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Dominant education ideology focuses on the numerous challenges encountered by low-income Black youth in urban education settings. Although much of the research seeks to highlight structural challenges faced by these students, the general interpretation of these studies may reinforce the popular belief that academic underperformance by low-income Black students is the result of family structure and maladaptive familial behaviors. The implications of this ideology is that these family characteristics foster low achievement because students enter schools without normative skills and knowledge, in addition to adhering to beliefs that do not value education (Ogbu & Simmons, 1998). Some research argues that low-income Black students that demonstrate success in schools do so because they have adopted White middle-class normative capital (Hubbard, 1999). Yosso (2005) argues that the analysis of student narratives of success through the lens of Critical Race Theory offers a critique of deficit theorizing and shifts the perspective away from White middle-class culture to the cultural capital of minority communities. Yosso posits that low-income minority communities have cultural capital that is not widely recognized in research that she describes as community cultural wealth. This qualitative study explored if community-derived “capital” is utilized by high-achieving, low-income Black high school students in order to succeed academically in educational institutions. This inquiry privileged the narratives of high-achieving Black students from disadvantaged communities in order to understand the factors that contribute to their academic success, from their perspectives. Seven high achieving Black high school students from Philadelphia who were enrolled in a college access mentoring program were chosen for this study. Interviews and observations were conducted to allow the researcher to examine the experiences of study participants in a naturalistic setting while engaging with their life histories through narrative. Participants were selected and observed once a week at their mentor site, in addition to participating in three rounds of interviews during spring/summer 2015. Two of the seven participants were also observed in their high schools. Student-participants engaged in three rounds of interviews that focused on family background and dynamics, educational experiences, and aspirations. Additionally, one mentor for each student-participant was interviewed. This examination of community cultural wealth found that aspirational, familial, and navigational capital are vital in the academic success of the participants in this study. Linguistic capital and social capital only moderately apply to rationalizations for their high academic achievement, and resistant capital does not apply in the explication of their success. / Urban Education

In the U.S., wealth is unequally distributed across racial and income groups. Scholars have promoted numerous strategies to address inequalities in wealth, but evidence about their effectiveness is limited. This dissertation examines whether community-based organizations can help low-income individuals improve their credit usage and credit scores as part of a strategy to help them build their wealth. Credit histories and scores influence access to affordable loans and other forms of credit as well as employment and housing opportunities, insurance rates, and utility and rental deposits. As a result, credit plays an important role in individuals’ ability to weather financial crises, increase savings, and build wealth. Specifically, I assess the impacts and implementation of a program model that integrates financial education and counseling into employment services for low-income job seekers. The study uses a comparison group design to assess program impacts, comparing the outcomes of program participants to those of a matched group of low-income individuals who were seeking assistance from public employment agencies that did not offer financial or credit counseling. I use multivariate regression analysis to assess differences in the outcomes of program participants and comparison group members and to examine whether some organizations were more effective than others in helping participants achieve the outcomes. I also conduct a qualitative assessment of the organizational, programmatic, and contextual factors that influenced program implementation and outcomes across the five organizations in the study. I found that community-based organizations can help low-income individuals make progress in building positive credit histories. By combining financial education and counseling with employment services, the programs increased job seekers’ receipt of financial counseling relative to the comparison group, and program participants were more likely than comparison group members to have an increase in positive activity on their credit reports two years after entering the program. However, overall the program did not increase the likelihood that participants had a credit score or that they had a prime score after two years. Only program participants who had substantial recent credit activity when they entered the program were more likely than their counterparts in the comparison group to have a prime credit score after two years. Some organizations were more effective than others in helping low-income individuals achieve the targeted credit outcomes. Four of the five had impacts on whether participants had positive activity on their credit reports. One organization also had positive impacts on the likelihood of having a credit score and of having a prime score among all individuals who received financial counseling while two others had positive impacts on scores for subgroups of participants. One organization had no positive effects. The implementation analysis revealed that environmental, organizational, and programmatic factors interacted to produce differences in outcomes across organizations. Organizational and managerial experience with and commitment to the model and goals and integration of the model into the organizations’ core services were critical to effective implementation. The three organizations whose financial coaches embraced the model’s credit-building approach, which counsels individuals to use credit responsibly, had more positive impacts on credit outcomes than those that did not. The results also provide evidence that the characteristics of the communities the organizations served influenced outcomes. Communities’ racial composition was correlated with indicators of economic health, the presence of financial institutions, and credit availability, and the findings indicate that individuals in mixed race and majority-Hispanic communities were better able to access credit than those in majority-Black communities. This dissertation contributes to the policy and research literature in a number of ways. It uses a rigorous methodology to assess program effects, examines change in credit behavior and outcomes, assesses how implementation processes influence outcomes, and includes a broader segment of the low-income population than past studies, including those who lack credit histories. The findings provide evidence that low-income people of color face significant barriers to accessing mainstream forms of credit and suggest that policies are needed to increase consumers’ understanding of credit and access to credit at affordable rates and terms. The findings contribute to research and theory on the wealth accumulation process and can inform the work of policymakers and practitioners seeking to increase the financial well-being of low-income people of color. / Sociology

No / The use of water in Roman private houses has been identified as a highly visible status symbol. The detailed study of the House of the Vestals at Pompeii reveals how water features were central to the house¿s structural changes from the late first century B.C. The owners of the house invested heavily in fountains and pools as key elements in the display of their wealth to visitors and passers-by alike. This article relates the structural development of the House of the Vestals to the social history of decorative water usage, from an initial investment exploiting the pressurized water provided by the new aqueduct early in the Augustan period to the responses to crises following the earthquake of A.D. 62

Ye, Maoliang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-36). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Measurement of Happiness and Its Reliability --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Income and Happiness: Hypotheses --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Literature Review on MZ twins approach --- p.12 / Chapter 3 --- Methods --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1 --- Omitted Variable Bias (Selection Effect) --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Model --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Fixed-Effect (FE) Model --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- Measurement Error --- p.17 / Chapter 4 --- Data --- p.19 / Chapter 5 --- Results --- p.21 / Chapter 5.1 --- Does Income Matter? --- p.21 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- OLS Regressions Using the Whole Sample --- p.21 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Within-twin-pair Fixed-effect Estimations --- p.23 / Chapter 5.2 --- Sensitivity Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Other Indicators of Wealth --- p.24 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Wage or Wage Rate? --- p.25 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Measurement Error --- p.25 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Does Education Matter? --- p.25 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Reexamine the Income Effect --- p.27 / Chapter 5.3 --- Men vs Women --- p.29 / Chapter 5.4 --- Within Marriage: Income Pooling or Relative Economic Status? --- p.30 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.31 / Chapter 7 --- Bibliography --- p.32 / Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of the Twins --- p.37 / Table 2: OLS Estimates of Happiness Using All Twins --- p.38 / Table 3: Ordered Probit Estimates of Happiness Using All Twins --- p.39 / Table 4: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using MZ Twins --- p.40 / Table 5: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effects Estimates of Happiness Using MZ Twins: Other Indexes --- p.41 / Table 6: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effects Estimates of Happiness Using MZ Twins: Using Wage Rate --- p.42 / Table 7a： Correlation Matrices of Different Measurements on Education --- p.43 / Table 7b： Correlation Matrices of Different Measurements on Income --- p.43 / Table 8: Estimates of The Effect of Education on Happiness: Considering Measurement Error --- p.44 / Table 9: Reexamine the Effect of Income on Happiness: Considering Measurement Error --- p.45 / Table 10: OLS Estimates of Happiness Using Female and Male Twins --- p.46 / Table 11: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Male MZ Twins --- p.47 / Table 12: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Female MZ Twins --- p.48 / Table 13: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Married MZ Twins --- p.49 / Table 14: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Married Male MZ Twins --- p.50 / Table 15: Within-twin-pair Fixed Effect Estimates of Happiness Using Married Female MZ Twins --- p.51

本文藉由 2001 年至 2015 年遺產稅申報資料，並利用死亡率倒數法將死亡者的遺產，還原推算在世者財富分配情形，分析臺灣財富分配不均及財富組成情形，發現財富分配不均程度近年來逐漸增加，與金融資產集中於富人相關；除此之外，財富集中得分配不均情形，不僅發生在貧富之間，單就富人族群，也可觀察到財富集中化的現象。另一方面，財富組成部分則觀察到，相較於不動產與其他非金融資產，國人逐漸偏好金融資產，其可能原因在於，遺產稅有效稅率下降，減少持有不動產以規避租稅的誘因。雖然金融資產占財富總額比例增加，但土地仍為國人主要持有財產。 本文另外以迴歸模型探討遺產稅有效稅率與財富組成的關係，其結果顯示，遺產稅有效稅率對於土地占財富總額比例為顯著正相關，對於存款與投資占財富總額比例則為顯著負相關，代表個體面對較高的租稅負擔，傾向利用稅制之下土地評價低估的方式獲取租稅利益。稅制扭曲個人對於資產種類的選擇，也影響個體資產配置的決策。 / Based on estate tax returns from 2001 to 2015 and using the estate multiplier method to blow up the sample of decedents to represent the number of livings, this pa-per analyzes wealth inequality and wealth composition in Taiwan. The results suggest that the degree of wealth inequality has gradually increased in recent years, in accord-ance with the observation that financial assets became more concentrated in the rich. In addition, the concentration of wealth and the resulting inequality is not only between the rich and the poor, it also happens within the group of the rich. On the other hand, in wealth composition, the results suggest the tendency of holding more financial assets as opposed to real estates and other non-financial assets. One of the possible explanations is that the decreasing effective tax rate of the estate tax reduces incentives to hold real estates for tax benefits. Despite the increasing in the proportion of financial assets, land is still the major choice of property holdings as measured by the ratio of wealth. The second part of the study uses regression analyses to explore the relationship between the effective tax rate (of the estate tax) and the composition of wealth. Results show that the estate tax effective rate is positively correlated with the ratio of land to total wealth, and negatively correlated with the ratio of deposit and investment. These results represent that when facing a higher tax burden, individuals tend to take ad-vantage of the undervaluing of land in the current tax system to obtain tax benefits. This adds to existing evidence that tax distorts individuals’ choice of asset types, and affects individuals’ decisions on asset allocation.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de démêler la nature de la relation entre « actionnariat salarié » et « création de valeur », dans le cadre de la gouvernance actionnariale et partenariale. Les principaux résultats dégagés montrent que la relation entre « actionnariat salarié » et « création de valeur actionnariale » est curvilinéaire prenant la forme de U-inversé : elle est positive pour des niveaux faibles d’actionnariat salarié et négative si le pourcentage de droits de vote revenant aux salariés dépasse 3%. Aussi, un effet positif de l’ « actionnariat salarié » sur la « part de la valeur créée allouée aux salariés » est constaté, et ce uniquement pour un actionnariat salarié significatif. Au dessous du taux de 3%, le pourcentage du capital et le pourcentage des droits de vote détenus par les salariés ne montrent aucune influence significative. Quant à l’étude de l’influence de certains mécanismes de contrôle sur la relation étudiée, les principaux résultats dégagés se résument comme suit : Au-delà du seuil stratégique légal de 33%, la concentration du capital semble avoir un effet de modération positif sur la relation actionnariat salarié - création de valeur actionnariale et la relation actionnariat salarié - part de la valeur créée allouée aux salariés. La propriété managériale, si elle dépasse le seuil stratégique légal de 33%, semble modérer négativement la relation actionnariat salarié - création de valeur actionnariale et positivement la relation actionnariat salarié - part de la valeur créée allouée aux salariés. La participation de salariés actionnaires au conseil modère négativement la relation entre « actionnariat salarié » et « création de valeur actionnariale » ; alors qu’elle modère positivement la relation entre « actionnariat salarié » et « part de la valeur créée allouée aux salariés ». / The present thesis investigates the nature of relationship between the employee stock ownership and the wealth creation, in the framework of the shareholder governance and the stakeholder governance. Results indicate a non linear relation between both the employee stock ownership and the shareholder value creation taking an inversed-U form. In fact, a positive relation associates these variables for low levels of employee stock ownership. Starting from a level of 3%, the relation became negative. Results notice also a positive impact of employee stock ownership plan on the share of value allocated to employees when the percentage of employee stock ownership is significant. Under than 3% the employee stock ownership and the voting rights held by the employees presents a non significant impact. The principal results on the influence of certain mechanisms of control on the studied relationship between the employee stock ownership plan and the wealth creation are summarized as follows : Beyond the legal strategic level of 33%, the concentration of capital seems to have a positive moderating effect on the relation employee stock ownership plan – shareholder wealth creation and the relation employee stock ownership plan - share of the wealth allocated to the employees. The management ownership if exceeds the legal strategic level of 33% seems to exert a negative moderating effect on the relation between employee stock ownership and shareholder wealth creation but a positive one on the relation between the employee stock ownership and the share of the wealth allocated to the employees. The presence of the employees’ shareholder in the board of directors moderates negatively the relationship between the employee stock ownership plan and the shareholder wealth creation and positively that between the employee stock ownership plan and the share of the wealth allocated to the employees.

Pour étudier les acteurs et les activités qui façonnent les mondes de la richesse, la thèse propose une approche relationnelle et articule les notions d’identification, de conversion et de soutien statutaire. Cela conduit tout d’abord à se demander comment l’État, au travers de la création d’un impôt sur la fortune, et les conseillers patrimoniaux, lorsqu’ils distinguent une clientèle d’ayants droit du tout venant, identifient et fabriquent différents groupes de fortunés. En examinant ensuite les modalités concrètes de prise en charge des capitaux, on discute l’hypothèse d’une compétence financière des fortunés, on montre que la transformation de l’argent en marques visibles de richesse n’est pas le fait de tous et on s’arrête sur les résistances discrètes que peut susciter l’impôt. Enfin, les activités des conseillers patrimoniaux sont examinées. En façonnant en douceur les patrimoines et les dispositions économiques de leurs clients et en leur apprenant à jouer avec les règles de droit sans craindre de sanctions, ces professionnels ne se limitent pas à faire fructifier des capitaux et constituent plus largement des gardiens du statut. / Wealth worlds are based on a set of activities and actors making the capital work. First, a relational approach to wealth sheds light on how government, by introducing a wealth tax, and wealth managers, by segmenting clients, identify and produce distinct groups of wealthy people. Then, the practical arrangements for capital management are examined. I discuss the assumption of wealthy financial skill and show that turning money into visible symbols of wealth is not the fact of all. Everyday forms of resistance to taxation are also studied. What wealth managers do is finally considered. They are not only helping clients to grow their assets, but they also mark these assets, shape softly their clients’ economic dispositions and teach them how to play with the rules. By doing so, this curator group produces, ensures and protects clients’ prestigious status.