2 pp. / 1. Drinking Water Wells; 2. Private Water Well Components; 3. Do Deeper Wells Mean Better Water; 4. Maintaining Your Private Well Water System; 5. Private Well Protection; 6. Well Water Testing and Understanding the Results; 7. Obtaining a Water Sample for Bacterial Analysis; 8. Microorganisms in Private Water Wells; 9. Lead in Private Water Wells; 10. Nitrate in Private Water Wells; 11.Arsenic in Private Water Wells; 12. Matching Drinking Water Quality Problems to Treatment Methods; 13. Commonly Available Home Water Treatment Systems; 14. Hard Water: To Soften or Not to Soften; 15. Shock Chlorination of Private Water Wells / This fact sheet is one in a series of fifteen for private water well owners. The one- to four-page fact sheets will be assembled into a two-pocket folder entitled Private Well Owners Guide. The titles will also be a part of the Changing Rural Landscapes project whose goal is to educate exurban, small acreage residents. The authors have made every effort to align the fact sheets with the proposed Arizona Cooperative Extension booklet An Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Sources, Quality, Testing, Treatment, and Well Maintenance by Artiola and Uhlman. The private well owner project was funded by both the University of Arizonas Water Sustainability Program-Technology and Research Initiative Fund and the USDA-CSREES Region 9 Water Quality Program.

3 pp. / 1. Drinking Water Wells; 2. Private Water Well Components; 3. Do Deeper Wells Mean Better Water; 4. Maintaining Your Private Well Water System; 5. Private Well Protection; 6. Well Water Testing and Understanding the Results; 7. Obtaining a Water Sample for Bacterial Analysis; 8. Microorganisms in Private Water Wells; 9. Lead in Private Water Wells; 10. Nitrate in Private Water Wells; 11.Arsenic in Private Water Wells; 12. Matching Drinking Water Quality Problems to Treatment Methods; 13. Commonly Available Home Water Treatment Systems; 14. Hard Water: To Soften or Not to Soften; 15. Shock Chlorination of Private Water Wells / This fact sheet is one in a series of fifteen for private water well owners. The one- to four-page fact sheets will be assembled into a two-pocket folder entitled Private Well Owners Guide. The titles will also be a part of the Changing Rural Landscapes project whose goal is to educate exurban, small acreage residents. The authors have made every effort to align the fact sheets with the proposed Arizona Cooperative Extension booklet An Arizona Well Owners Guide to Water Sources, Quality, Testing, Treatment, and Well Maintenance by Artiola and Uhlman. The private well owner project was funded by both the University of Arizonas Water Sustainability Program-Technology and Research Initiative Fund and the USDA-CSREES Region 9 Water Quality Program.

The water level in an open well tapping a confined formation is influenced by natural forces including the solid Earth tide (SET) and atmospheric pressure variation (APV). The spectral method is used to derive an analytical solution for well response to both the random and the periodic components of the combined SET and APV (CSA) forcings. Previously posed models for the individual SET and APV forcings are subsets of this more general model. An inverse theory and an algorithm are developed in order to provide improved results when using such models to estimate the hydraulic parameters associated with a given formation. A complex vector estimation criterion is used in developing a nonlinear, Gauss-Marquardt estimation algorithm. When compared to previous methods of fitting modulus and phase, the complex vector estimation methodology has less bias and variance, and is more robust. An examination of the response surface of the estimation criterion reveals that storativity (S) is relatively non-unique, and thus is not considered in the context of the parameter estimation problem. However, since there is little correlation between transmissivity (T) and S estimators, a good estimate for T is still possible independent of having knowledge of S. An estimate of T is possible only if the data contain sufficient information so that the analysis occurs within an identifiability window, which is defined with respect to the dimensionless transmissivity of the system. The CSA estimation methodology is compared to individual SET and APV schemes. The CSA scheme gives the greatest probability that sufficient information is contained in a data record so that T is identifiable. The results of applications to synthetic data indicate that the OEA scheme gives a T estimate with the most precision, and also that it requires collecting fewer observations.

No description available.

An analysis was performed of a Texas gulf coast hazardous waste injection well disposal system. The system was complicated by the presence of a fault which transected the injection interval. The existence of the fault presented the potential for enhanced vertical migration of the injected solutes via a tortuous path of interconnected, highly permeable sand units. Evaluation of this potential necessitated a fully three dimensional model which incorporated the arrangement of the alternating shales and sands and their associated discontinuities. Computer run time and memory limitations compelled a dissection of the problem into components, as well as the utilization of a specific mixture of conservative and realistic assumptions. The analysis indicated that within 10,000 years, the waste would advance vertically no further than one hundred feet into the overlying stratigraphy, and laterally no further than 24,000 feet from the point of injection.

No description available.

No description available.

[pt] Freqüentemente, durante os estágios de produção de um poço de óleo, ocorre a produção simultânea de partículas sólidas que originam da massa rochosa ao redor, um processo chamado de produção de areia. Concentrações de tensões nas vizinhanças do poço podem causar perda de coesão entre os grãos, criando assim uma região de matéria granular solta suscetível a ser arrastada pela força de infiltrações. Este trabalho se baseia no estudo da formação de danos nas vizinhanças do poço. Este programa experimental é conduzido ao simular, do interior de uma célula especialmente construída, as pressões crescentes durante esses estágios de escavação numa amostra de rocha, geralmente arenito, pouco consolidada ou um material montado artificialmente simulando arenito. Este processo é conduzido em tempo real dentro de tomógrafo computadorizado de Raio X. Os ensaios tiveram por objetivo identificar a pressão de início e o modo de propagação da ruptura da parede da cavidade interna da amostra ensaiada. Estes são estágios iniciais dos processos de produção de areia em rochas. As análises das imagens tomográficas adquiridas durante os ensaios permitiram a visualização de breakouts e arrombamentos dos poços. Estudos mais detalhados possibilitaram estimar a quantidade de areia produzida e reconstruir tridimensionalmente o processo de propagação de ruptura. / [en] Frequently, during the production stages of an oil well, simultaneous production of solid particles originating from the surrounding rock mass occur, a process called sand production. Stress concentrations around of the well may cause loss of cohesion between grains, thus creating a region of loose granular matter susceptible for drag bye seepage forces. The present work reports on the study of the formation of breakouts/damage around of the well. This experimental program is carried out by simulating, inside an especially constructed cell, the stresses arising during these excavation stages on a sample of a rock, generally a poorly consolidated sandstone or an artificially assembled material simulating a sandstone. This process is carried out in real time inside an X ray computerized tomography. The tests investigated the initial and the evolution of failure at the cavity wall of samples. These are initial stages of the sand production process. The analysis of the CT-scans obtained during tests allowed the visualization of breakouts and collapses of the wells. From studies more details were possible estimate the sand production and produce 3-D images of the propagation of the failure.

Neste trabalho são calculados os sub-níveis 1s, 2s, 2p±, 3s, 3p± e 3d±2 de elétrons ligados a impurezas doadoras em um poço quântico de GaAs/GaAlAs submetido a um campo magnético uniforme, via método variacional. São calculadas, então, as densidades de estados supondo-se uma distribuição uniforme de doadores, obtendo-se resultados que se assemelham aos do estado fundamental, com um pico principal e outro secundário. De posse do espectro desses sub-níveis rasos são calculados os coeficientes de absorção, na região do infra-vermelho distante, para as transições permitidas fazendo-se o uso da Regra de Ouro de Fermi. As densidades de doadores estão dentro dos limites do modelo de banda de impureza semi-clássica, portanto baixas densidades. Inicialmente é considerada uma compensação nula e uma distribuição uniforme de impurezas. Neste caso os cálculos são realizados analiticamente. Finalmente é considerada a compensação, sendo utilizada a simulação Monte Carlo. Neste segundo processo calcula-se o coeficiente de absorção, primeiramente considerando-se apenas o termo constante da expansão do potencial eletrostático das impurezas ionizadas. Em segunda etapa leva-se em conta os outros termos da expansão e faz-se um tratamento perturbativo. A forma da curva de absorção em infra-vermelho distante levando-se em conta este efeito da compensação é obtido pela primeira vez. São verificados alargamentos não homogêneos nas curvas de absorção e é estudado o efeito da variação da compensação e do campo magnético sobre o coeficiente de absorção. Este estudo constitui um elemento importante para o diagnóstico destas hetero-estruturas semicondutoras. / In this work we obtain the sub-levels 1s, 2s, 2p±, 3s, 3p±, and 3d±2 of donor bound electrons in a GaAs/GaAIAs quantum well by a variational calculation. The densities of states are calculated assuming an uniform distribution of donors, obtaining results similar to that of the ground state, with two peaks, a fundamental and a secundary. We calculate, then, the absorption coefficient, in the far infrared region, by means the Fermi\'s Golden Rule. The densities of donors are within the lirnits of the Semiclassical Impurity Band, i. e., low densities. The calculations are made analiticaly. Finally we consider a non-zero compensation and utilize the Monte Carlo simulation. In this second process the absorption coefficient is calculated firstly considering only the constant term of the expansion of the electroslatic potential due to ionized impurities. Then a perturbative treatement is made with the other terms in the expansion. The shape of the absorption coefficient in the far infrared, with the effect of compensation, was obtained by the first time. Inhomogeneous broadenings appear in the absorptions curves and the effect of variation of compensation and magnetic field is studied. This study is an important element for hetero-structures diagnosis.

Neste trabalho, estudamos o crescimento epitaxial por feixe molecular assim como as propriedades ópticas e estruturais de camadas de InGaAs depositadas sobre substratos de GaAs(001) com diferentes ângulos e direções de corte. Um ênfase foi dada à investigação da segregação dos átomos de Índio que modifica consideravelmente o perfil de potencial das heteroestruturas e influencia as características dos dispositivos contendo este tipo de camadas. Um novo método experimental baseado em medidas de difração de elétrons de alta energia (RHEED) possibilitou a determinação in situ e em tempo real do coeficiente de segregação dos átomos de Índio e, conseqüentemente, do perfil de composição das camadas de InGaAs. Medidas de raios X e de fotoluminescência em baixa temperatura foram realizadas em amostras de poços quânticos de InGaAs e confirmaram, a posteriori, os resultados obtidos pela técnica RHEED. Foi também demonstrado que o uso de substratos desorientados podia reduzir levemente o efeito de segregação e melhorar as propriedades ópticas das camadas em baixa temperatura. / In this work, we investigated the molecular-beam-epitaxy growth as well as the optical and structural properties of InGaAs layers deposited on top of GaAs (001) substrates with different miscut angles and directions. We emphasized the investigation of the segregation of In atoms that considerably modifies the potential profile of the heterostructures and influences the characteristics of the devices based on this type of layers. A new experimental method involving the diffraction of high-energy electrons (RHEED) allowed the in-situ and real-time determination of the segregation coefficient of the In atoms and, consequently, of the compositional profile of the InGaAs layers. X-rays and low-temperature photoluminescence measurements were carried out InGaAs quantum wells and confirmed, a posterior, the results obtained by the RHEED method. It was also demonstrated that the use of vicinal substrates slight reduces the segregation effect and improves the optical properties of the layers at low temperature.