No / Rationale: Weight gain caused by some antipsychotics is not only confined to adults but can also adversely affect both children and adolescents. Indeed, olanzapine and risperidone have been associated with extreme weight gain in adolescents even greater than that reported in adults. We have recently shown substantial weight gain in adult female rats following treatment with olanzapine and risperidone but not ziprasidone. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of several antipsychotics on weight gain and reproductive function in juvenile (aged 7 weeks) female hooded Lister rats. Methods: Olanzapine (4 mg/kg), risperidone (0.5 mg/kg), ziprasidone (2.5 mg/kg), sulpiride (10 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered i.p. once per day for 21 days. Body weight, food and water intake were measured daily, in addition to the determination of stage of the oestrous cycle. Results: Sub-chronic administration of olanzapine, risperidone, sulpiride and haloperidol, but not ziprasidone, significantly increased body weight compared to vehicle-treated animals during weeks 1-3. Sulpiride significantly increased food and water intake. Significantly increased percentage intra-abdominal fat weight was observed in olanzapine, risperidone, sulpiride and haloperidol, but not ziprasidone-treated animals. Marked disruption of the oestrous cycle was observed in all but the ziprasidone-treated group, which continued to have regular 4-day oestrous cycles. Conclusions: Weight gain observed in these juvenile animals was 1.5-2 times greater than that previously observed in adult rats. These findings have important implications for the use of antipsychotics in children and adolescent patients.

Background A well-balanced nutritious diet is important for the pregnant woman and the growing fetus, as well as for their future health. Poor nutrition results from both over-consumption of energy-rich foods which can lead to a higher weight gain than is healthy and under-nutrition of essential nutrients. Food intake is regulated in complex biological systems by many factors, where steroid hormone is one factor involved. The overall aim of this thesis is to describe dietary intake, vitamin D levels, dietary information and dietary changes, and to study the relation between allopregnanolone and weight gain during pregnancy and postpartum. Methods Study I was a qualitative study with focus group interviews with 23 pregnant women. The text was analysed with content analysis. Study II was a quantitative cross-sectional study conducted in early pregnancy (n=209) with a reference group (n=206). Self-reported dietary data from a questionnaire was analysed using descriptive comparative statistics and a cluster analysis model (Partial Least Squares modelling). Study III had a quantitative longitudinal design. Vitamin D concentrations were analysed in 184 women, collected on five occasions during pregnancy and postpartum. Descriptive comparative statistics and a linear mixed model were used. Study IV was a quantitative longitudinal study with 60 women. Concentrations of allopregnanolone were analysed in gestational week 12 and 35. Descriptive and comparative statistics as well as Spearman’s correlation (rho) were used to describe the relationship between weight gain and allopregnanolone concentrations.   Results The focus group interviews showed that women wanted to know more about different foods to reduce any risk for their child but the information about foods was partly up to themselves to find out. They expressedfeelingsof insecurityand guiltif they accidentallyate something“forbidden”. The recommendationswere followedas best as possiblealong withcommon sense todeal with dietchanges. The main themes were “Finding out by oneself”, “Getting professional advice when health problems occur”, “Being uncertain” and “Being responsible with a pinch of salt”. Some differences in the dietary patterns were found among the pregnant women compared to references, with less, vegetables (47 g/day), potatoes/rice/pasta (31 g/day), meat/fish (24 g/day) and intake of alcohol and tobacco/snuff but a higher intake of supplements. Bothpregnant women and referenceshad intakes offolatethrough diet45% (pregnant) and 22% (references) lower than current recommendations(500vs400g/day). Vitamin Dintake was34% lower than the recommendationsof 10mg/day. At least a third of the participants had insufficient plasma levels below 50 nmol/L of vitamin D. Season was a strong factor influencing the longitudinal pattern. Gestational week, season, total energy intake, dietary intake of vitamin D, and multivitamin supplementation over the previous 14 days were factors related to vitamin D levels. A correlation betweenallopregnanoloneconcentrations ingestationalweek 35and weight gainin weeks12–35was seen (p = 0.016). Therewas alsoa correlation betweenthe increase inallopregnanolone(weeks12–35) andweight gain(see above) (p = 0.028).   Conclusions Dietary recommendations were described as contradictory and confusing and the dietary advice felt inadequate. The women faced their diet changes and sought information on their own but would have wished for more extensive advice from the midwife. The intake of vitamins essential for pregnancy was lower than recommended, which is also confirmed by low plasma levels of vitamin D in at least one third of the pregnant women. Vitamin D levels peaked in late pregnancy. Aside from gestational week and season which were related to plasma levels, intake from foods and supplements also affected the levels. Reasons for weight gain are complex and depend on many factors. Allopregnanolone is a factor that was seen to relate to the weight gain of the studied pregnant women. / Bakgrund En välbalanserad näringsrik kost är viktig för den gravida kvinnan och det växande fostret, så även för deras framtida hälsa. En bristfällig kost kan utgöras av både överförbrukning av energirika livsmedel vilket kan leda till högre viktuppgång än vad som är hälsosamt och bristande intag av viktiga näringsämnen. Kostintag regleras av komplexa biologiska system där flera faktorer är inblandade däribland steroidhormonet allopregnanolon. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att under och efter graviditet beskriva kostintag, vitamin D-nivåer, kostinformation och kostförändringar och att studera allopregnanolons relation till viktökning. Metod Studie I var en kvalitativ studie med fokusgruppsintervjuer med 23 gravida kvinnor. Texten analyserades med innehållsanalys. Studie II var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie som genomfördes i tidig graviditet (n = 209) och med en grupp icke-gravida kvinnor (kontrollgrupp) (n=206). Självrapporterade kostdata från ett frågeformulär analyserades med beskrivande, jämförande statistik och en klusteranalysmodell (Partial Least Squares modellering). Studie III hade en kvantitativ longitudinell design. Vitamin D-koncentrationer analyserades hos 184 kvinnor, vid fem tillfällen under graviditeten och efter förlossningen. Beskrivande, jämförande statistik och en linjär mixad regressionsmodell användes. Studie IV var en kvantitativ longitudinell studie med 60 kvinnor. Koncentrationerna av allopregnanolon analyserades vid graviditetsvecka 12 och 35. Beskrivande och jämförande statistik samt Spearman’s korrelation användes för att beskriva samband mellan viktökning och koncentrationer av allopregnanolon. Resultat Intervjuerna i studie I visade att kvinnor ville veta mer om olika typer av mat för att minska en eventuell risk för sina barn men kostinformation var delvis upp till dem själva att ta reda på. De VIII uttryckte känslor av osäkerhet och skuld om de råkat äta något ”förbjudet”. Rekommendationerna följdes så väl som möjligt, tillsammans med sunt förnuft för att hantera kostförändringar. Huvudteman var ”Söka information på egen hand”, ”Få professionell rådgivning när problem uppstår”, ”Känna sig osäker” och ”Ta ansvar med en nypa salt”. I studie II kunde man se vissa skillnader i kostmönster bland de gravida kvinnorna jämfört med kontrollgruppen: mindre intag av grönsaker (47 g/dag), potatis/ris/pasta (31 g/dag), kött/fisk (24 g/dag) och alkohol och tobak/snus och ett högre intag av kosttillskott. Både gravida kvinnor och kontrollgruppen hade lägre intag av folsyra via kosten med 45 % (gravida) och 22 % (kontrollgruppen) än de gällande rekommendationer som är (500 resp 400 g/dag). I studie III såg man att inta et av vitamin D var 34 % lägre än rekommendationen på 10 µg/dag. Minst en tredjedel av deltagarna hade otillräckliga plasma nivåer av vitamin D, under 50 nmol/L. Årstid var en stark faktor som påverkar det longitudinella mönstret. Graviditetsvecka, säsong, totala energiintaget, intaget av vitamin D och multivitamintillskott under de senaste 14 dagarna var faktorer som relaterade till Dvitaminnivåer. I studie IV sågs ett samband mellan allopregnanolon-koncentrationer vid graviditetsvecka 35 och viktökning från vecka 12 till 35 (p = 0,016). Det sågs också ett samband mellan ökningen av allopregnanolon (vecka 12–35) och viktökningen (se ovan) (p = 0,028). Slutsatser Kostrekommendationer beskrevs som motsägelsefulla och förvirrande och kostråden de fick uppfattades som otillräckliga. Kvinnorna tog itu med sina kostförändringar och sökte information på egen hand men hade önskat mer omfattande råd från barnmorskan. Intaget av vitaminer viktiga för graviditeten var lägre än rekommendationerna, vilket också bekräftas av låga plasmanivåer av D-vitamin hos cirka en tredjedel av de gravida kvinnorna. D-vitaminnivåerna nådde en topp i slutet av graviditeten. Graviditetsvecka och säsong på året påverkade D vitaminnivåer, så även intag via mat och kosttillskott. Orsakertill viktökning är komplexa och beror på många faktorer. Allopregnanolon är en faktor som sågs relatera till viktökningen hos de undersökta gravida kvinnorna.

Background: Obesity-induced alterations in biomechanics and muscle recruitment during activities of daily living, such as sit-to-stand (STS) are often attributed to increases in adipose tissue (AT) mass. Central or peripheral distribution of AT may differently affect biomechanics and muscle recruitment. Methods: Fifteen healthy, normal weight (BMI 22.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2, 24.1 ± 4.2 years) subjects volunteered. External loads equivalent to a 5 kg/m2 BMI increase were applied in three conditions: unloaded (UN), centrally loaded (CL), and peripherally loaded (PL). Subjects completed three successful STS movements in a backless chair under each load condition in random order. Motion analysis and lower extremity surface electromyography (EMG) were measured. Results: Compared to UN and CL, PL significantly increased support width during STS. PL also significantly increased maximum trunk flexion compared to CL. Peak and total VM EMG activity were significantly increased during CL, compared to UN and PL. During CL, peak VL EMG activity was significantly greater than UN. Conclusions: Central and peripheral weight gain induce different biomechanical adaptations during STS. Central weight gain increases knee extensor muscle activity during STS independent of biomechanical changes. In contrast, peripheral weight gain increases support width and trunk flexion with minimal EMG changes during STS.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Att leva med bipolär sjukdom är besvärligt för många. Sjukdomen ger upphov till allvarliga förändringar i känsloläget. Medicinering är en viktig del i behandlingen av bipolär sjukdom men när detta ger upphov till allvarliga biverkningar som viktökning kan det leda till lidande hos denna patientgrupp. Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur patienter med bipolär sjukdom upplever mediciners biverkningar i samband med viktuppgång och deras erfarenheter av att hantera det samt upplevelser av stödet och deras förväntningar på sjukvården inom aktuellt området. Metod: En kvalitativ och deskriptiv design användes.  Undersökningsgruppen bestod av fem kvinnliga och en manlig patient från ett sjukhus i Mellansverige. Huvudresultatet visade att deltagarna upplevde en stark påverkan på välbefinnande och hälsa av medicinbiverkningar i form av viktökning. Genomgående led deltagarna av biverkningar som påverkade både det fysiska och psykiska måendet. Samtliga deltagare hade gått igenom svåra kamper för att hantera viktökning och det krävdes mycket av deras egna krafter. Vidare betonade de att de inte blivit sedda av sjukvården och deras viktproblem inte tagits på allvar. Deltagarna upplevde starka känslor och lidanden av medicinbiverkningar och viktökning och det framkom förväntningar på att få stöd och information samt kontinuerlig vård för att kunna känna sig trygg i behandlingen och få uppleva en bättre livskvalitet. Slutsatsen visar att personer med bipolär sjukdom lider mycket av viktökning i samband med medicinbiverkningar. Det belyser att viktproblem är svårhanterbart och förbisett av sjukvården, vilket gör att livskvalitén blir svår att bevara. Att problem tas på allvar och att få information samt stöd inom det aktuella området ansågs vara nödvändigt för att kunna lindra vårdlidande Nyckelord: Bipolär sjukdom, Medicin biverkningar, Patientupplevelse, Stöd, Viktökning. / Abstract. Background: Living with bipolar disorder is difficult for many. The disease causes severe changes in emotional state. Medication is an important component in the treatment of bipolar disorder, but when this gives rise to serious side effects such as weight gain, it can lead to suffering of this population. The purpose of the study was to describe how bipolar patients experienced the medication's side effects associated with weight gain and their experience of dealing with it and the experiences of support as well as their expectations of health care within the current range. Method: A qualitative and descriptive design was used. The study group consisted of five women and one male patient from a hospital in central Sweden. The main result showed that participants experienced a great impact on the wellbeing and health of medication side effects such as weight gain. Through the participants suffered from the side effects that affected both the physical and mental health. All participants had gone through difficult struggles to manage weight gain and it took a lot of their own powers. Furthermore, they stressed that they had not been seen by the healthcare and their weight problems were not taken seriously. The participants experienced strong feelings and suffering from the medication side effects and weight gain, and there were expectations of getting support and information as well as continuous care to be able to feel safe in the treatment and experience and to have a better quality of life. The conclusion shows that people with bipolar disorder suffer a lot of the weight gain associated with medication side effects. It highlights that weight problems are difficult to manage and overlooked by the healthcare, making the quality of life of the patient difficult to maintain. That the problems are taken seriously and to get information and support in the area concerned was considered necessary in order to alleviate the suffering of care. Keywords: Bipolar disorder, Medicine side effects, Patient experience, Support, Weight gain.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de lipídio protegido na recria em pastagens e na terminação em confinamento sobre o desempenho produtivo de tourinhos Angus x Nelore. Foram utilizados 108 tourinhos, com 14 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 260 kg, durante seis meses em pastejo rotacionado, distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos: suplementação mineral, suplementação protéica-energética a 0,3% do peso vivo sem lipídio protegido e suplementação protéica-energética a 0,3% do PV com lipídio protegido. Ao final dos seis meses em pastejo os animais com média de 20 meses e 480 kg, iniciaram no confinamento e foram alocados em 12 baias, sendo que em seis baias os animais receberam dieta contendo lipídio protegido, e nas outras seis receberam dieta sem lipídio protegido e à medida que atingiram 545 kg de peso vivo foram abatidos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, num fatorial 3x2, três diferentes estratégias de suplementação em pastagens e duas dietas em confinamento, com 18 repetições/tratamento. Não houve interação entre a inclusão ou não de lipídio protegido na dieta em pastagens e em confinamento para as variáveis consumo, desempenho e características de carcaça. Nas condições da presente pesquisa a suplementação protéica energética com ou sem adição de lipídio protegido na fase de recria em pastagem reduz a perda por resfriamento nas carcaças por proporcionar acabamento mais uniforme nas carcaças, mais evidente nos animais que não receberam lipídio protegido / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation with protected lipid during rearing in pastures and during termination in confinement on the productive performance of young Angus x Nellore bulls. 108 young bulls with age of 14 months and initial average weight of 260 Kg were used during 6 months in rotational pasture, randomly arranged into three treatments: mineral supplementation, protein-energy supplementation with 0.3% of live weight without protected lipid and protein-energy supplementation with 0.3% of live weight with protected lipid. After 6 months in pasture, animals with average of 20 months old and 480 Kg were introduced to confinement and distributed in 12 pens, being that animals from 6 pens received diet containing protected lipid and the animals from the remaining 6 pens received diet without protected lipid and were slaughtered as they reached 545 Kg of live weight. The experimental design was totally randomized in 3x2 factorial scheme, three different supplementation strategies in pastures and two diets in confinement, with 18 repetitions/treatment. There was not interaction between the inclusion or not of protected lipid in the diet in pastures and in confinement for consumption, performance and carcass characteristics variables. Under the conditions of the present study, losses by cooling decrease with protein-energy supplementation in rearing in pasture because it provides finishing more uniform on the carcasses, more evident in animals that did not receive protected fat / Orientador: Roberto Oliveira Roça / Coorientador: Marcelo Henrique de Faria / Banca: Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves / Banca: Paulo Roberto Leme / Banca:Guilherme Fernando Alleoni / Banca: Flavio Dutra de Resende / Doutor

O tratamento quimioterápico para o câncer de mama está relacionado a alterações do paladar, do hábito alimentar e ao ganho de peso, embora a relação entre estes três aspectos ainda não seja elucidada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e compreender como a alimentação é vivenciada e significada pelas mulheres em tratamento quimioterápico para o câncer de mama e avaliar as possíveis mudanças alimentares e como estas se relacionam à sensibilidade e preferência ao gosto doce, ao peso e a composição corporal. Utilizou-se metodologia mista, com emprego de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa para coleta e análise dos dados. Foram avaliadas 31 mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer de mama e indicação para quimioterapia em esquema contendo antraciclinas, em dois momentos: antes do início (T0) e após a quarta sessão de quimioterapia (T1). Em T0 e T1, foram avaliados dados antropométricos (peso, altura e composição corporal a partir de bioimpedância elétrica), consumo de alimentos e bebidas de gosto doce (divididos nas categorias: \"doces saudáveis\" para frutas e sucos naturais e \"doces não saudáveis\" para bolos, bolachas, balas, sorvetes, refrigerantes, sucos artificiais, doces caseiros e chocolate), sensibilidade à sacarose e concentração preferida de sacarose em suco de caju. Em T1 foi também aplicada uma entrevista a partir de roteiro semi estruturado. Os resultados da etapa quantitativa mostraram que entre os tempos avaliados as pacientes apresentaram ganho médio de peso de 2,1 Kg (p = 0,00) e aumento do IMC, que passou de 29,3 Kg/m2 em T0 para 30,1 Kg/m2 em T1 (p = 0,00), embora sem variações dos parâmetros referentes à composição corporal (p >= 0,05). A avaliação do consumo de alimentos e bebidas de gosto doce mostrou aumento do consumo de \"doces saudáveis\" (p = 0,00), diminuição do consumo de refrigerantes (p=0,04) e manutenção dos demais produtos avaliados (p >= 0,05), com correlação positiva entre a variação do consumo de \"doces saudáveis\" e variação de peso (r = 0,38; p = 0,04). A avaliação sensorial apontou para a manutenção da sensibilidade e da concentração de sacarose preferida, embora diminuição da sensibilidade entre T0 e T1 esteja associada a maior consumo \"doces não saudáveis\" em T1, enquanto aumento da concentração de sacarose preferida esteja associada ao maior consumo de \"doces saudáveis\" em T1. A partir da análise das entrevistas, emergiram os temas: doença e tratamento, ganho de peso, a relação com a alimentação e alimentação como o que foge ao alcance. Constata-se que o tratamento quimioterápico para o câncer de mama foi acompanhado de mudanças alimentares que estão relacionadas ao ganho de peso observado. As mudanças alimentares podem estar associadas à mudanças no paladar, mas são mais fortemente relacionadas às representações, crenças e expectativas construídas em torno do diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer de mama. / Breast cancer chemotherapy can be related to taste disorders, food behavior and weight changes, although the relation between these aspects is not yet elucidated. The aim of this work was to identify and comprehend how food experience is meant by woman following breast cancer chemotherapy and to assess the extent between possible food behavior change, sweet taste sensibility and preference, body weight and body composition. It was used mixed method approach with quantitative and qualitative approach for data collecting and analysis. 31 woman with breast cancer diagnosis and anthracyclines chemotherapy scheme indication were evaluated at two time points: before the first (T0) and after the fourth (T1) chemotherapy session. At T0 and T1 it was evaluated: anthropometry (body weight, height and composition by electric bioimpedance), sweet taste food and beverage consumption (spread in two groups: \"healthy sweets\" for fruits and natural juices, and \"unhealthy sweets\" for cakes, cookies, candies, ice cream, soft drinks, artificial juices, homemade sweets and chocolate), sucrose sensibility and preferred sucrose concentration in cashew juice. At T1, it was also applied a semi-structured script interview. Quantitative results show that between assessed time points, patients gained 2,1 Kg average (p = 0,00). Increased body weight led to BMI increase, from 29,3 Kg/m2 at T0 to 30,1 Kg/m2 at T1 (p = 0,00), although without body composition parameters change (p >= 0,05). The assessment of sweet taste food and beverages consumption show increase of \"healthy sweets\" consumption (p = 0,00), decrease of soft drinks consumption (p = 0,04) and maintenance of others evaluated products (p>=0,05), with positive correlation between \"healthy sweets\" consumption variation and body weight change (r = 0,38; p = 0,04). Sensorial evaluation shows maintenance of sweet taste sensibility and preferred sucrose concentration, though decreased sensibility between T0 and T1 is associated to higher \"unhealthy sweets\" consumption at T1, while decreased of preferred sucrose concentration between T0 and T1 is associated to higher \"healthy sweets\" consumption at T1. The following themes emerged from interview analysis: sickness and treatment, weight gain, the relationship with food and food consumption as what is out of touch. It is noted, that breast cancer chemotherapy brings food behavior changes related to observed body weight gain. Food behavior change can be associated to taste disorders, but it is more strongly related to representations, beliefs and expectations about breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de bovinos Nelore com diferentes potenciais genéticos para crescimento pós-desmama pela diferença esperada na progênie (DEP). Foram utilizados 147 machos não-castrados da raça Nelore, com peso corporal médio inicial de 412 ± 54kg e média de idade de 19 meses, provenientes de recria em sistema de pastejo contínuo. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e divididos dois tratamentos em função do potencial genético para crescimento: 1) alta taxa de crescimento (TC+) representada pela média de 11,50 kg e 2) baixa taxa de crescimento (TC-) representada pela média de -1,0 kg. Os animais foram confinados por um período de 100 dias, sendo os primeiros 21 dias de adaptação à dieta e as instalações. A dieta continha 73% de concentrado e 27% de volumoso (silagem de milho). No início do período experimental e a cada 28 dias todos os animais foram pesados e submetidos a avaliações de ultrassonografia. A ingestão de matéria seca foi avaliada diariamente, para ajuste da oferta e avaliação da eficiência alimentar. Ao fim do período de confinamento, todos animais foram abatidos, o peso de carcaça quente e a gordura pélvica, renal e inguinal foram pesados. Após 24 horas, foi avaliado o pH final e a meia carcaça esquerda foi seccionada entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas. As meias carcaças seguiram para desossa completa para análise de rendimentos dos cortes cárneos comerciais, em seguida amostras foram retiradas do contrafilé para posterior análise de cor, perdas de peso por cozimento, força de cisalhamento, comprimento de sarcômero e análise sensorial. Houve efeito da TC sobre o peso corporal final (P = 0,04), sendo que os animais de alta TC apresentaram maiores pesos. Não houve efeito da TC para AOL, EGS e espessura de gordura da picanha (Biceps femoris) avaliados pela ultrassonografia; no entanto, houve diferença significativa para o período de coleta das imagens (P < 0,05). Com relação ao rendimento dos cortes cárneos comerciais, animais de alta TC tiveram a ponta de peito (P = 0,01) e músculo traseiro (P = 0,07) mais pesados em relação aos animais de baixa TC. A DEP não influenciou a qualidade das características sensoriais da carne dos animais exceto para a cor, sendo que os valores de L* (P = 0,03) foram maiores para animais de baixa TC, no entanto, os maiores valores de a* (P = 0,06) foram expressados pelo grupo de alta TC. Além disso, para todas as variáveis de qualidade, houve efeito do tempo de maturação (P > 0,05). Em conclusão, o potencial genético para o crescimento pós-desmama não afetou a maioria das características, incluindo desempenho, produção de carne e qualidade no final do período de terminação. / The aim of this study was to evaluated the performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nellore young bulls with different genetics potentials for post-weaning growth for expected progeny differences (EPD\'s). A total of 147 Nellore bulls with average initial body weight (412 ± 54kg) and 19 months old, were distributed in a completely randomized design and divided into two groups according with growth rate: 1) high growth rate (GR+) represented by the mean of 11.50 kg and 2) low growth rate (GR-) represented by the average of -1.0 kg . The animals were in a feedlot system for a total 100 days, with the first 21 days of adaptation to the diet and facilities. The finishing diet was composed by 73 % concentrate and 27 % corn silage. At the beginning of the experimental period and every 28 days all animals were weighed and submitted to ultrasound evaluations. Dry matter intake was measured daily. At the end of the feedlot period, all animals were slaughtered and the hot carcass weigth and internal fat were recorded. After 24 hours, the final pH was evaluated and the left half carcass was sectioned between the 12 th and 13 th ribs. The half carcass was completely deboning to analyze the wholesale cuts. In addition, longissimus was sampled to analyze color, cooking loss, tenderness, sarcomere length and sensory property. There was an effect of GR on the final body weight (P = 0.04), where the group of animals with high EPD presented higher weights. There was no effect of GR for longissimus muscle area (LMA), fat thickness (FAT) and rump fat (Biceps femoris) evaluated by ultrasonography; however, there was a significant difference for the collection period (P > 0.05). Regarding the wholesale cuts, animals of higher GR had the heavier (P = 0.01) and hind muscle (P = 0.07) weights than the animals of lower GR. The GR did not influence the quality sensory characteristics of the meat of the animals except for the color, and the values of L* (P = 0.03) were higher for animals with low GR, however, the highest values of a* (P = 0.06) were expressed by the high GR group. In addition, for all quality variables, there was an effect of maturation time (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the potential genetic for growth measured post-weaning did not affect most traits, including performance, meat production and quality at the end of finishing period.

Introdução: Estudos anteriores mostraram a efetividade do Projeto VIVALEITE para o ganho de peso de crianças menores de dois anos. Como o programa é efetivo, é possível que crianças ingressantes com peso próximo ao limite considerado adequado para idade o ultrapassem no decorrer de sua participação. Verificar se há variáveis sociodemográficas associadas ao excesso de peso poderá permitir o estabelecimento de medidas preventivas por parte dos gestores do programa. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e excesso de peso em participantes do Projeto VIVALEITE. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com dados de 1.039 crianças de famílias de baixa renda do interior do Estado de São Paulo, ingressantes no projeto VIVALEITE com seis meses de idade e peso próximo ao limite superior de adequação, no período de janeiro de 2003 a setembro de 2008. Investigou-se a proporção de crianças que ficam com excesso de peso durante a participação no programa e as associações com as condições sociodemográficas de cada criança (amamentação aos seis meses, sexo e peso ao nascer) e dos respectivos responsáveis (condição conjugal, idade, situação de trabalho e escolaridade). A modelagem foi feita por meio de regressão logística, com as variáveis socioeconômicas em cada idade de pesagem (9 a 23 meses) e regressão logística multinível das variáveis socioeconômicas e o conjunto das idades de pesagem. O processamento foi feito com o pacote estatístico Stata 10.1. Resultados: Conforme análise multinível, a categoria sim da variável aleitamento materno aos seis meses (OR=0,29, p=0,000) e a categoria trabalha da variável situação de trabalho materno (OR=0,36, p=0,012) foram associadas significantemente ao excesso de peso das crianças. As variáveis peso ao nascer, sexo, condição conjugal, idade materna e escolaridade não foram associadas estatisticamente ao excesso de peso. Conclusões: A não amamentação aos seis meses e a condição de não trabalho materno são os fatores sociodemográficos positivamente / Introduction: Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of VIVALEITE Project to gain weight in children under two years old. As the program is effective, it is possible that children who began weighting close to the limit considered appropriate for the age during their participation this weight exceed the limit. Examine for sociodemographic variables associated with overweight may allow the establishment of preventive measures by program managers. Objective: To analyze the association between sociodemographic factors and overweight in participants of VIVALEITE Project. Methods: Cohort study with data from 1,039 infants from low-income families in the state of São Paulo, who were admitted on Vivaleite design with six months of age and weight near the upper limit of adequacy, from January 2003 to September 2008. Investigate the proportion of children who became overweight during participation in the program and associations with sociodemographic conditions of each child (breastfeeding at six months, sex and birth weight) and their guardians (marital status, age, employment status and education). The modeling was performed using logistic regression with socioeconomic variables in each age in the moment by weigh (9-23 months) and multilevel logistic regression of socioeconomic variables and all the ages of weighing. Stata 10.1 program version was used for analysis. Results: As multilevel analysis, the category yes of breastfeeding at six months (OR = 0.29, p = 0.000) and maternal work category (OR = 0.36, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with the overweight in children. The variables birth weight, sex, marital status, maternal age and education were not statistically associated with overweight. Conclusions: The absence of breastfeeding at six months and the condition of maternal unemployment are the sociodemographic factors positively associated with overweight infants participating in the program

O uso de aditivos alimentares promotores de crescimento em bovinos de corte tem aumentado, porém, existem relativamente poucos estudos sobre uso de aditivos para bovinos em pastagem. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de flavomicina (FL) e uma mistura de ureia comum e ureia protegida no desempenho (GMD), produtividade (GA) e consumo de suplemento (CS) por novilhas em pastagem diferida de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), de julho a novembro de 2010. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições, arranjados num fatorial 2x2, mais um tratamento controle (suplemento mineral). Os fatores foram a inclusão de FL e a fonte de nitrogênio não proteico (NNP), adicionados a um suplemento proteico. O fator FL foi avaliado nos níveis de inclusão 0 e 100 mg kg-1 de suplemento. Foram avaliadas duas fontes de NNP: ureia comum (U) e uma mistura (M) de ureia comum (2/3 do NNP) e ureia protegida (1/3 do NNP), ambas fornecendo 365 g kg-1 de equivalente proteico ao suplemento. Foram utilizadas 120 novilhas da raça Nelore, peso médio de 206 kg, distribuídas em 15 unidades experimentais. As variáveis resposta da forragem foram massa de forragem, oferta de forragem, composição morfológica e concentração de PB, FDN e FDA. Os animais foram manejados em lotação rotativa, com 7 dias de ocupação e 28 dias de descanso, usando taxa de lotação variável para se chegar a ofertas de forragem semelhante entre tratamentos. Os animais do tratamento controle tiveram o menor GMD (-0,054 kg de peso vivo animal-1 dia-1) e tiveram o menor GA (-29,1 kg de peso vivo ha-1), enquanto ocorreu interação entre FL e fonte de NNP para as mesmas variáveis. No desdobramento da interação, o uso de FL aumentou o GMD e GA apenas na presença de U (0,055 vs. 0,116 kg animal-1 dia-1 e 29,4 vs. 59,4 kg ha-1). O uso de M no suplemento não amento GMD e GA quando comparado com U. CS não foi afetado pelos tratamentos, com médias de 0,184, 0,289 e 0,104 kg animal-1 dia-1 para os ciclos de pastejo 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente, todas diferentes entre si. A forragem não apresentou variação entre tratamentos para a maioria das variáveis estudadas. A lotação não variou entre tratamentos nem entre ciclos de pastejo (media = 2.24 AU ha-1). A inclusão de FL tem o potencial de melhorar desempenho e produtividade de novilhas e a fonte de NNP e FL não afetam o CS. / The use of growth promoter feed additives in beef cattle has increased, however, there are relatively few studies about using additives in grazing cattle. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flavomycin (FL) and a mix of common and coated urea on average daily gain (ADG), gain per area (GA) and supplement intake (SI) of heifers grazing stockpiled palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), from July to November of 2010. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with five treatments and three replicates, arranged on a 2x2 factorial plus control (mineral supplement). The factors were the inclusion of FL and the source of non protein nitrogen (NPN), added to a protein supplement. The FL factor was assessed at the inclusion levels 0 and 100 mg kg-1 of supplement. Two sources of NPN were assessed: common urea (U) or a mix (M) of common urea (2/3 of NPN) and coated urea (1/3 of NPN), both providing 365 g kg-1 of protein equivalent to the supplement. A hundred and twenty Nellore heifers weighting 206 kg were distributed 15 experimental units. Forage response variables were herbage mass, herbage allowance, morphological composition and CP, NDF and ADF concentrations. The animals were managed in a rotational stocking, with 7 d grazing and 28 d resting period using a variable stocking rate to achieve similar herbage allowance among treatments. The animals receiving control treatment had the least ADG (-0,054 kg animal-1 day-1) and GA (-29.1 kg ha-1), while there was significant interaction between FL and source of NPN. In the interaction unfolding, the ADG and GA were greater in animals receiving FL in the presence of U (0.055 vs. 0.116 kg anim.-1 day-1 and 29.4 vs. 59.4 kg ha-1). The use of M in the supplement did not increase ADG and GA when compared to supplement with U. SI wasn\'t affected by treatments, with averages of 0,184, 0,289 and 0,104 kg animal-1 day-1 to grazing cycles 1, 2 and 3, respectively, all different among themselves. In general, the forage characteristics were similar among treatments. Stocking rate wasn\'t affected by both treatments and grazing cycles (mean = 2.24 AU ha-1). The inclusion of FL in the supplement has potential to improve performance and productivity of heifers and source of NPN and FL did not affect SI.

Na avicultura industrial, diferenças no desempenho zootecnico de machos e femeas de linhagens pesadas forcam o setor a alojar separadamente os sexos com o propósito de facilitar manejo, uniformizar lotes, reduzir custos e otimizar a producao. Desse modo, meios que reduzam ou eliminem a disparidade entre sexos no ambito zootecnico podem resultar em ganhos gerenciais e econômicos no mercado avicola. A masculinizacao de femeas objetivando aproximar sua performance aquela manifestada por machos pode ser considerado um recurso interessante. Sendo assim a aplicacao de inibidores ou bloqueadores da aromatase P450 durante o desenvolvimento embrionario pode induzir graus variados de masculinizacao das femeas sem a utilizacao de protocolos hormonais, em um fenomeno chamado reversao sexual. Assim, os objetivos desse projeto foram: (1) comparar a acao de inibidores de aromatase de terceira geracao (Droga B e droga C) em relacao ao fadrozole (farmaco amplamente citado em literatura) sobre a taxa e o grau de reversao sexual em frangas de corte; e (2) estimar o impacto desses tratamentos sobre parametros de incubacao (mortalidade embrionaria e eclodibilidade) e indices zootecnicos (peso ao nascer, ganho de peso, conversao alimentar e peso final aos 42 dias). Os resultados, deste estudo, mostraram que o inibidor de aromatase droga B obteve maior proporção machos quando comparado aos outros IAs testados. Contudo, quando avaliamos as aves tratadas por este fármaco, em relação aos índices zootécnicos, estas apresentaram resultados similares ao grupo misto e inferior quando comparadas aos machos genéticos. Na sexagem morfológica aos 42 dias de idade foi observado que no grupo tratado com a droga B, 58% das aves apresentavam ovário ou ovostestis ao invés de testículos o que impactou negativamente no ganho de peso deste grupo. / Performance diferences between male and female broilers compel the poultry industry to rear sexes separately in order to favor management, uniform flocks, reduce costs and optimize production. Notwithstanding, this practice has logistical implications that create additional expenses, and in some cases, broiler companies encounter producer preferences for a particular sex due to its productive traits. Thus, methods that reduce or eliminate gender disparity in meat production efficiency can result in operational and economical benefits to poultry market. Masculinization of females aiming to bring performance closer to those expressed by males may be viewed as an interesting alternative. Therefore, the application of aromatase inhibitors or blockers during embryonic development can induce varying degrees of female masculinization without the use of hormonal protocols, in a process called sex reversal. Therefore, our objectives herein were: (1) to compare the action of third generation aromatase inhibitors (Drug B and Drug D) in relation to fadrozole (a drug widely used in literature) on the rate and degree of sexual reversal in broiler pullets; and (2) to estimate the impact of these treatments on incubation (embryonic mortality and hatchability) and performance parameters (birth weight, weight gain, feed conversion and final weight at 42 days). The results, from this study, showed that the aromatase inhibitor drug B obtained a higher rate of sexual reversion when compared to the other AIs tested. However, when we evaluated the birds treated by this drug, in relation to the zootechnical indexes, these presented similar results to the mixed and inferior group when compared to the genetic males. In the morphological sexing at 42 days of age, it was observed that in the group treated with AI, 58% of the birds presented ovary or ovostestis instead of testicles, which impacted the weight gain of this group.