Pirmoje šio darbo dalyje pristatomi temperatūros pasiskirstymo aktyviojoje lazerio terpėje kompiuterinio modeliavimo rezultatai. Skaičiavimai atlikti dviem aktyviosios terpės geometrijoms – plono disko ir plokščiojo kompozitinio elemento. Apžvelgiama skirtingų aktyvios terpės ir kaupinimo parametrų įtaka temperatūros pasiskirstymui. Antroje darbo dalyje pristatomi lazerio pluošto bangos fronto iškraipymų, atsirandančių dėl nevienodo temperatūros pasiskirstymo aktyvioje terpėje ir paviršiaus deformacijų, skaičiavimo rezultatai. / This work presents results of numerical simulation of temperature distribution inside laser active medium. Calculations were performed for two different active medium geometries. First one thin disk geometry and second - composite slab. Influence of different pump and active medium parameters on temperature distribution are presented. Second part of this work presents results of wave front aberrations calculations. Those aberrations were resulted by irregular temperature distribution and surface deformations.

The ongoing merger of the digital and optical components of the modern microscope is creating opportunities for new measurement techniques, along with new challenges for optical modelling. This thesis investigates several such opportunities and challenges which are particularly relevant to biomedical imaging. Fourier optics is used throughout the thesis as the underlying conceptual model, with a particular emphasis on three--dimensional Fourier optics. A new challenge for optical modelling provided by digital microscopy is the relaxation of traditional symmetry constraints on optical design. An extension of optical transfer function theory to deal with arbitrary lens pupil functions is presented in this thesis. This is used to chart the 3D vectorial structure of the spatial frequency spectrum of the intensity in the focal region of a high aperture lens when illuminated by linearly polarised beam. Wavefront coding has been used successfully in paraxial imaging systems to extend the depth of field. This is achieved by controlling the pupil phase with a cubic phase mask, and thereby balancing optical behaviour with digital processing. In this thesis I present a high aperture vectorial model for focusing with a cubic phase mask, and compare it with results calculated using the paraxial approximation. The effect of a refractive index change is also explored. High aperture measurements of the point spread function are reported, along with experimental confirmation of high aperture extended depth of field imaging of a biological specimen. Differential interference contrast is a popular method for imaging phase changes in otherwise transparent biological specimens. In this thesis I report on a new isotropic algorithm for retrieving the phase from differential interference contrast images of the phase gradient, using phase shifting, two directions of shear, and non--iterative Fourier phase integration incorporating a modified spiral phase transform. This method does not assume that the specimen has a constant amplitude. A simulation is presented which demonstrates good agreement between the retrieved phase and the phase of the simulated object, with excellent immunity to imaging noise.

L’imagerie optique à travers des milieux diffusants, comme des milieux biologiques ou de la peinture blanche, reste un challenge car l’information spatiale portée par la lumière incidente est mélangée par les évènements multiples de diffusion. Toutefois, les modulateurs spatiaux de lumière (SLM) disposent de millions de degrés de liberté pour contrôler le profil spatial de la lumière en sortie du milieu, en forme de tavelure (speckle), avec des techniques de modulation du front d’onde. Cependant, si le laser génère une impulsion brève, le signal transmis s’allonge temporellement, car le milieu diffusant répond différemment pour les diverses composantes spectrales de l’impulsion. Nous avons développé, au cours de cette thèse, des méthodes de contrôle du profil spatiotemporel d’une impulsion brève transmise à travers un milieu diffusant. En mesurant la Matrice de Transmission Multi-Spectrale ou Résolue-Temporellement, la propagation de l’impulsion peut être totalement décrite dans le domaine spectral ou temporel. Avec des techniques de manipulation du front d’onde, les degrés de libertés spectraux/temporel peuvent être ajustés avec un unique SLM via la diversité spectrale du milieu diffusant. Nous avons démontré, de manière déterministe, la focalisation spatio-temporelle d’une impulsion brève après propagation dans un milieu diffusant, avec une compression temporelle proche de la durée initiale de l’impulsion, à différentes positions de l’espace-temps. Nous avons également démontré un façonnage contrôlé du profil temporel de l’impulsion, notamment avec la génération d’impulsions doubles. Nous exploitons cette focalisation spatio-temporelle pour exciter un processus optique non-linéaire, la fluorescence à deux photons. Cette approche ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour le contrôle cohérent, l’étude de l’interaction lumière-matière ainsi que l’imagerie multi-photonique. / Optical imaging through highly disordered media such as biological tissue or white paint remains a challenge as spatial information gets mixed because of multiple scattering. Nonetheless, spatial light modulators (SLM) offer millions of degrees of freedom to control the spatial speckle pattern at the output of a disordered medium with wavefront shaping techniques. However, if the laser generates a broadband ultrashort pulse, the transmitted signal becomes temporally broadened as the medium responds disparately for the different spectral components of the pulse. We have developed methods to control the spatio-temporal profile of the pulse at the output of a thick scattering medium. By measuring either the Multispectral or the Time- Resolved Transmission Matrix, we can fully describe the propagation of the broadband pulse either in the spectral or temporal domain. With wavefront shaping techniques, one can control both spatial and spectral/temporal degrees of freedom with a single SLM via the spectral diversity of the scattering medium. We have demonstrated deterministic spatio-temporal focusing of an ultrashort pulse of light after the medium, with a temporal compression almost to its initial time-width in different space-time position, as well as different temporal profile such as double pulses. We exploit this spatio-temporal focusing beam to enhance a non-linear process that is two-photon excitation. It opens interesting perspectives in coherent control, light-matter interactions and multiphotonic imaging.

Optical microscopy is a cornerstone of biomedical research. Advances in optical techniques enable specific, high resolution, sterile, and biologically compatible imaging. In particular, beam shaping has been used to tailor microscopy techniques to enhance microscope performance. The aim of this Thesis is to investigate the use of novel beam shaping techniques in emerging optical microscopy methods, and to apply these methods in biomedicine. To overcome the challenges associated with high resolution imaging of large specimens, the use of Airy beams and related techniques are applied to light-sheet microscopy. This approach increases the field-of-view that can be imaged at high resolution by over an order of magnitude compared to standard Gaussian beam based light-sheet microscopy, has reduced phototoxicity, and can be implemented with a low-cost optical system. Advanced implementations show promise for imaging at depth within turbid tissue, in particular for neuroscience. Super-resolution microscopy techniques enhance the spatial resolution of optical methods. Structured illumination microscopy is investigated as an alternative for electron microscopy in disease diagnosis, capable of visualising pathologically relevant features of kidney disease. Separately, compact optical manipulation methods are developed with the aim of adding functionality to super-resolution techniques.

L'Europe prépare actuellement le plus grand télescope du monde : l'European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). Prévu vers 2026, ce télescope géant permettra de répondre à des questions fondamentales de l'astrophysique contemporaine. L'imagerie d'objets astrophysiques depuis des télescopes au sol est cependant perturbée par l'atmosphère qui réduit la capacité des instruments au sol à distinguer les objets proches. L'Optique Adaptative (OA) permet de restaurer cette résolution angulaire en corrigeant en temps réel (via un miroir déformable) le front d'onde perturbé par l'atmosphère (mesuré par l'Analyseur de Surface d'Onde (ASO)). Jusqu'à récemment, la majorité des systèmes d'OA utilisaient des ASO Shack-Hartmann (SH). Des concepts concurrents basés sur le filtrage optique de Fourier (le senseur Pyramide ou l'analyseur Zernike) viennent cependant d'être mis en fonctionnement et leurs résultats semblent surpasser les performances du SH. En vue de leur potentielle utilisation sur les ELTs, cette thèse vise à consolider leur compréhension théorique ainsi qu'à optimiser ces ASO basés sur le filtrage de Fourier. Cette thèse développe un cadre mathématique qui décrit sous un unique formalisme ces ASO. Il permet de généraliser les designs préexistants -passant ainsi d'ASO uniques à des "classes d'ASO"- en transformant leurs grandeurs caractéristiques à l'origine fixées en degrés de liberté. Les classes Pyramide et Zernike sont donc explorées dans le but d'optimiser ces ASO au regard des attentes expérimentales. Des configurations inédites de la classe Pyramide -ASO que l'on appelle Pyramides aplaties- s'avèrent notamment prometteuses et font l'objet d'une étude plus poussée. / Europe is currently preparing the largest telescope of the world: the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). Planned by 2026, this huge telescope will allow to answer fundamental questions of contemporary astrophysics. However, images of astrophysical objects done by ground based telescopes suffer from the atmospheric turbulence which reduces the capacity of instruments to distinguish objects too close to each other. The Adaptive Optics (AO) allows to restore this loss of angular resolution by correcting (thanks to a deformable mirror) in real time the perturbed wave front (measured by the WaveFront Sensor (WFS)).Until very recently, the majority of AO systems had used the Shack-Hartmann (SH) WFS. New concepts based on Fourier filtering (the Pyramid or the Zernike WFSs) have however just been put in operation in several professional observatories and their results seem to outperform the SH. Since they would potentially be chosen for the AO systems of the future ELTs, this thesis aims to consolidate their theoretical understanding and to optimize these Fourier based WFSs.We firstly develop a mathematical framework which describes all these WFSs under an unique formalism. It allows to generalize the pre-existent designs -a WFS thus becomes a "WFS class"- by considering their optical parameters as flexible quantities. We then explored the two Pyramid and Zernike classes to identify the influence of class' parameters on performance criteria in order to optimize optical designs with regard to the instrumental requirements. New configurations of the Pyramid class -that we called Flattened pyramids- show promising behaviors and are studied in details.

La filière solaire thermodynamique concentrée est une des voies les plus prometteuses pour la production des énergies renouvelables du futur. L’efficacité des surfaces optiques est un des facteurs clés influant sur les performances d’une centrale. Un des défis technologiques restant à résoudre concerne le temps et les efforts nécessaires à l’ajustement et l’orientation de tous ces miroirs, ainsi que la calibration des héliostats pour assurer un suivi précis de la course du soleil et une concentration contrôlée. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit propose une réponse à ce problème par le développement d’une méthode de caractérisation des héliostats dite de « rétrovisée », consistant à placer quatre caméras au voisinage du récepteur pour enregistrer les répartitions de luminance occasionnées par la réflexion du soleil sur l’héliostat. La connaissance du profil de luminance solaire, combiné à ces quatre images, permet de reconstruire les pentes des erreurs optiques de l’héliostat.La première étape de l’étude de la méthode a consisté à établir les différentes équations permettant de reconstruire les pentes des surfaces optiques à partir des différents paramètres du système. Ces différents développements théoriques ont ensuite permis la réalisation de simulations numériques pour valider la méthode et définir ses possibilités et ses limites. Enfin, des tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur le site de la centrale Thémis. À la suite de ces expériences, des pistes d’améliorations ont été identifiées pour améliorer la précision expérimentale et envisager son déploiement industriel. / Concentrated solar power is a promising way for renewable energy production. Optical efficiency of the mirrors is one of the key factors influencing a power plant performance. Methods which allow the operator to adjust all the heliostat of a plant quickly, in addition of calibration and tracking, are essential for the rise of the technology. The work presented in this thesis is the study of a “backward-gazing” method consisting in placing four cameras near the receiver simultaneously recording brightness images of the sun reflected by the heliostat. The optical errors of the mirrors are retrieved from these four images and the knowledge of the one dimension sun radiance profile.The first step of the study consists in the theoretical description of the method. Then numerical simulations are performed to estimate the general accuracy and the limits of the backward-gazing method. In a third phase, experimental tests have been fulfilled at Themis solar power plant. Finally, ideas of improvement are proposed based on the experiments performed.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-26T16:56:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Anderson_Amaral.pdf: 6016426 bytes, checksum: d9633b708d004572ce2495387f757089 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T16:56:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Anderson_Amaral.pdf: 6016426 bytes, checksum: d9633b708d004572ce2495387f757089 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CNPQ / In this thesis are presented various results regarding the transverse structure of light beams in the paraxial propagation regime, with a special concern with singularities in the transverse profile and in nonlinear optics applications. Theoretical and experimental tools were developed for the study of Optical Vortices (OV) and its most important characteristics, as the Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) and the Topological Charge (TC). In a first step, we theoretically described and experimentally demonstrated that it is possible to shape the intensity profile of a beam containing OV by distributing TC over the plane transverse to the propagation direction [1]. The TC is associated with a phase singularity that implies in points of zero intensity. By distributing the TC on the transverse plane, it is possible to shape the beam dark region and also the OAM profile with the goal of optimizing the light beam for a given application. However, a problem identified in [1] was that most of the current available techniques to characterize OAM light implicitly assume that the beam has cylindrical symmetry, thus being inadequate to characterize fields resulting from more general TC distributions. These problems were approached in a second work [2], where it was shown that by measuring the field transverse amplitude and phase profiles it is possible to measure the OAM and the TC in TC distributions with arbitrary geometries. By combination of the results [1] and [2] it is possible to optimize and characterize the TC distributions for given applications, as for example by designing the transverse forces in an optical tweezer for microparticle manipulation. An important theoretical unfold during these works was the identification of an analogous relation between the field transverse phase in a TC distribution with the Coulomb potential in two-dimensional electrostatics. We then introduced in [3] the Topological Potential (TP) concept which allows the design of structured optical beams with complex spatial profiles inspired by two-dimensional electrostatics analogies. The TP can be used to describe a broad class of TC distributions, as those from [1,2] or the more sophisticate examples in [3]. In another set of results, it is discussed the possibility of using concepts and the formalism of quantum mechanics to solve light propagation problems in the classical approximation. Among the results obtained, it should be remarked that the formalism obtained has a simple and direct relation with ABCD matrices and ray optics [4]. These results were used to understand light propagation in systems containing nonlinear materials, as in SLIM [5] and D4σ [6] techniques. In [5, 6] the theoretical results were compared with experimental data obtained from standard samples, as carbon dissulfide (CS2), acetone and fused silica. It was obtained a very good agreement between the measured optical nonlinearities and the results established in literature for these materials. / Nesta tese são apresentados resultados relacionados com a estrutura transversal de feixes de luz no regime paraxial de propagação, com uma atenção especial em singularidades no perfil transversal e em aplicações para óptica não linear. Foram desenvolvidas ferramentas teóricas e experimentais para o estudo de vórtices ópticos (Optical Vortices - OVs), e suas características mais importantes, como o momento angular orbital (Orbital Angular Momentum - OAM) e a carga topológica (Topological Charge - TC). Inicialmente, foi teoricamente descrito e experimentalmente demonstrado como é possível moldar o perfil de intensidade de um feixe contendo OVs usando uma distribuição de TC sobre o plano transversal à direção de propagação [1]. A TC está associada a uma singularidade na fase, o que implica em um zero de intensidade. Ao se distribuir a TC sobre o plano transversal, é possível moldar o formato da região de intensidade nula e também o perfil de OAM no intuito de otimizar o feixe para uma dada aplicação. No entanto, um problema identificado neste trabalho é que a maior parte das técnicas de caracterização disponíveis para luz com OAM implicitamente supunham que o feixe possui simetria cilíndrica, e portanto não eram adequadas para caracterizar campos obtidos a partir de distribuições de TC com geometrias mais gerais. Tais problemas foram abordados em um segundo trabalho [2], onde foi mostrado que por meio de medições dos perfis transversais de amplitude e fase do campo elétrico é possível medir o OAM e a TC em distribuições de TC com formas geométricas arbitrárias. A união dos trabalhos [1] e [2] permite então que as distribuições de TC possam ser adequadamente otimizadas e caracterizadas para aplicações específicas, como por exemplo ao moldar as forças transversais numa pinça óptica para a manipulação de micropartículas. Um desdobramento teórico importante obtido foi identificar uma relação análoga entre o perfil de fase em uma distribuição de TC com o potencial de Coulomb em eletrostática bidimensional. Foi então introduzido em [3] o conceito de potencial topológico (Topological Potential - TP) que possibilita a construção de feixes ópticos estruturados com perfis espaciais complexos inspirados em analogias com eletrostática bidimensional. O TP pode ser usado na descrição de uma grande variedade de distribuições de TC, como nos feixes em [1, 2] ou nos exemplos mais sofisticados em [3]. Posteriormente, é discutida a possibilidade de se utilizar conceitos e o formalismo da mecânica quântica na solução de problemas de propagação da luz descrita na aproximação clássica. Dentre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se que o formalismo possui uma relação simples e direta com as matrizes ABCD e a óptica de raios [4]. Estes resultados foram utilizados na compreensão da propagação da luz em sistemas contendo materiais não lineares, como nas técnicas SLIM [5] e D4σ[6]. Nos trabalhos [5,6] os resultados teóricos foram comparados com dados experimentais obtidos em amostras padrão, como dissulfeto de carbono (CS2), acetona e sílica fundida. Foi obtida uma concordância muito boa entre os valores medidos para as não linearidades ópticas nestes materiais e os valores estabelecidos na literatura.

La segmentation de l’axe antéro-postérieur en somites est une caractéristique majeure des Vertébrés. Ce processus est basé sur un oscillateur, l’« horloge de segmentation ». Cette thèse cherche à comprendre la dynamique de signalisation régulant ce processus. Nous avons étudié la régulation transcriptionnelle de Mesp2 et nous avons montré que Tbx6 contrôle son expression chez le poulet. Nous présentons également un système d’étude ex vivo présentant des oscillations stables du gène cyclique Lfng. Nous avons mis en évidence un effet de population régulant la génération de ces oscillations et reposant sur la voie Notch et des facteurs mécaniques que nous interprétons avec un modèle d’oscillateur excitable. De plus, nous avons démontré un effet dose-dépendant de la voie Fgf sur la différenciation cellulaire, remettant ainsi en question le modèle actuel de segmentation. Par ailleurs, ce système d’étude nous a permis d’identifier un rôle du taux de traduction dans le contrôle de la période de l’horloge. Enfin, nous présentons des travaux, où nous cherchons à reconstituer l’horloge de segmentation in vitro à partir de cellules souches murines différenciées. / The segmentation of the anteroposterior axis in somites is a major feature of Vertebrates. This process relies on an oscillator, the “segmentation clock”. The present thesis addresses the signaling dynamics regulating this process. We studied the transcriptional regulation of Mesp2 and showed that Tbx6 controls its expression in chicken. We established an ex vivo experimental system with stable oscillations of the cyclic gene Lfng. We demonstrated the existence of a population behavior that controls the generation of oscillations and involves the Notch pathway and mechanical factors. We interpreted these observations in the framework of an excitable oscillator. Moreover, we evidenced a dose-dependent effect of Fgf signaling on cell determination that challenges current models of segmentation. Furthermore, this experimental system has enabled us to identify a role of the translation rate on the clock period. Last, we showed ongoing work aiming to recapitulate the segmentation in vitro using differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells.

Nous nous ici intéressons à la propagation d'états non-classiques de la lumière à travers des milieux désordonnés, comme les couches de peinture ou les fibres multimodes. Ces milieux sont généralement considérés comme des obstacles à la propagation de la lumière: par exemple, la diffusion de la lumière dans les tissus biologiques diminue considérablement les capacités des systèmes d'imagerie optique. C'est donc un phénomène duquel on souhaite généralement s'affranchir. Au contraire, dans notre étude nous exploitons ce désordre et utilisons ces milieux comme des "mélangeurs" de lumière. La lumière qui y pénètre est fortement diffusée et ses propriétés spectrales, spatiales et de polarisation sont complètement redistribuées. Cette redistribution est associée à un phénomène de propagation d'onde et d'interférence complexe qui est donc déterministe. Nous pouvons alors utiliser des méthodes de manipulation de front d'onde pour étudier ou contrôler ce mélange. Associés à des états non-classiques, ces systèmes permettent de réaliser des marches aléatoires quantiques dans des environnements bien plus complexes que ceux qui existent actuellement. Les méthodes de contrôle de front d'onde nous ont permis d'étudier et de manipuler ces marches aléatoires. Nous avons notamment montré qu'il est possible de guider les photons en manipulant les interférences classiques et quantiques. Ce travail nous a permis d'étudier de nouveaux aspects de la physique des milieux complexes, mais aussi d'explorer un nouveau type de plateformes pour marches aléatoires quantiques qui pourraient jouer un rôle important dans le développement des nouvelles applications pour traitement de l'information. / Light is not only an ideal medium to transmit information, but also a very interesting physical system to process it. In this respect, quantum optics has recently emerged as a highly promising domain for the development of new computing applications that can surpass the performances of currently available systems. In this respect, quantum walk of photons has recently emerged as a very powerful model for quantum information science, and integrated photonic devices have proven a versatile architecture for their implementation. While these waveguide structures allow only near-neighbor coupling between up to a few tens of modes, complex linear systems, such as white paint layer or multimode fiber, enable to couple efficiently a huge numbers of optical modes. Unstable and lossy, these systems have always been considered unpractical for quantum optics experiments. Wavefront shaping methods, developed in the last decade to control light propagating in complex media, allow moving beyond these limitations and make them exploitable with non-classical light. In our work, we demonstrate the implementation of quantum walks in a layer of paint and a multimode fiber using single-photons and photon-pairs. For this purpose, we extend wavefront shaping methods, originally developed to control classical light propagation in complex media, to non-classical light. This capability to manipulate photons allows building new controllable highly multimode optical platforms. Such systems pave the way for the next generation of quantum information processing devices.

<p>The goal of my Ph.D. thesis is to enhance the visualization of the peripheral retina using wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a clinical setting.</p><p>OCT has gain widespread adoption in clinical ophthalmology due to its ability to visualize the diseases of the macula and central retina in three-dimensions, however, clinical OCT has a limited field-of-view of 300. There has been increasing interest to obtain high-resolution images outside of this narrow field-of-view, because three-dimensional imaging of the peripheral retina may prove to be important in the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and dementia, and the monitoring of known ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and choroid masses.</p><p>Before attempting to build a wide-field OCT system, we need to better understand the peripheral optics of the human eye. Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors are commonly used tools for measuring the optical imperfections of the eye, but their acquisition speed is limited by their underlying camera hardware. The first aim of my thesis research is to create a fast method of ocular wavefront sensing such that we can measure the wavefront aberrations at numerous points across a wide visual field. In order to address aim one, we will develop a sparse Zernike reconstruction technique (SPARZER) that will enable Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors to use as little as 1/10th of the data that would normally be required for an accurate wavefront reading. If less data needs to be acquired, then we can increase the speed at which wavefronts can be recorded.</p><p>For my second aim, we will create a sophisticated optical model that reproduces the measured aberrations of the human eye. If we know how the average eye's optics distort light, then we can engineer ophthalmic imaging systems that preemptively cancel inherent ocular aberrations. This invention will help the retinal imaging community to design systems that are capable of acquiring high resolution images across a wide visual field. The proposed model eye is also of interest to the field of vision science as it aids in the study of how anatomy affects visual performance in the peripheral retina.</p><p>Using the optical model from aim two, we will design and reduce to practice a clinical OCT system that is capable of imaging a large (800) field-of-view with enhanced visualization of the peripheral retina. A key aspect of this third and final aim is to make the imaging system compatible with standard clinical practices. To this end, we will incorporate sensorless adaptive optics in order to correct the inter- and intra- patient variability in ophthalmic aberrations. Sensorless adaptive optics will improve both the brightness (signal) and clarity (resolution) of features in the peripheral retina without affecting the size of the imaging system.</p><p>The proposed work should not only be a noteworthy contribution to the ophthalmic and engineering communities, but it should strengthen our existing collaborations with the Duke Eye Center by advancing their capability to diagnose pathologies of the peripheral retinal.</p> / Dissertation