The Upper Stage Reaction Control System provides inlight three-axis attitude control for the Ares I Upper Stage. The system design must accommodate rapid thruster firing to maintain proper launch trajectory and thus allow for the possibility to pulse multiple thrusters simultaneously. Rapid thruster valve closure creates an increase in static pressure, known as waterhammer, which propagates throughout the propellant system at pressures exceeding nominal design values. A series of development tests conducted at Marshall Space Flight Center in 2009 were performed using a waterlow test article to better understand fluid characteristics of the Upper Stage Reaction Control System. A subset of the tests examined the waterhammer pressure and frequency response in the flight-representative system and provided data to anchor numerical models. This thesis presents a comparison of waterhammer test results with numerical model and analytical results. An overview of the flight system, test article, modeling and analysis are also provided.

Analytical and experimental laboratory studies were conducted for rapid pressurizing of entrapped gas at the end of a horizontal liquid pipeline. In this paper analytical and experimental model study are presented for pressurizing entrapped gas pocket at the end of a liquid column in a horizontal pipeline. Analytical models are considered such as (1) acoustic effect of both liquid and gas side, (2) variation of liquid length, and (3) thermal damping process. Closed form of solutions were derived for a lumped liquid and lumped gas model if pipeline is a horizontal. Experiments were conducted to verify the analytical models. Comparison of analytical and experimental model results were presented. Analytical model was developed to define the physics behind the gas venting case. Experiments were conducted for a range of orifice sizes from 1/16 to of the pipe diameter with reservoir pressure two, three and four times of ambient pressure for five different pipe configurations. Experimental results confirm the assumption of modified entrapped air model is correct.

<p> The failure of the Ancaster forcemain was thought to be related to waterhammer effects. The sequence of breakages of the main are reviewed. A series of pressure recordings were made on the forcemain, leading up to and including collapse. The recordings comprise a unique data set.</p> <p> These pressure recordings were digitized and subjected to power spectral analysis. The power spectra pointed out several significant events that were not evident from the pressure record alone.</p> <p> These included the fact that the original break occurred in the forcemain several days prior to its ultimate collapse and discovery on the surface. It was also determined that the break in the pipe was due to the apparent merging of the primary waterhammer wave with an existing but gradually changing lower frequency wave. This second wave was associated with rigid column motion and gradually increased its frequency. The resultant wave carried sufficient energy to cause the ultimate failure of the evidently already damaged forcemain.</p> <p> Power spectral analysis proved useful as a method for analysing waterhammer effects in a forcemain complicated by column separation, leakage and vapour pocket collapse. and may be a useful way of monitoring the performance of longer pipelines.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

O presente trabalho versa sobre o termo de atrito em escoamento transitório em condutos forçados, partindo de uma modelação matemática da tensão de cisalhamento transiente, usando conceitos do princípio da entropia máxima. Usa-se a modelação deste termo de atrito na análise do transitório hidráulico, comparando-se com dados experimentais já publicados de um sistema Reservatório-Tubo-Válvula. / This report contains a friction term for hydraulic transient in closed conduits. We use a mathematical model for the shear stress, derived by principle of maximum entropy. Then, we use this friction term for an analysis in a system reservoir-tube-valve, comparing our results with anothers already published in the literature.

O presente trabalho versa sobre o termo de atrito em escoamento transitório em condutos forçados, partindo de uma modelação matemática da tensão de cisalhamento transiente, usando conceitos do princípio da entropia máxima. Usa-se a modelação deste termo de atrito na análise do transitório hidráulico, comparando-se com dados experimentais já publicados de um sistema Reservatório-Tubo-Válvula. / This report contains a friction term for hydraulic transient in closed conduits. We use a mathematical model for the shear stress, derived by principle of maximum entropy. Then, we use this friction term for an analysis in a system reservoir-tube-valve, comparing our results with anothers already published in the literature.

The following paper presents a one-dimensional numerical model for simulating transient thermohydraulic pipe flow based on the Method of Characteristics. In addition to mass and momentum conservation, the proposed scheme also guarantees compliance with the laws of thermodynamics by solving the energy equation. The model covers transient changes in fluid properties due to pressure changes, heat transfer and dissipation. The presented methodology also allows the computation of the transient temperature distribution in the pipe wall through an additional ordinary finite difference scheme. The numerical procedure is implemented in the commercial simulation software DSHplus. The capability of the code is examined by comparing the simulation results with theoretical solutions and experimental data.

Uma das características dos transitórios hidráulicos é a presença de ar aprisionado durante a ocorrência do fenômeno. Se uma tabulação não estiver satisfatorimente projetada ou não for adequadamente cheia e purgada, grandes quantidades de ar poderão ficar aprisionadas. Caso esses bolsões se desloquem de um local para o outro, proporcionarão acelerações locais que resultam em altas velocidades e, subsequentemente, em altas pressões transitórias. As sobrepressões geradas podem ser de 2,2 vezes maiores que a pressão estática dos sistema, conforme verificou-se no estudo experimental. Dessa forma, há a necessidade do estabelecimento de metodologias de aplicação prática e segura (modelos rígido e elástico) que permitam estimar a magnitude das pressões transitórias, pois não há solução analítica para esse problema. No presente trabalho, apresentou-se uma adimensionalização do modelo elástico, com a incorporação de dois números adimensionais independentes (&#960 6 e &#960 7). No entanto, tais metodologias devem ser validas experimentalmente, haja visto que hipóteses simplificadoras de cálculo são necessárias para a modelagem matemática. O modelo rígido de coluna líquida variável (MCLV), além de fácil programação, é viável sem prejuízos nos resultados esperados . No estudo experimental foi também realizada uma análise de sensibilidade com relação aos fatores intervenientes no sistema hidráulico. / One of the reasons for the transient behavior is the presence of air confined during these alterations. When the pipes are not properly designed or if it is not completely full or air bleeding, large amounts of air may be confined in the system. Pockets of air can cause severe transient behavior if such pockets deslocate from one place to the other giving rise to local acceleration and consequently large velocities and pressures. The higher pressure may be of the order of 2,2 times the static pressure in the system, as it was confirmed by the experimental procedure. Thus, this paper considers pratical and safe procedure (rigid or elastic models) that permit calculation of transient pressures given that there is no analytical solution available. On the present study, it was presented a dimensionless form of the elastic model, with the incorporation of two aditional independent numbers (&#960 6 and &#960 7). Besides the easiness of programation, the rigid model of variable fluid column is viable without prejudice to the expected results. This study also conducts a sensitivity analysis on the various factors involved in the problem.

ABSTRACT SIMULATION OF FLOW TRANSIENTS IN LIQUID PIPELINE SYSTEMS Ko&ccedil / , Gen&ccedil / er M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. O. Cahit Eralp November 2007, 142 pages In liquid pipeline systems, transient flow is the major cause of pipeline damages. Transient flow is a situation where the pressure and flow rate in the pipeline rapidly changes with time. Flow transients are also known as surge and Waterhammer which originates from the hammering sound of the water in the taps or valves. In liquid pipelines, preliminary design parameters are chosen for steady state operations, but a transient check is always necessary. There are various types of transient flow situations such as valve closures, pump trips and flow oscillations. During a transient flow, pressure inside the pipe may increase or decrease in an unexpected way that cannot be foreseen by a steady state analysis. Flow transients should be considered by a complete procedure that simulates possible transient flow scenarios and by the obtained results, precautions should be taken. There are different computational methods that can be used to solve and simulate flow transients in computer environment. All computational methods utilize basic v flow equations which are continuity and momentum equations. These equations are nonlinear differential equations and some mathematical tools are necessary to make these equations linear. In this thesis a computer program is coded that utilizes &ldquo / Method of Characteristics&rdquo / which is a numerical method in solving partial differential equations. In pipeline hydraulics, two partial differential equations, continuity and momentum equations are solved together, in order to obtain the pressure and flow rate values in the pipeline, during transient flow. In this thesis, MATLAB 7.1 is used as the programming language and obtained code is converted to a C# language to be able to integrate the core of the program with a user friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI). The Computer program is verified for different scenarios with the available real pipeline data and results of various reputable agencies. The output of the computer program is the tabulated pressure and flow rate values according to time indexes and graphical representations of these values. There are also prompts for users warning about possible dangerous operation modes of the pipeline components.

All pipeline systems are susceptible to water hammer that can cripple critical infrastructure. One effective method to relieve excessive waterhammer pressures in pipelines is to use air chambers. This study aims to develop an empirical procedure for the quick analysis of penstock-turbine systems to determine dimensions and operating conditions of air-chambers that can effectively diminish the transient phenomena after sudden changes of flow rate in the system. A numerical study has been carried out by obtaining repeated solutions for variable system parameters using a commercial software. The relief brought by air chambers is found to approach to an asymptotic value for increasing chamber volumes. It is possible to determine the required chamber volume for a given discharge to limit the waterhammer pressures at a prescribed level in a given penstock-turbine system using the charts produced in the study.

Condition assessment of water distribution pipeline assets has been the focus of water authorities for many years. Transient response analysis, including Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA), provides a new potential method for performing specific nondestructive tests that gives much broader information regarding the condition of pipelines than existing technologies. The basic concept involves inducing a transient in a pipeline and measuring its pressure response. The pressure response is theoretically a function of the condition of the pipeline wall (which is the fundamental characteristic related to the propagation of a transient wavefront) and reflections and damping from any fault that may be present. If an accurate transient model of the pipeline under examination can be developed then it may then be possible to isolate particular parameters in it (relating to the wall thickness of the pipeline or faults such as blockages, air pockets and leaks) and fit these to give optimal matches between the model predicted and measured response of the pipeline. This process is often referred to as inverse analysis (and hence the derivation of the name Inverse Transient Analysis). While a significant amount of numerical and laboratory investigation has been carried out focussing on the use of ITA for leak detection, few field studies have been undertaken. The goal of this research is to determine whether transient response analysis and Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) can be applied in field situations to provide useful information regarding the condition of pipeline walls and the presence of specific faults such as blockages, air pockets and leaks. Numerous field tests are conducted on large scale transmission pipelines, small scale distribution pipelines and a distribution network in order to obtain a view of the nature of the measured transient responses at each scale and to identify any common characteristics. The capacity of existing transient models to replicate the measured responses is then assessed and they are found to be generally incapable of replicating the field data. Given the physical complexity of field pipelines, and a number of complex phenomena that have been traditionally neglected, this result is not unexpected. The research proposes the development of transient models that can be calibrated to measured responses. These models incorporate mechanisms for including mechanical dispersion and damping and follow precedents developed in other fields of engineering in which damping of transient phenomena is significant. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1325427 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2008