are important for water conveyance, but disrupt river ecosystems and hydrologic processes. River barrier removal is increasingly used to restore and improve river habitat and connectivity. Most past barrier removal projects prioritized individual barriers using score-and-rank techniques, neglecting the spatial structure and cumulative change from multiple barrier removals. Similarly, most water demand models satisfy human water uses or, only prioritize aquatic habitat, failing to include both human and environmental water use benefits. In this study, a dual objective optimization model identified in-stream barriers that impede quality-weighted aquatic habitat connectivity for Bonneville cutthroat trout. Monthly streamflow, stream temperature, channel gradient and geomorphic condition were indicators of aquatic habitat suitability. Solutions to the dual objective problem quantify and graphically present tradeoffs between quality-weighted habitat connectivity and economic water demands. The optimization model is generalizable to other watersheds, but it was applied as a case study in Utah’s Weber Basin to prioritize removal of environmentally-harmful barriers, while maintaining human water uses. Modeled results suggest tradeoffs between economic costs of removing barriers and quality-weighted habitat gains. Removing 54 in-stream barriers increases quality-weighted habitat by about 160 km and costs approximately $10M, after which point the cost effectiveness of removing barriers to connect river habitat slows. In other words, there is decreasing benefit of removing barriers, so that after removing the first 54 barriers, it costs more to connect more high-quality habitat. Removing reservoirs or diversions that result in large economic losses did not substantially increase habitat. This suggests that removing numerous small barriers results in greater increases in habitat for the same removal costs, without significant water scarcity losses. The set of barriers prioritized for removal varied monthly depending on limiting habitat conditions for Bonneville cutthroat trout. The common barriers removed in the model were identified to communicate the most environmentally harmful barriers to local stakeholders and inform decision-making. Additionally, limiting the budget or number of barrier removal projects resulted in a different set of barriers removed. This research helps prioritize barrier removals and future restoration decisions in the Weber Basin although the model formulation is generalizable to other watersheds. Available data and a simplified approach limit the scope of this model. The modeling approach expands current barrier removal optimization methods by explicitly including economic and environmental water uses.

This report focuses on addressing the electricity shortfall in Pakistan with the help of renewable resources. At present, the country is facing a shortfall of almost 7,000 megawatts (MW) which is affecting every walk of life and causing almost 1.5 to 2% GDP loss on annual basis. Previous research done on this subject reveals that electricity demand has always remained high then the total generation capacity of Pakistan. Similarly, it has been pointed out that the country is not taking maximum benefit from its available hydro, solar and wind resources. This leads us to the basic purpose of this research which is to have an exploratory understanding of the strategies adopted by India, China, Brazil and Spain for electricity generation in a green fashion and how can these strategies be implemented  in Pakistan. Case study has been adopted as methodology for this purpose. This research work also discusses the factors contributing in the lack of promotion of renewable energy resources in Pakistan and provide detailed analyses of positive changes these projects can bring in lives of masses in Pakistan. The sustainable management of surface water resource in the country has been discussed in particular as the country faced worst floods in its history during years 2010 & 2011. It will result in enhancing the surface water storage ability of Pakistan which will significantly reduce our dependence on underground water reserves and will directly increase our electricity generation capacity through hydro dams. Similarly, sustainable forest management has been discussed at length as it will not only ensure environmental sustainability but will also result in increase availability of biomass. Not to mention the fact that wood biomass is much cheaper then conventional source of electricity generation provided it is obtained through sustainable forest management. Finally, if all the green strategies discussed in this research work will be implemented, it will increase the overall electricity generation capacity of Pakistan up to 9% respectively.

Population growth, urbanization, degrading water quality, and climate change are making management of scarce water resources an increasingly difficult task for the domestic sector. It is recognized that in order to manage urban water resources demand management is requisite. Demand management has been experimented with in large cities of developing countries but continued focus on expanding supply overshadows its potential benefits and ultimate success. In order to manage demand, it must be measured and understood. Intermittent water services are prevalent in developing countries, but unmetered domestic water use under such conditions has not been carefully studied. This study conducted 1,149 household surveys in a small, growing, coastal city (population est. 35,645) in La Libertad, Peru. The objectives were to 1) characterize current household water use behaviors, perceptions and values as they vary among three user groups (two distinct unmetered intermittent water services and well users) and reveal the existing water use and potential household demand for water, and 2) propose demand management tactics applicable to conditions of the study site that may be generalizable to small, developing, cities. Survey results show daily per capita water use in the range of 35 to 90 L with more water being used by the group that receives water for a longer duration of time. The distribution of water was inequitable and, on average, households received water for less time than the service providers' reported duration. Demand is likely to grow due to increasing water-related infrastructure, established water behaviors, and a lack of understanding regarding regional scarcity and water conservation. Households are not satisfied with existing service conditions, particularly water quality, but due to an apparent distrust in their water providers are unwilling to pay for improvements. For domestic service to remain sustainable under the pressures of increasing water scarcity, demand management strategies, particularly education and awareness building, are likely achievable and should be adopted, complementary to supply-minded management.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-02-03T16:44:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) juliana_lemes_cruz.pdf: 5719436 bytes, checksum: 24eb6a210d91143a7f4c407aa11ed2b3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T15:11:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) juliana_lemes_cruz.pdf: 5719436 bytes, checksum: 24eb6a210d91143a7f4c407aa11ed2b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T15:11:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) juliana_lemes_cruz.pdf: 5719436 bytes, checksum: 24eb6a210d91143a7f4c407aa11ed2b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O uso indiscriminado da ?gua pode ser atribu?do ? cren?a dos seres humanos de que este ? um bem infinito. No entanto, no cen?rio global, a quest?o da ?gua representa um dos mais graves problemas a serem enfrentados neste s?culo. Em v?rias regi?es do planeta, a escassez da ?gua tem sido intensa, tensionada principalmente pela a??o degradadora do homem sobre o ambiente. O presente estudo objetivou investigar o impacto da escassez de ?gua sobre os aspectos sociais, ambientais e seguran?a alimentar de agricultores familiares da regi?o centro sul rural do munic?pio de Itambacuri, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Assim como outras regi?es do mundo, esta regi?o est? localizada em ?rea suscet?vel ? desertifica??o, embora tenha sido h? algumas d?cadas, considerada abundante em ?gua no bioma mata atl?ntica, caracterizado por terras f?rteis e rica biodiversidade. Neste estudo quantitativo e qualitativo, utilizamos fontes de dados secund?rios dispon?veis em ?rg?os oficiais, al?m dos dados provindos da aplica??o de 51 question?rios semiestruturados com agricultores familiares bem como, de entrevistas com presidentes de associa??es rurais. Foram utilizados para tratamento dos dados o aplicativo SPSS Statistics, vers?o 18.0, s?rie: 10190858, e para a an?lise qualitativa, a t?cnica da an?lise de discurso. Os resultados apontam que a escassez de ?gua tensiona problemas que desencadeiam efeitos diversos naquelas popula??es. A indisponibilidade da ?gua nas regi?es visitadas, segundo os agricultores, est? ligada ? pr?tica degradadora do passado e a intensifica??o da cria??o de gado, que demanda pastagens amplas e uso intenso de ?gua. Embora compreendam que o d?ficit de chuvas compromete a produ??o, atribuem a responsabilidade pela escassez da ?gua aos grandes propriet?rios de terras, que possuem mais recursos para desflorestar e esgotar lagoas e brejos. A defici?ncia de assist?ncia de ?rg?os locais, com exce??o da Estrat?gia Sa?de da Fam?lia, tamb?m foi constante, aliado ao fato de que os programas de incentivo ? agricultura familiar s?o praticamente inacess?veis aos agricultores. A horta, que representava a alternativa de cultivo para subsist?ncia da fam?lia vem sendo abandonada, para priorizar o uso da ?gua em outra atividade. A maioria dos participantes afirmou n?o comercializar alimentos, pela dificuldade de acesso aos locais de venda. Ademais, cerca de 31,4% dos entrevistados afirmou n?o participar de nenhum grupo ou organiza??o, por outro lado, outros citaram o grupo religioso como refer?ncia. Nesse sentido, as premissas do conceito de governan?a da ?gua, em situa??o de d?ficit h?drico, representam uma alternativa para transforma??o desta realidade, aliando a participa??o comunit?ria nos processos decis?rios ?s estrat?gias para garantia da soberania e seguran?a alimentar e nutricional sustent?vel, pautados na promo??o da vigil?ncia ambiental em sa?de. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de, Sociedade e Ambiente, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015. / Indiscriminate use of the water can be attributed to the belief of human beings that this is an infinite well. However, on the global stage, the issue of water is one of the most serious problems to be faced in this century. In several regions of the world, water scarcity has been intense, mainly tensioned by the degrading action of man on the environment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of water scarcity on the social, environmental and food security of farmers from rural south central region of the city of Itambacuri, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Assim as other regions of the world, this region is located in area susceptible to desertification, although it was a few decades ago, considered abundant in water in the Atlantic forest biome, characterized by fertile and rich biodiversity land. This quantitative and qualitative study used secondary data sources available in official bodies, in addition to the data coming from the application of 51 semi-structured questionnaires with farmers as well as interviews with presidents of rural associations. Were used to process the data the SPSS Statistics, version 18.0, number: 10190858, and for the qualitative analysis, the technique of discourse analysis. The results indicate that water scarcity problems tensions that trigger various effects in those populations. The availability of water in the regions visited, according to farmers is linked to the degrading practice of the past and the intensification of livestock, which demand large pastures and intensive use of water. Although they understand that the deficit of rainfall undertakes production, assign responsibility for water scarcity to large landowners, who have more resources to deforest and exhaust ponds and marshes. Disability assistance of local bodies, with the exception of the Family Health Strategy, was also constant, coupled with the fact that family farming incentive programs are virtually inaccessible to farmers. The garden, which represented the cultivation alternative for family subsistence has been abandoned, to prioritize the use of water in another activity. Most participants said not to market food, the difficulty of access to sales outlets. Furthermore, about 31.4% of respondents said they did not participate in any group or organization, on the other hand, others have cited religious group as a reference. In this sense, the premises of the concept of water governance in water deficit situation, represent an alternative to transformation of this reality, combining community participation in decision-making on strategies to guarantee food sovereignty and security and sustainable nutritional guided by the promotion of surveillance environmental health.