Nowadays business atmosphere is to constantly come up with new improvements, in order to become more competitive, or simply stay competitive.Lean manufacturing rose up few decades ago and is now famous for its radical improvements but also for its difficulty to implement. The aim of this study is to get a better understanding of how can Lean bring such important changes, but also what must be done in order to implement it.In order to solve the problem of this report, it was decided to conduct a quantitative research relying on a case study. The company chosen wants to implement Lean but does not really know how to achieve it, so it is a very good opportunity for this project to collaborate with it and see what can be done to implement Lean manufacturing.The results of this thesis demonstrate the need of implementing a philosophy, a way of thinking, rather than different production tools. People must also be prepared for long implementation, which can take between 5 to 10 years. One of the key factors for this implementation is the involvement and empowerment of workers, who will massively contribute to the change process by removing different kind of waste which slow down the processes.

Cette thèse a pour objectif essentiel de contribuer à l’exploration de la pensée de François Jullien en sinologie. Notre étude s’est concentrée sur sa théorie du détour dans l’application de deux grands domaines que sont le domaine temporel et moral (l’efficacité, les notions de création et de transformation, le temps, la morale) et le domaine poétique (l’esthétique et la langue). Ce que nous avons l’intention de montrer, à travers la pensée de François Jullien, c’est que la finalité sur laquelle reposent nos stratégies choisies est inévitablement influencée par une notion importante, soit l’axiologie comme présupposé, c’est une idée qui n’est pas suffisamment développée par François Jullien dans ses œuvres. afin d’élucider les rapports entre les phénomènes culturels et les valeurs, nous allons citer beaucoup d’exemples, soit historique, soit littéraire, soit social, afin de compléter la pensée de François Jullien ; deuxièmement, face à l’éloge de François Jullien envers la culture chinoise, nous pourrons la réexaminer par rapport à la culture occidentale, ce qui constitue un travail inverse par rapport à celui de Jullien ; troisièmement, les insuffisances de sa pensée sont également prise en compte, étant donné qu’elle s’articule autour des anciennes époques, c’est-à-dire autour de l’époque grecque et celle de la chine impériale, ce qui ne permet pas aux occidentaux de connaître la chine actuelle. / This thesis aims to study the thoughts of François Jullien in sinology. Our research focused on his theory of detour in the application of two main areas, moral and temporal domains (including the notions of efficiency, creation and transformation, morality) and the poetic field (including the aesthetics area and linguistic area). What we intend to present, through the thought of François Jullien, is that our chosen strategies are inevitably influenced by an important concept, the axiology as a presupposition. This idea is not sufficiently developed by François Jullien in his works. In order to elucidate the relationship between cultural phenomena and values, we used lots of examples, either historical, literary or social, to complete the thoughts of François Jullien; secondly, despite the praise that François Jullien has given to Chinese way of thinking, we can change a point of vue and reconsider its advantages and shortcomings ; thirdly, based on the ancient times of China, the thoughts of François Jullien in Chinese way of thinking may not help the Westerners to understand China’s new develeppment.

<p>This investigation is a pilot survey whose main purpose is to investigate with work evaluation and attitude analysis whether the orthopedists and surgeons work can be equaled, why the wages differences exists between women and men, and also which preventive measures the organization can use to even out the wages differences between the genders. In relation with the investigation I have applied the reflexive way of thinking to establish which difficulties come up in the work of gender-equality.</p><p>The result’s from work evaluation displays that the works are equivalent but the salaries are not, which can depend on value discrimination,gender discrimination and the organization theory.</p><p>Wages differences between women and men depend on, according to the informers, partly by historical explanation and partly by the old directors who was allowed to retain regular salary when they</p><p>post transformed. The common point of view is that men have a larger work experience and therefore a higher salary.</p><p>The managements attitude towards gender-equality issues is of absolute importance in order to achieve and bring a change within the organization.</p><p>The measure positive special treatment is proposed to be used as an improving method to achieve (gender)equality between the posts and to even out the wages difference between the sexes.</p><p>To establish whether or not gender discrimination exist in the investigated organization there needs to be done a whole lot supplementary studies like a complete wage (salary) mapping which includes all supplements and more interviews among the organizations all occupation groups.</p> / <p>Utredningen är en pilotstudie vars huvudsyfte är att via arbetsvärderingsanalysen och attitydundersökningen undersöka om ortopeders och kirurgers arbete kan jämställas, varför löneskillnader mellan kvinnor och män finns, samt vilka åtgärder organisationen kan använda för att jämna ut lönerna mellan könen. I samband med undersökningen har jag också valt att tillämpa det reflexiva tankesättet för att undersöka vilka som svårigheter uppstår i samband med jämställdhetsarbetet.</p><p>Resultatet från arbetsvärderingen visar att det handlar om likvärdiga arbeten men inte lika löner, vilket kan ha sin förklaring i värdediskriminerings-, genus- och organisationsteorin. Löneskillnaderna mellan kvinnor och män beror, enligt informanterna, dels på historiska förklaringar och dels på de gamla cheferna som har fått behålla sin ordinarie lön i samband med omplacering. Den allmänna synen är att män har längre arbetslivserfarenhet och därför högre lön.</p><p>Ledningens inställning till jämställdhetsfrågor har vidare vistas vara helt avgörande för att förändringsarbetet inom organisationen skall kunna genomföras.</p><p>Åtgärden positiv särbehandling har föreslagits som en metod för att uppnå jämställdhet mellan befattningarna och för att jämna ut löneskillnaderna mellan könen. För att undersöka om könsdiskriminering föreligger inom den undersökta organisationen behövs en del kompletterande studier såsom en komplett lönekartläggning som inkluderar alla tillägg och fler intervjuer bland organisationens samtliga yrkesgrupper.</p>

Even if strategy research often assumes that strategies are the result of intentional and purposeful behaviour the individual and human agency have tended to be neglected. Few empirical studies focus on how the individuals, their conceptions and actions interact with strategy formation. Based on ideas from process research and critical realism we made a review of the research and we maintain that the bulk of the research is based on simplified assumptions. We therefore propose a supplementary socio-cognitive approach based on more realistic assumptions, a synthesis and action logic approach, emphasising the individuals, the leading team and their embeddedness. In a process study with a comparative case study design we followed, in real time for about a decade, strategy formation processes in intermediate organisation in local economic development. Various methods of data collection and analysis were combined. By laying bare some of the mechanisms that explain the outcome in four processes we demonstrate the use of the proposed approach. A theoretical construction, the agent´s strategic concepts of action (SCA), aims at capturing the conceptions as an expression of the individual frame of reference providing reasons for action. The SCA carries explanatory power and is significant for both the process and content of the strategies. A typology of the SCAs is developed. The composition, the interaction and the structure of the team are other central aspects. We conclude that a strong group well suited to lead a formation process include a proactive strategist with a strategic idea and social capability; the role constellation is differentiated, and supplementary and other strategic actors relate to the strategy and the contextual roots in a way that will support the strategy. We also demonstrate in which circumstances some cognitive, social and political mechanisms discussed in earlier research are activated.

This investigation is a pilot survey whose main purpose is to investigate with work evaluation and attitude analysis whether the orthopedists and surgeons work can be equaled, why the wages differences exists between women and men, and also which preventive measures the organization can use to even out the wages differences between the genders. In relation with the investigation I have applied the reflexive way of thinking to establish which difficulties come up in the work of gender-equality. The result’s from work evaluation displays that the works are equivalent but the salaries are not, which can depend on value discrimination,gender discrimination and the organization theory. Wages differences between women and men depend on, according to the informers, partly by historical explanation and partly by the old directors who was allowed to retain regular salary when they post transformed. The common point of view is that men have a larger work experience and therefore a higher salary. The managements attitude towards gender-equality issues is of absolute importance in order to achieve and bring a change within the organization. The measure positive special treatment is proposed to be used as an improving method to achieve (gender)equality between the posts and to even out the wages difference between the sexes. To establish whether or not gender discrimination exist in the investigated organization there needs to be done a whole lot supplementary studies like a complete wage (salary) mapping which includes all supplements and more interviews among the organizations all occupation groups. / Utredningen är en pilotstudie vars huvudsyfte är att via arbetsvärderingsanalysen och attitydundersökningen undersöka om ortopeders och kirurgers arbete kan jämställas, varför löneskillnader mellan kvinnor och män finns, samt vilka åtgärder organisationen kan använda för att jämna ut lönerna mellan könen. I samband med undersökningen har jag också valt att tillämpa det reflexiva tankesättet för att undersöka vilka som svårigheter uppstår i samband med jämställdhetsarbetet. Resultatet från arbetsvärderingen visar att det handlar om likvärdiga arbeten men inte lika löner, vilket kan ha sin förklaring i värdediskriminerings-, genus- och organisationsteorin. Löneskillnaderna mellan kvinnor och män beror, enligt informanterna, dels på historiska förklaringar och dels på de gamla cheferna som har fått behålla sin ordinarie lön i samband med omplacering. Den allmänna synen är att män har längre arbetslivserfarenhet och därför högre lön. Ledningens inställning till jämställdhetsfrågor har vidare vistas vara helt avgörande för att förändringsarbetet inom organisationen skall kunna genomföras. Åtgärden positiv särbehandling har föreslagits som en metod för att uppnå jämställdhet mellan befattningarna och för att jämna ut löneskillnaderna mellan könen. För att undersöka om könsdiskriminering föreligger inom den undersökta organisationen behövs en del kompletterande studier såsom en komplett lönekartläggning som inkluderar alla tillägg och fler intervjuer bland organisationens samtliga yrkesgrupper.

thesis: Children of pre-school age are entering stage of structural change of thinking. The way how they grasp solving mathematical tasks reflects whether these changes have already started. This work surveys visible intellectual outputs in the group of 20 children who passed set of experimental tasks at arithmetic learning environments "Stepping" and "Bus". Children were subsequently subjected to pedagogical diagnostics and results of this investigation and carried experiments were trade off. From comparison it can be concluded that results of both surveys correspond enough to facilitate the application of selected mathematical tasks as pedagogical diagnostic tools.