Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo lológico conduzido sobre um manuscrito do século XVII contido no COD. 13282 da Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal o Sumario de todas as cousas succedidas em Berberia desde o tempo que começou a reinar o Xarife Mulei Mahamet no anno de 1573 te o m do anno de sua morte 1578 no dia da batalha d\'Alcaçer Quibir, em que se perdeo Dom Sebastiam Rey de Portugal. Além do códice em questão, o texto é registrado em outro manuscrito o Ms. No 41, Serie 2422 da Biblioteca Nacional de Espanha, editado em 1987 por Francisco Loureiro com o título Crónica do Xarife Mulei Mahamet e del-Rey D. Sebastião (1573-1578). O tratamento reservado ao texto por Loureiro a preferência por uma edição modernizada, não precedida por outra que respeitasse a língua original, unido ao fato de o estudioso desconhecer o manuscrito da BNP dene um problema. O que se esconde por trás da proposta de Loureiro é a representação de uma questão maior, que abarca difusamente as práticas de publicação dos relatos e crônicas sobre as relações luso-marroquinas. Por isso, fez-se essencial repassar as principais perspectivas metodológicas concernentes às edições deste conjunto documental. A partir de tal reexão, o presente trabalho assume como tarefa disponibilizar ao público acadêmico uma fonte para a História da Língua em uma forma adequada, propondo uma descrição codicológica do manuscrito da BNP juntamente com sua edição diplomática. A metodologia adotada reete principalmente a proposta teórica de Ivo Castro e Maria Ana Ramos (1986), que sugerem basear as escolhas editorias na distinção entre estratégia e táticas de transcrição, introduzindo o conceito de campo bibliográco. / In this work we report on a philological study of a 17th century manuscript included in COD. 13282 of the National Library of Portugal the Sumario de todas as cousas succedidas em Berberia desde o tempo que começou a reinar o Xarife Mulei Mahamet no anno de 1573 te o m do anno de sua morte 1578 no dia da batalha d\'Alcaçer Quibir, em que se perdeo Dom Sebastiam Rey de Portugal. The text is also contained in the Ms. No 41 Serie 2422 of the National Library of Spain, published in 1987 by Francisco Loureiro, who entitled it Crónica do Xarife Mulei Mahamet e del-Rey D. Sebastião (1573-1578). However, Loureiro\'s editorial choices (e.g. his preference for a modernized edition, not preceded by another that would respect the original language of the text, besides the fact he was not aware of the existence of the BNP manuscript) represent a problem. Moreover, Loureiro\'s proposal takes back to a broader issue, which regards the publication practices of the chronicles and historical accounts about Portuguese occupation of Barbary. Therefore, we examined the main methodologies used for the publication of these documents. From these reections, we assumed the task of making a linguistic source avaliable to the academic audience, by proposing a codicological description of the BNP manuscript and its diplomatic edition. The methodology adopted refers mainly to the theoretical proposal of Ivo Castro and Maria Ana Ramos (1986), who suggest to establish the editorial criteria upon the distinction between transcription strategy and tactics and introduce the concept of bibliographical eld.

Esta tese procura analisar as representações de Richard Francis Burton na África Ocidental, durante sua permanência como cônsul inglês na Baía de Biafra entre os anos de 1861 e 1865. Para isto, procurou-se reconstituir o contexto histórico das relações inglesas com a região ao longo do século XIX, bem como a história das regiões descritas por Burton em seus textos. Além disto, também analizou-se os espaços de circulação dos textos de Burton na Inglaterra, e a relação do autor com a Royal Geographical Society e a Anthropological Society of London. O objetivo é recuperar parte da complexidade constitutiva de seus textos, valorizando a experiência pessoal do autor frente a resistência dos africanos à imposição de dinâmicas comerciais e econômicas inglesas. Para a consecução destes objetivos, foi realizada uma comparação entre os diversos registros escritos de Burton: documentos consulares no Foreign Office, artigos para revistas científicas e relatos de viagem / This thesis tries to analyze the representations of Richard Francis Burton in West Africa, during his consulship at the Fight of Biafra in the years between 1861-1865. To make it, we have reconstructed the historical context of the British relations with the region along the 19th century, as well as the history of the regions described by Burton in his texts. We also analyze the spaces of circulation of Burton\'s texts in England, and his relations with the Royal Geographical Society and the Anthropological Society of London. The aim is to recover part o the constitutive complexities of his texts, stressing the authors personal experience facing the African resistance to the impositions of British commercial and economic dynamics. To achieve these aims, we make a comparison between the several kinds of Burton\'s texts: the Foreign Office papers, articles to scientific journals, and travel writings.

Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’accessibilité, l’efficacité et les difficultés opérationnelles de la prise en charge antirétrovirale précoce des enfants infectés par le VIH en Afrique de l’Ouest : en Côte d’Ivoire, au Mali et au Burkina Faso. Cette région est particulièrement marquée par un faible accès à la prise en charge des enfants infectés par le VIH. Nos travaux ont montré qu’à coté de l’offre de soins qui est insuffisante dans cette région, le retard aux soins chez ces enfants était particulièrement influencé par la faible acceptabilité parentale du dépistage pédiatrique précoce, avec un rôle clé du père dans la décision de soins de l’enfant. Les enfants débutent le traitement antirétroviral très tardivement, à un stade très avancé de la maladie et sévèrement immunodéprimé. Après douze mois de traitement antirétroviral, on observe un échec clinique ou immunologique au traitement chez plus de la moitié des enfants, en particulier chez ceux qui avaient débuté le traitement antirétroviral avec un mauvais état clinique et immunologique. Après cinq ans de traitement, près de la moitié des enfants présentent un échec virologique. Les interventions de prévention de la transmission mère-enfant ne semblent pas associées à l’échec au traitement des enfants dans cette région. Toutefois, l’observance au traitement antirétroviral chez le jeune enfant est bonne dans cette région. Ces résultats sont en faveur de la nécessité d’une prise en charge précoce des enfants infectés par le VIH, à un stade moins avancé de la maladie. Cela passe nécessairement par l’amélioration du dépistage pédiatrique précoce, à travers l’implication des pères, le renforcement du plateau technique pour le dépistage et le suivi des enfants, et la formation du personnel soignant. Aussi, les études de cohorte sur les facteurs pronostiques de l’échec au traitement dans le contexte opérationnel ouest africain sont nécessaires pour approfondir la question de la réponse au traitement antirétroviral chez ces enfants. / This thesis aimed to assess the accessibility, the efficiency and operational difficulties of treatment and care of HIV infected children in West Africa: Cote d’Ivoire, Mali and Burkina Faso. This region is particularly marked by poor access to care for HIV infected children. Our work has show that besides the insufficient provision of care in this region, the delay to care for these children was particularly influenced by the low acceptability of HIV early infant diagnosis, with a key role of the father in the decision making for the care of the child. Children begin antiretroviral treatment very late, at a very advanced stage of disease and severely immunocompromised. After twelve months of antiretroviral therapy, there was a clinical or immunological treatment failure in more than half of all children, especially among those who had started antiretroviral therapy with poor clinical and immunological status. Interventions to prevent mother to child transmission do not seem related to children treatment failure in this region. However, adherence to antiretroviral therapy in young children is good in this region. These results support the need for early antiretroviral treatment for HIV infected children at an earlier stage of the disease. This necessarily requires improved early infant diagnosis, through the involvement of fathers, the strengthening of the technical platform for screening and monitoring of children, and training of health staff. Also, cohort studies on prognostic factors for treatment failure in West African context are needed to investigate the issue of antiretroviral treatment response in these children.

This thesis deals with main principles and goals of Nigerian foreign policy, their evolution - success and failures, during the 50 year's existence of independent Nigeria. First chapter determinates the principles and goals, which more or less apply for each and every Nigerian government, militaristic and civil as well. Remaining three chapters describe and analyze the development of Nigeria's external relations in the three contexts of Nigeria's international interaction: domestic, regional and external.

Esta tese procura analisar as representações de Richard Francis Burton na África Ocidental, durante sua permanência como cônsul inglês na Baía de Biafra entre os anos de 1861 e 1865. Para isto, procurou-se reconstituir o contexto histórico das relações inglesas com a região ao longo do século XIX, bem como a história das regiões descritas por Burton em seus textos. Além disto, também analizou-se os espaços de circulação dos textos de Burton na Inglaterra, e a relação do autor com a Royal Geographical Society e a Anthropological Society of London. O objetivo é recuperar parte da complexidade constitutiva de seus textos, valorizando a experiência pessoal do autor frente a resistência dos africanos à imposição de dinâmicas comerciais e econômicas inglesas. Para a consecução destes objetivos, foi realizada uma comparação entre os diversos registros escritos de Burton: documentos consulares no Foreign Office, artigos para revistas científicas e relatos de viagem / This thesis tries to analyze the representations of Richard Francis Burton in West Africa, during his consulship at the Fight of Biafra in the years between 1861-1865. To make it, we have reconstructed the historical context of the British relations with the region along the 19th century, as well as the history of the regions described by Burton in his texts. We also analyze the spaces of circulation of Burton\'s texts in England, and his relations with the Royal Geographical Society and the Anthropological Society of London. The aim is to recover part o the constitutive complexities of his texts, stressing the authors personal experience facing the African resistance to the impositions of British commercial and economic dynamics. To achieve these aims, we make a comparison between the several kinds of Burton\'s texts: the Foreign Office papers, articles to scientific journals, and travel writings.

Thesis (Ph. D. (International Politics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The United States of America’s (US) foreign policy towards Africa has been the subject for debate. This is partly because the country’s relationship with African countries is not consistent. By and large, such relations are shaped by a number of factors which include political orientation and material resources. Within this context, the present study uses case studies from two different parts of Africa to tease out US foreign policy towards Africa. This explorative study uses Ghana and the United Republic of Tanzania (hereafter referred to as Tanzania) as test cases to compare and critique the post-Cold War foreign policy of the US towards Africa. It does this by first analysing and constructing the theoretical material on the three pillars of the US Africa policy (oil, democracy and security) and subsequently, contemporaneously locating the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania. Largely, the study carries a historical sensibility as it traces the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania from as far as the colonial era. History is crucial in this regard because the past provides a sound basis for understanding the present and future. To add, in International Politics theory holds sway and history is used as a laboratory. In this thesis, the researcher proposes Afrocentricity as an alternative theoretical paradigm crucial in understanding US foreign policy towards Africa. As it shall be seen, such a paradigm (theoretical lens) remains critical in highlighting the peculiarity of the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania. It is envisaged that a deeper understanding of the US foreign policy towards Ghana and Tanzania is achievable when its analysis and interpretation is located within a broader continental context of Africa. To realise the purpose of this study, the researcher relies methodologically on interdisciplinary critical discourse and conversations in their widest forms. With reference to the test cases for this study, the agenda for democratic consolidation features prominently on both of them while oil is only applicable to Ghana in this regard. In contrast, Tanzania distinguishes itself both as a victim of terrorism and equally so as a strategic partner on the US anti-terrorism efforts in East Africa. Yet, oil in West Africa’s Ghana is important for the US both as an economic resource and a strategic energy source during wartime periods. Overall the ‘differential’ foreign policy towards individual African states is also a significant observation which dispels the myth of a universal US foreign policy framework. Keywords: Africa, Afrocentricity, democracy, East Africa, foreign policy, Ghana, oil, security, Tanzania, United States of America, West Africa.

D’une manière générale, les droits de l’Homme sont reconnus dans toutes les cultures au nom de la dignité que l’on attribue à l’être humain en tant que tel. L’Afrique reconnait des prérogatives à l’homme pour lui préserver sa fierté et un profond respect à la femme dans sa fonction domestique. Au-delà de cette sphère ménagère la femme a du mal à obtenir plus de droits. La prise de conscience des chefs d’États et de gouvernements en la matière a donné naissance à un instrument régional de garantie des droits aux femmes sur le continent. Notre étude a pour but le développement de la théorie et de la pratique des droits de la femme en Afrique de l’ouest afin que son affermissement progressif contribue à faire évoluer la garantie du droit international en Afrique, et que cette évolution se produise sur la base de l’objectif selon laquelle la femme devrait posséder des droits propres opposables à l’État. Notre but dans cette étude est de démontrer que les femmes africaines sont également sujettes à cette inégalité homme-femme mais que des progrès pour y remédier ont été amorcés. Nous mettons aussi en évidence les domaines où la femme et l’homme ne sont pas protégés de la même manière tant au niveau de la législation qu’au niveau de la pratique culturelle en Côte d’Ivoire et au Mali où les violations des droits de la femme sont principalement favorisées par le déficit législatif en matière de droits des femmes qui prévaut également dans de nombreux pays africains en demeurant particulièrement préjudiciable aux femmes. / General speaking, humans rights are recognized in all cultures in the name of dignity that is attributed to humans. Africa recognize privileges to men to preserve their pride and respect women in their home work. Beyong the domestic sphere, woman have difficulty to get more rights and freedom. The awareness of head of state and governement of the situation, gave some regional rules to protect women rights in the african countries. Our assignment in this study is to devellope theories and practics witch are for or against women right évolution in west Africa, specialy in Ivory Cost and in Mali states where national laws are ambiguous as to women rights protection. We note that women rights changes according to religion convictions, culture, the traditional practice in each country. This situation is also favored by the legislative deficit that need to be repared. It is aloso apparent that women rights promotion and garanted in war situation that Africa states know continualy and in where women and children are the favorit targets. So lets try to find how to integrate women rights protection to african costums.

During the independence era in West Africa (1958–1980) many nations embarked on ambitious programmes aimed at rejuvenating their traditional art forms. These programmes were realised through new cultural policies, with music the prime target of the governments’ campaigns. I contend that in the search for an appropriate voice West African governments focussed on one group of musicians, the Mande griots. It was through their musical compositions that the State communicated ideology and doctrine to the public. I assert that to focus on a specific ethnic group and promote them as cultural ambassadors was a policy that conflicted with the core principles of West Africa’s governments, who upheld a doctrine that promoted nationalism over ethnocentrism. It was a neo-colonialist strategy designed to consolidate the rule of the governing party, a contention which I support through an analysis of the role of griots in West African society and an appraisal of the careers of musicians, musical recordings, and musical styles. This thesis represents a historical account of Mande griots in West Africa with respect to their influence on local and national politics. Part of the aim of this thesis is to create a comprehensive and accurate catalogue of West African musical recordings and groups, the results of which are located in the appendices.

<p>This dissertation presents an ethnography of youth in Liberia and of how their lives became affected by a civil war which raged in the country between 1990 and 1997. The focus is on the experiences, motivations, and reflections of young combatants who fought for a variety of rebel factions. For these young people, the daily prospect of poverty, joblessness and marginalisation effectively blocked the paths to a normal adulthood; drawing them instead into a subculture of liminality, characterised by abjection, resentment and rootlessness. As opportunity came, their voluntary enlistment into one of the several rebel armies of the civil war therefore became an attractive option for many. Based upon one year of fieldwork during 1998, conducted among groups of ex-combatant youths in both the capital Monrovia and in a provincial town in the rural hinterland, I describe and analyse the young people’s own accounts of their involvement in the civil war; their complicity in atrocities, their coping strategies in the context of armed conflict, their position as ex-combatants in a post-war environment, and their outlook on their past, present and future.</p><p>In the first chapter I set the scene of the Liberian civil war and discuss the central concepts on which my dissertation is built. Chapter two then takes up the methodological issues relating to the particular fieldwork conditions found. This is done by providing an account of my participant observation within a volatile community of ex-combatants in Monrovia. Chapter three deals with the nature of pre-civil war Liberian political and military organisational structures and their rootedness in pre-state institutions such as local warlordism and secret societies. In chapter four I look at the cultural setting of my fieldwork and track elements found within the legacy of violence, to oral literature and patterns of socialisation. Chapter five focuses specifically on the role and predicament of young women in the civil war. Whilst some became active fighters, most participated as auxiliaries in various capacities. Their accounts convey not only the tremendous hardship and suffering, but also reveal mechanisms which helped at least some to survive. In chapter six I discuss the question of a post-war reintegration of ex-combatants into peacetime society and show that the prospects of different groups depend primarily on their social and geographical situation, rather than on the negligible effectiveness of aid programmes routinely executed by international organisations and NGOs.</p>

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